Odor Management. Current Challenges and Future Strategies: Environmental Management in Swine Production in North Dakota Jan 11-12, 2007 Casselton, ND

Transcription

1 Odor Management Current Challenges and Future Strategies: Environmental Management in Swine Production in North Dakota Jan 11-12, 2007 Casselton, ND Larry D. Jacobson Dept of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN

2 Presentation Outline Odor Measurement Fundamentals OFFSET (Odor From Feedlot-Setback Estimation Tool) Fundamentals Odor Management and Use of Control Technologies

3 Olfaction-Sense of Smell Complex Evokes a physiological and emotional reaction Humans detect > 10,000 odors Mixtures of gases Extremely low concentrations

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5 Animal Building Odor

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7 Odor vs Gas Measurement Odor Sensory or Olfactometry Analyze mixture Correlates with odor Uses human sense of smell Gas Chemical Analysis Identify individual gases Measure concentrations Poor correlation with odor

8 Odor Measurement Parameters Threshold concentrations Detection Recognition Intensity (strength) Persistence ( hang time ) Hedonic tone (pleasantness) Character descriptor

9 Detection Threshold Volume of non-odorous air needed to dilute an odorous sample to point where trained panelists just detect a difference from non-odorous air Reported as odor units (OU or DT) or as OU/m 3 or DT/m 3

10 Air Sample Collection From buildings Vacuum box Tedlar bag Sampling line

11 Olfactometer

12 Three air streams One mixture Two non-odorous Detect the different one Randomized Mixture - little odor

13 First set

14 Second set

15 Third set

16 Normal Olfactory Sensitivity Frequency of responses Hypersensitive Normal Anosmic 0 Low Odor Concentration High

17 Field Olfactometer Nasal Ranger TM

18 Intensity Odor strength N-butanol scale (0 to 5) Calibrate panelists noses

19 Odor Intensity Scale Intensity O dor 0 None 1 Very light 2 Light 3 Moderate 4 Strong 5 Very strong

20 Field Sniffers Trained panelists N-butanol intensity scale Charcoal filter masks Record intensity

21 Uses of Intensity Research

22 Uses of Intensity Research Regulation Community monitoring

23 Community Monitors Record odor events Odor event recording form Sky, Precipitation & Wind info Odor intensity Training is necessary

24 Key Points Odors evoke physiological and emotional reactions Mixtures of gases at extremely low concentrations Olfactometry uses human noses Complex Air Quality Regulations and Livestock Operations

25 Odor From Feedlot Setback Estimation Tool - OFFSET

26 History of OFFSET In 1996, 12 member Livestock Odor Task Force (appointed by the Feedlot Manure Management Advisory Committee (FMMAC)) recommended that an odor ratings system be developed to assist in determining separation distances between livestock facilities and other land uses in Minnesota.

27 History of OFFSET Funds were appropriated during the 1997 legislative session to the U of M s BAE Dept through the MN Dept. of Ag (MDA) to develop an odor ratings system Initial copy of the OFFSET released in fall of 1999 for use on pilot basis by counties/townships and others. Revision made in 2001 and currently published as U of M Extension Folder: FO C

28 Air Samples taken from Odor Sources from Farms Used wind tunnel on outdoor manure storage units Sampled directly from building s fans or curtains

29 Air Samples collected/analyzed Air collected in tedlar bags using vacuum box Samples analyzed by olfactometer in detection thresholds, Odor Units (OU)

30 Air Flow also measured - so odor units per time (OU/s)

31 Measured Odor Emissions Reported in table form for Buildings AND Manure Storage Systems Tabulated on area (ft 2 ) basis

32 Odor emission numbers for animal buildings with average management level. Species Animal Type Housing Type Odor Emission Number (OEN) Cattle Beef/Dairy Dirt/concrete lot 4 Dairy Free stall, scrape; 4 Free stall, deep pit; 6 Loose housing, scrape 6 Tie stall, scrape 2 Swine Gestation Deep pit, natural or mechanical 50 Pull plug, natural or mechanical 30 Farrowing Pull plug, natural or mechanical 14 Nursery Deep pit, natural or mechanical; 42 Pull plug, natural or mechanical Finishing Deep pit, natural or mechanical 34 Pull plug, natural or mechanical 20 Hoop bar, deep bedded, scrape 4 Cargill (open front), scrape; 11 Loose housing, scrape; Open concrete lot, scrape Poultry Broiler Litter 1 Turkey Litter 2

33 Odor emission number for liquid or solid manure storage units Storage Type Odor Emission Number (OEN) Earthen basin, single or multiple cells 13 Steel or concrete tank, above or below ground 28 Crusted stockpile 2

34 Odor Dispersion Model used to establish Setback Distances Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Minnesota

35 State Weather Data used in INPUFF-2 Dispersion Model AVG of FIVE MN CITIES ( ) F<1.3 NW NNW N NNE NE F<3.1 E<3.1 E<5.4 D<5.4 D<8.0 4 WNW 3 ENE 2 1 W 0 E WSW ESE SW SE SSW SSE S

36 Weather Stability Classes & wind velocities used in OFFSET Stability F with wind < 1.3 m/s - 1 % Stability F with wind < 3.1 m/s - 2 % Stability E with wind < 3.1 m/s - 3 % Stability E with wind < 5.4 m/s - 4 % Stability D with wind < 5.4 m/s - 6 % Stability D with wind < 8.0 m/s- 9 %

37 OFFSET Assumptions Constant weather (wind, temp, etc) for 2 hours Topography - assume flat Source Emissions - single source & constant, 1.5 m emission height Odor Annoyance free = intensity 2 (0 to 5 scale)

38 INPUFF-2 Results-MN Weather F, 1.3 m/s % annoyance free Distance (mile) % annoyance free 97% annoyance free 96% annoyance free F, 3.1 m/s E, 3.1 m/s 0.75 E, 5.4 m/s 0.50 D, 5.4 m/s % annoyance free 91% annoyance free D, 8.0 m/s Odor emission factor (X10 4 )

39 Steps for the OFFSET method Determine odor emission sources and factors Determine area of odor sources frequency curve Determine odor control factor for any control technology utilized Multiply all factors to get TOTAL odor emissions Use figure to find setback distance for the appropriate

40 Table used to calculate Total Odor Emission Factor Column A Column B Column C Column D Column E Odor source Odor Emission Area (sq. ft) Odor control Number factor Total Odor Emission Factor (sum of Column E) Odor Emission Factor (B x C x D/10000)

41 Example hd sow unit Earthen basin ( ft) Gestation ( ft) Farrowing ( ft)

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43 Example - OFFSET Steps Column A Column B Column C Column D Odor Odor Odor source Emission Area (sq ft) Control Number Factor Column E Odor Emisison Factor (B x C X D/10000) 1. Gestation barn Farrowing barn Basin Total Odor Emission Factor (sum of Column E) 148.0

44 F, 1.3 m/s % annoyance free Distance (mile) % annoyance free 98% annoyance free 97% annoyance free F, 3.1 m/s E, 3.1 m/s 0.75 E, 5.4 m/s 0.50 D, 5.4 m/s D, 8.0 m/s % annoyance free 91% annoyance free Odor emission factor (X10 4 )

45 Odor Graph-worst case Scenario Separation graph is for the situation where receptor is downwind from prevailing winds so worst case scenario! Any other situation would have lower frequency of occurrence.

46 FO Preparing an Odor Management Plan David Schmidt, Extension Engineer Larry Jacobson, Extension Engineer Kevin Janni, Extension Engineer Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering

47 Odor Management and Potential Odor Control Technologies Odor Management Plans Inventory of Odor Sources Identify High Odor Sources Identify 1 or 2 Control Strategies for Each Significant Odor Source Develop Response Protocol to Odor Complaints

48 Diet Manipulation

49 Good Housekeeping

50 Injection of Liquid Manure

51 Setback Distances

52 Good Neighbor Policy Avoid spreading on holidays and weekends Avoid high odor activities when wind are in the wrong directions Try to time high odor activities like spreading during the heating compared to the cooling parts of the day

53 Classifications of Air Emission Control Technologies Increase Dilution or Dispersion of Odor Plume Reduce Emission of Gases (Capture and Treat) Reducing Odor Generation (formation of odorous gases)

54 Shelterbelts for Air Emission Control Increase turbulence Encourage settling of dust from barns by reducing winds Dust and particulates may be caught by trees and shrubs Odorous chemicals may be absorbed onto shelterbelt foliage

55 Windbreak Walls Dispersion effect Dust deposition Tunnel ventilated barn Wind-break wall

56 Windbreak Walls Windbreak walls deflect exhaust air upward so it mixes with clean air so odors and gases become diluted. Windbreak wall is on the left building.

57 Reduce Emissions (Capture and Treat)

58 Biofilters Mechanically Ventilated Building Exhaust Fan Odorous Air Treated Air Exhaust Biofilter Media Manure Pit Air Duct Media Support Air Plenum

59 Field Scale

60 100% Biofiltered Gestation & Farrowing Barns

61 Effectiveness % reduction Odor threshold 80-95% Hydrogen sulfide 85-95% Ammonia 50-60% Effectiveness improves with time and moisture control.

62 Permeable Cover (straw)

63 Permeable Cover (geotextile fabric)

64 Effectiveness % Reductions Cover Odor H2S NH3 Natural crust N/A Straw Geotextile Clay balls N/A N/A - Not available

65 Impermeable Cover Capture nearly all lagoon odors Reduce Gas Volatilization Should treat captured air emissions

66 Vegetable Oil Sprinkling -Gases and odor attach to dust particles. -Oil spray will reduce dust formation and emissions

67 Effectiveness Odor, NH3, & H2S reductions of 10-30% Good dust reduction 50 to 70% Oil sprinkling may offer some odor reduction in a naturally ventilated curtain sided pig finishing barn.

68 Ozonation Human health hazard?? -Ozone is generated outside the barn Limited positive research results...and distributed with ventilation air

69 Chemical Addition

70 Add an Odor Control Technology to example farm Odor Control Technology Odor Control Factor Biofilter on 100% of building exhaust fans 0.1 Geotextile cover ( 2.4 mm) 0.5 Straw or natural crust on manure Impermeable cover 0.1 Oil sprinkling 0.8

71 Add Biofilter to both Barns

72 Add Geotextile Cover to Basin

73 Modified Example with Odor Control Column A Column B Column C Column D Odor Odor Odor source Emission Area (sq ft) Control Number Factor Column E Odor Emisison Factor (B x C X D/10000) 1. Gestation barn Farrowing barn Basin Total Odor Emission Factor (sum of Column E) 36

74 F, 1.3 m/s % annoyance free 2.00 Distance (m ile) % annoyance free 98% annoyance free 97% annoyance free F, 3.1 m/s E, 3.1 m/s E, 5.4 m/s 0.50 D, 5.4 m/s % annoyance free 91% annoyance free Odor emission factor (X10 4 ) D, 8.0 m/s

75 Questions? Bioproducts & Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota