Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring. Research Project: Msc Wildlife and Conservation Management, USW

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1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring Abigail L Sanders ( ) Research Project: Msc Wildlife and Conservation Management, USW

2 Invasive Rhododendron Monitoring for inaccessible woodland catchment areas using low-tec multispectral imagery taken wit Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) using species specific spectral signature classification. A feasibility study Abigail L Sanders ( ) Research Project: Msc Wildlife and Conservation Management, USW

3 R. ponticum o Introduced to the UK in 1763 (Xu et al., 2016) o Evergreen & 5-8m in height and width o Aggressive coloniser aliphatic acids o Established individuals expand vegetative growth and seedling establishment o One Individual = 1m seeds pa o Lightest seed of any plant spectes (0.063mg) (Milne, 2000). o Toxic - diterpine grayanotoxins (Jansen et al, 2012) o 2010 annual cost of mitigation 86m (Williams et al, 2010) o Snowdonia (FC, 2014) Pictures: RABc, Karr, 2016, FC, 2015, FC, 2016, NRW, 2014)

4 Phytophthora. This Image is taken in July when the larch should be in full leaf. (FC, 2016) Spatial distribution of the phytophthora ramorum across Wales based on the updated 2016 survey (NRW, 2016). Pictures: NRW, 2015, FC, 2016 Invasive pathogens in plant biosecurity Case study: Phytophthora ramorum Werres et al.: cause of Sudden Oak Death, ramorum leaf blight and ramorum dieback. In The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity (pp ). Springer Netherlands. Redlin, S.C., Werres, S. and Schröder, T., 2014.

5 Remote Sensing As good or better SONY Aerial Wales 2014 DJI Mobius Mobius SONY Method Process Pathway Drone Mosaic 2016 (DJI) Sustainability Associated Cost Time Output Freedom Pictures: Aerial Wales NRW 2015, Dji 2016, Infracam 2016.

6 Remote Sensing As good or better Feburary 2016 April 2016 Aerial Wales 2014 Drone Mosaic 2016 (DJI) Pictures: Aerial Wales NRW 2015, Dji 2016, Infracam 2016.

7 1. Spectral reflectance

8 Remote Sensing Method Process Pathway Band selection DJI (Sony EXMOS R sensor) Layer stack MOBIUS (Rosco filter) Spatial model ERDASimagine software Pictures: Aerial Wales NRW 2015, Dji 2016, Infracam 2016.

9 Spectral signature Checkerboard Mean signature for 100 pixels of sample

10 Site Mosaics and NDVI

11 Classification Checkerboard Unsupervised 52% Supervised 84%

12 Classification Site trial

13 Classification Site trial

14 Classification Site trial

15 The Future Repeat Automate processing OBIA Signature Library Limitations

16 UAV as a tool o UAV technology is the fastest growing industrial technological market where innovation is increasing in rate (Eling et al, 2015). VIABILITY It must be as good or better than current available options Nothing is as good as a sentient being that has been trained for years to observe the appropriate aspects of the environment, interact with that environment and interpret their findings accordingly Lyons, M., Brandis, K., Callaghan, C., McCann, J., Mills, C., Ryall, S. and Kingsford, R., Bird interactions with drones, from individuals to large colonies. biorxiv, p

17 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist?

18 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support Coastline development at the Low Hauxley coast: QuestUAV image time series of coastal erosion

19 1. Why? is this important for monitoring?

20 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support decisions Quantitative Pictures: RAPrecisionAgriculture, 2014

21 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support decisions What are our threshold values? Is the amount of land over our threshold at the level we have set for intervention? Pictures: RAPrecisionAgriculture, 2014

22 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support decisions Where should I look to use my time best? Pictures: RAPrecisionAgriculture, 2014

23 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support decisions Conservation biologist Jean-Yves Meyer climbing a volcanic cliff with a specimen of "Bidens meyeri" in his teeth. This plant is known from only a few specimens found on this cliff on the South Pacific island of Rapa.

24 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support decisions

25 Informing monitoring Can Drones Really Direct resources Risk With Calculate A Wildlife Scientist? Access Support decisions Pictures: Kuri national park, 2016

26 Can Drones Really With A Scientist? Informing monitoring Direct resources Risk Calculate Wildlife Access Support Qualitative measurability Directing resources Contextual information Inform monitoring procedures and decision making Accessibility Precision data Thresholds Bottom up Pictures: NOAA, 2013

27 Thank you for listening And many thanks to everyone involved