Status of Waste Management and Future Policy Directions for Renewable Energy From Waste and Biomass in Thailand

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1 Expert Group Meeting on Sustainable Application of Waste-to-Energy in Asian Region Status of Waste Management and Future Policy Directions for Renewable Energy From Waste and Biomass in Thailand Somrat Kerdsuwan The Waste Incineration Research Center King Mongkut s University of Technology North Bangkok February 2017, Busan, Republic of Korea

2 Thailand : Fact & Figure 2 Source : CIA world fact book

3 Amount of Waste Generation : Thailand Year Waste Generation (Million Ton) Waste disposal properly Amount of Waste that be reused Million Ton % Million Ton % 3

4 Source: Thailand Pollution Situation 2013, Waste composition in Thailand 100% 90% 80% Percentage of each composition 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Chaing Mai Nakorn Ratchasrima Phuket Bangkok Chonburi Organic Paper Plastic Glass and ceramics Metal Rubber Textile Others

5 MSW Quantity and its Generation Rate MSW generation in Bangkok Amount of MSW (ton per day) 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,600 9,400 9,200 9,000 8,800 8,600 8,400 8,200 8, MSW generation rate (kg/day/cap.)

6 MSW Quantity and its Generation Rate MSW generation rate in Bangkok compared to other Asian countries MSW generation rate (kg/day/cap.) Bangkok Beijing Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Tokyo

7 Waste Accumulated Source : Amount of accumulated waste MT No waste accumulated up 7 Source : Source : Greenpeace

8 Master plan of sustainable waste management Waste Accumulated in Dumping Site Site cleaning (land reclaiming) RDF : send to cement plant for co-firing Clustering Waste Management Model L : > 300 TPD Waste sorting at WTE plant Waste to Energy plant by RDF/Incineration/Biogas/Composting Rejected to landfill Model M : 50 to 300 TPD Same as Model L Model S : < 50 TPD Source separation Integrated Disposal Technology 8

9 Waste Management : Model L, M Composting General waste Organic waste Recycle waste Waste sorting, shredding and pretreatment before put in process Rejected Biogas Incinerator Household hazardous waste Collection by province Collection by local authority Landfill of inert rejected Dispose by license hazardous waste disposal facility 9 Source :

10 Waste Management : Model S Organic waste Community composting Rejected Recycle Collection at house Recycle collecting center Recycle facility Rejected General waste Dispose by small controlled landfill facility 10 Source : Household hazardous waste Collection by province Collection by local authority Dispose by license hazardous waste disposal facility

11 Projected Waste to Energy Plant No of waste incineration plant In operation In construction Have MOU FS/DD In negotiation Waste to energy plant 53 plants Amount of treated waste 23,578 TPD RDF plant 80 plants Amount of treated waste 12,937 TPD Total treated waste 36,515 TPD 11 Source :

12 Thailand National Agenda on Waste Management 2014 : Road Map on Waste and Hazardous Waste Management Approved by National Council for Peace and Order on 26 th August : National Solid Waste Management Master Plan ( ) Approved by the cabinet on 3 rd May : Action Plan Thailand Zero Waste According to the Participatory Civil-State Principle Approved by the cabinet on 20 th September Source :

13 13 Target of SWM Roadmap

14 Waste Management Model for Thailand Dry Fraction Organic Fraction Mixed MSW power rejected ash rejected Thermal Recycle 14 RDF AD Soil Conditioner

15 Development of WtE project: technology and economic aspects 15 Technology Aspects Incineration/Gasification : site > 300 TPD Anaerobic Digestion : site < 300 TPD Mixed waste : cannot separate food waste from mixed waste at WTE plant Low Heating value : < 1,500 kcal/kg High Moisture content : > 60% RDF may suitable with reclaim landfill Use as feedstock in cement kiln Price : still depend on market demand Economic Aspects Almost of Business Model is BOT Tipping fee is quite low : 300 /Ton Almost 80% of revenues come from selling of electricity to grid line

16 Obstacle and how to overcome the barriers Technology Barriers Mixed waste, cannot separate waste at WTE plant effectively Not easy to gather waste from different communities Economic Barriers Revenues are not easy to cover the investment Local community pays for Tipping fee Cannot increase Central government pays for electrical power Power purchasing agreement is guarantee Public Perception Barriers Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) Strong objection from NGO, locally and international level 16

17 Future directions and key implications for investors WTE is still a profitable business in Thailand? Properly waste disposal is still needed There are always market and customer No investment from government Just pay adder or feed-in-tariff Business model : BOT or BOO Optimum size of project > 200 TPD Need a proved and feasible Technology Proved : must be able to treat Thai s waste Feasible : Technology, Environmental Impact and Economic Public acceptance However, there is always a place for market Target of WTE : 500 MWe and more 17

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