Sustainable Energy Technologies Reference and Information Systems

Transcription

1 Sustainable Energy Technologies Reference and Information Systems Brief overview of Second-Generation Biofuels (Biomass-To-Liquid Fuels) Dr. B. Kavalov, C.M.C. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy ESE-ASSETS

2 Why biofuels & 2 nd generation biofuels Biofuels the most promising tool to secure and diversify the energy use in transport in the near to medium term Biofuel Directive 2003/30/EC, EU Biomass Action Plan (2005), European Council Conclusions 8-9 March 2007, Climate Action Package 23 January 2008 (comprehensive RES Directive) A number of constraints with conventional biofuels need of alternative biofuels 2 nd generation biofuels beyond ! 2

3 2 nd gen. biofuels & other bioenergies Many options to use biomass for energy 2 nd generation biofuel technologies offer greater variety of products than conventional biofuel technologies 3

4 Summary of potential advantages of 2 nd generation biofuels compared to conventional biofuels Larger land area to grow feedstock (arable + forest land) Less competition with other (food) markets Higher biofuel yield per ha. Higher energy efficiency Greater GHG savings Lower production costs in the longer term 4

5 What is BTL Synthesis of oil-like products from alternative feedstock Mature for coal & gas (F-T, CTL, GTL), novel for biomass (BTL) BTL key challenge biomass gasification step (CO+H 2 ) 5

6 Gas composition from biomass gasification 00% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Source: ECN A-CFB-air P(N2)- CFB-O2 P(CO2)- CFB-O2 A-CFB-O2 A-indir- H2O & CO + H2O H2 + CO2 (WGS) P-EFG-O2 Carbon N2/Ar CH4 CO2 CO H2 Gasification for power generation gasification for fuel production (maximising CO+H 2 ) 6

7 Efficient bio-synthesis gas production needs: Slagging entrained flow gasifier Oxygen as oxidising agent High temperature ( ºC) Elevated pressure (0-50 bar) Short residence time of feedstock (a few seconds) Small size of feedstock particles (00 µm-mm) Biomass pre-treatment shredding and milling, pyrolysis (liquefaction), torrefaction (coking), pre-gasification 7

8 BTL products and their use A variety of products with multiple uses having some superior qualities than the oil-derived analogues 8

9 Typical breakdown of fractions in oil refining and in GTL/BTL synthesis Source: Fleisch T. et al., 2002 Emergence of the Gas-to-Liquids industry: a Review of Global GTL Developments, Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, 2002 Larger diesel/middle distillates yield from GTL/BTL than from oil refining EU short in diesel/middle distillates improved fuel supply structure! 9

10 Breakdown of oil and natural gas reserves by world regions in 987, 997 and % 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Oil Gas Asia Pac ific Afric a Middle East Europe & Eurasia South & Cent. America North America Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008 Gas & Oil have similar prospective geopolitical distribution of reserves BTL to replace GTL from natural gas 0

11 Breakdown of world synthesis gas market by applications 8% 4% % Ammonia % Refineries (H2) Source: ECN 23% 53% Methanol GTL Electricity Others Refineries = f (hydrocracking) = f ( diesel/middle distillates demand) MeOH a major chemical feedstock expected huge growth in use NH 3 = f (fertiliser industry) = f (cereals markets) = f (population growth)

12 World cereals stocks-to-utilisation ratio, Source: FAO Record low level of world cereal stocks, possible further declines likely upward impact on fertiliser (syngas) demand 2

13 Challenges and competitors of BTL fuels 3

14 The biorefinery approach Source: ECN Main goal: Overall optimisation (energy, emissions, costs) of the portfolio of products, but not product by products 4

15 BIOSYNERGY IP on biorefineries 6FWP Project, 3.4 M, 7M EC grant, 0 MS, 7 partners, Coordinator ECN (NL) Development of integrated ligno-cellulose biorefinery concepts for co-production of chemicals, fuels for transport, electricity and heat; Advanced fractionation and conversion technologies, biochemical and thermochemical pathways; Full process development from lab-scale to pilot-scale, demo concept for larger plants; Focus on bioethanol streams the BCyL ligno-cellulose pilot plant of Abengoa in Salamanka (Spain); Market competitiveness and environmental compliance; 5 Source: Abengoa

16 Conclusions Beyond appr nd generation biofuels can have a larger contribution to the security and diversity of energy supply of transport and to the reduction of GHG emissions at lower cost than conventional biofuels. Various factors, including non-related to bioenergy and to the energy sector in general, could act as barriers to the production and market penetration of 2 nd generation biofuels. The optimisation of the overall output from 2 nd generation biofuel facilities through biorefinery approaches might be a better option than the optimisation product by product. 6

17 Boyan Kavalov Thanks for your attention! The views expressed in this presentation do not represent a viewpoint of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission, nor any party acting on behalf of the European Commission could be held responsible for the use, which might be made from the content of this presentation. 7