Supported by: Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association (CHFCA), Bruce Power, CrossChasm Technologies

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1 Supported by: Canadian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association (CHFCA), Bruce Power, CrossChasm Technologies HYRAIL Conference, Jan 2013, Toronto, Ontario Michael Fowler, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo

2 Hydrogen Economy Sustainable Energy System Power grid Electricity Nuclear Wind turbines Electrolyzer Hydrogen Hydrogen ICE/ electrical generator/ fuel cell Solar PV arrays Hydro Hydrogen storage

3 Objective Model a Clean Energy Hub for the future hydrogen economy in as a demonstration of model based design. 3

4 Energy Hubs A. Hajimiragha, C. A. Cañizares, M. Fowler, M. Geidl, and G. Andersson, "Optimal Energy Flow of Integrated Energy Systems with Hydrogen Economy Considerations," Proc. Bulk Power Systems Dynamics and Control VII Symposium, IREP, Charleston, South Carolina, August An integrated energy system 4

5 Potential Vision for an Energy Hub at Nanticoke 5

6 Vision: Electricity Supply and Demand Electricity hydrogen renewables Need flexible, controllable sources of electricity to follow demand Replace coal with renewables and nuclear hydro + coal gas Hydrogen production facilitating load and supply management hydro + gas nuclear Hydrogen can be converted back to electricity during peak nuclear hours or with greater value added can be used for emission free Time of Day transportation

7 Proposed Energy Hub in Nanticoke 7

8 Optimization Scenarios A: Meeting Electricity Demand Only Cost Effective B: Meeting Electricity Demand and Hydrogen Demand Hydrogen Economy C: Meeting Electricity Demand and Maximizing Emissions Reduction Benefit 8

9 Scenario - BASELINE Model Conceptual Design 9 Technology Chosen Capacity Nuclear Capacity Electrolyzer Capacity Fuel Cell Capacity Off-Shore Wind Turbine Capacity On-Shore Wind Turbine Capacity Solar PV Cells Capacity (rooftop) Biomass Capacity Coal Capacity Reserve Hydrogen Hydrogen and Oxygen Storage Mode 2170 MW 500 (40000 kg H 2 /hour) 1592 MW 300 MW 100 MW 5 MW 455 MW 0 MW 200,000 kg Underground

10 Scenario 1 - Lowest Cost Electricity 10 Technology Chosen Capacity Capacity Used Nuclear Capacity 2170 MW 100% Electrolyzer Capacity 500 (40000 kg H 2 / hour) 76% Fuel Cell Capacity MW 24% Off-Shore Wind Turbine Capacity 300 MW 0% On-Shore Wind Turbine Capacity 100 MW 0% Solar PV Cells Capacity (rooftop) 5 MW 0% Biomass Capacity 455 MW 31% Coal Capacity 300 MW 100% Reserve Hydrogen Hydrogen and Oxygen Storage Mode 200,000 kg Underground

11 Scenario 1: Meeting Electricity Demand Only Lowest Electricity Cost 11

12 Scenario 2 Servicing the Hydrogen Economy 12 Technology Chosen Capacity Capacity Used Nuclear Capacity 3200 MW full blown 100% Electrolyzer Capacity 8000 kgh 2 / h 94% Fuel Cell Capacity 1592 MW 38% Off-Shore Wind Turbine Capacity 300 MW 0% On-Shore Wind Turbine Capacity 100 MW 0% Solar PV Cells Capacity (rooftop) 5 MW 18% Biomass Capacity 455 MW 0% Coal Capacity 300 MW 0% Reserve Hydrogen Hydrogen and Oxygen Storage Mode 200,000 kg Underground

13 Vehicles Nuclear Powered Cars 13 Industrial Hydrogen Supported at $4.32 per kg 3.13 million cars in GTA, typical Vehicle Profile 200 kg of hydrogen per year, total number of vehicles supported 10.7 % of the new automobile sales by 2025 Current grid would support 2.5% total FCV penetration

14 Scenario 2: Meeting Electricity Demand and Serving Hydrogen Economy 14

15 Hourly Profile of Net Hydrogen Stored for a Given Day for Each Season 15

16 Another - Nuclear-Wind Example 16

17 Nuclear-Wind Example Study the feasibility of hydrogen storage for mixed wind-nuclear power plant, considering byproduct oxygen and heat utilization: Network constraints were not considered. Price forecasts do not have any significant impact on the system economics. This system setup is not economically viable due to: Low electricity price differences Low oxygen and heat prices Low efficiencies (about 40% round trip ) High investment and other costs No environmental credits No significant hydrogen demand (i.e. no cars) 22 cents kwatthr

18 Clean Energy Hub Nuclear Wind and Solar O 2 H 2 Electrolyzer Electricity Grid Hydrogen Market Economic Options analysis Demonstration $21 million fleet Hydrogen capital Hwy 401 Corridor $8/kg hydrogen Impact: 5 gas stations 28,600 between tonnes Windsor of and COMontreal 2 /yr Hydrogen avoidedgo Train Lake

19 Model Based Design What is the model-based design process? Simulation or Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) Refined controller models Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Refined component models Component-In-the- Loop (CIL) Refined vehicle model Prototyping

20 Vehicle Modelling in PSAT/Autonomie (with Roydon Fraser)

21 Vehicle Modelling in PSAT/Autonomie

22 8875 models reduced to under 250 models Designing with SIL (Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit) Fuel Consumption (mpge) 22

23 Prototyping MotohawkEC U Motohawk ECU High and Low Power DC/DC Converters & Front Motor Fuel cell Modules Rear Motor H 2 Tank

24 EcoCAR...Integration...

25 Advanced Powertrains need Advanced Design Tools Since 1999, automotive designers have had access to low cost US government funded advanced powertrain design tools to enable hybrid, electric, and fuel cell vehicle designs. 3 Step Enabling Process: 1) Collect data about how the vehicles are used and release to the community. 2) Provide open framework tools to allow design studies of alternative powertrains 3) Provide validation framework to close the design loop and ensure designers trust the tools.

26 CrossChasm Hybrid Rail Design Studies (Inter Canada) Transport Canada and CrossChasm looked at improving efficiency of Locomotives using hybrid systems in 2012: 1. Construct models to represent current Canadian locomotives in service 2. Alter the powertrains to diesel battery, dieselultracapacitor, and diesel flywheel hybrids 3. Simulate the hybrid locomotive models to evaluate fuel and emissions reductions

27 CrossChasm Hybrid Rail Design Studies (Inter Canada) 4 usage cases: Mainline Yard Switching Regional/Short Intercity 4 technologies: Auto Engine Stop Battery Hybrid Ultra Cap Hybrid Flywheel Hybrid

28 New Model based Design Tools Needed for Rail (walk then run) Initial work is very Preliminary Analysis without true drive cycles Thus there is need for a single standardized rail focused model based design tool: Configurable Widely available Credible Based Canadian based usage cycles Able simulate a number of different technologies or mix of technologies Includes validation of designs against test results Will add in both the design and selection technologies for specific applications Chris Mendes Engineering Services CrossChasm Technologies chris@crosschasm.com

29 Questions Michael Fowler, P.Eng. Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave West Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G ext

30 Design of a Hydrogen Retail Station In 6 years Waterloo was the Honourable Mention winner in 3 years ans Won Twice National Hydrogen Association Competition Starting research program in to the Hydrogen Economy and Energy System Modeling.

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