Water Resources. Israel, Jordan and the United States a case study

Transcription

1 World Geography TEK (12) Economics. The student understands the economic importance of, and issues related to, the location and management of resources. The student is expected to: (A) analyze how the creation, distribution, and management of key natural resources affects the location and patterns of movement of products, money, and people; and (B) evaluate the geographic and economic impact of policies related to the development, use, and scarcity of natural resources such as regula ons of water.

2 Water Resources Israel, Jordan and the United States a case study

3 United States The average American family of four uses 400 gallons of water per day. On average, approximately 70 percent of that water is used indoors, with the bathroom being the largest consumer (a toilet alone can use 27 percent!). Environmental Protection Agency EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

4 Water Usage in the United States Other 5.3% Clothes Washer 21.7% Shower 16.8% Toilet 26.7% Faucet 15.7% Leaks 13.7% Shower Toilet Leaks Faucet Clothes washer Other EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

5 Water Usage in the United States For the United States water issues have to be viewed regionally Many parts of the United States have abundant fresh water East Coast States with major rivers The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume.

6 However there are areas of the United States that have struggles with Water Shortages California Oregon Washington State Nevada Idaho Montana Utah In addition periodically a state might have low rainfall

7 Compare and Contrast United States versus the Middle East United States has regional and at times local water shortages due to low rainfall The Middle East however is a desert region with few fresh water resources available to them and low annual rainfall Lets explore the nations of Israel and Jordan neighbors in the Middle East

8 Total water withdrawal per capita in 2007 Jordan Israel United States 1,550.0 EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

9 Case Study on Jordan s Water Issues Ranked the 3 rd poorest water nation on earth Jordan is a desert Kingdom with few rivers The nation of Jordan has low annual rainfall and only during the winter months November through March In the capital of Amman annual rainfall per year is 10.7 inches, that s less than one inch per month (0.9 in). During the months of June, July, August & September the average rainfall is zero. Source Mungeth Mehyar from the Water Project in Jordan, July 2016 notes taken by Steven Howell

10 Case Study on Israel s Water Issues Ranked the 8 th poorest water nation on earth Israel is a country where the northern half is green but faces severe water shortages in her southern regions The nation of Israel has low annual rainfall and only during the winter months November through March In the capital of Jerusalem annual rainfall per year is 24 inches, that s an average of 2 inches per month. During the months of June, July, August & September the average rainfall is zero. "Israel and Palestine." Climate of the World:. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < and Palestine.htm>

11 Comparison Study on Israel and Jordan 1. Precipitation from Nature 2. Salinization plants 3. Conservation 4. Recapturing water 5. Innovative irrigation systems 6. Water transfers to areas of the countries that need water

12 1 st Precipitation from Nature "Israel and Palestine." Climate of the World:. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < and Palestine.htm>. How Israel Survived the Mediterranean's Worst Drought in Nearly 1,000 Years." How Israel Survived the Mediterranean's Worst Drought in Nearly 1,000 Years. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

13 Rainfall in Israel In the extreme south, rainfall averages less than 4 inches annually; in the north, average annual rainfall is 43 inches. Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year, particularly in the Negev Desert. In Israel water is abundant in the north and almost non existent in the south EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov < the American audience I have put measurements above in inches

14 Annual Rainfall of Israel "Israel and Palestine." Climate of the World:. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < and Palestine.htm>.

15 Rainfall in Jordan First Jordan is a much larger country than Israel. The North Eastern part of Jordan gets more rain than the rest of the country. Like Israel the Southern part of the nation receives little rain. Jordan also has a vast western part of her nation that receives little to no precipitation annually.

16 EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov < e/pubs/indoor.html>.

17 Compare Amman and Jerusalem Both are the respective capitals of their nations The cities are only 45 miles apart Their annual rainfall is drastically different In the capital of Amman annual rainfall per year is 10.7 inches, that s less than one inch per month (0.9 in). Jerusalem which is only 45 miles east of Amman on average gets an annual precipitation of about 24 inches.

18 Jerusalem to Amman 45 mile distance Vastly different annual rainfalls EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

19 Dallas has had an average rainfall of inches over the last 30 years. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov < pubs/indoor.html>. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov < html>.

20 2 nd Salinization Is the process of turning salt water into fresh water. Currently Israel is considered the world leader in the salinization process with five operating salinization plants along the Mediterranean Sea Jordan s is not on the Mediterranean Sea however a joint plan between the two nations is under way to build a salinization plant in Aqaba on the Red Sea.

21 Salinization plants of Israel One of the big factors in Israel overcoming its water shortage, has been the country s plunge into desalination. It s considered a world leader in developing the technology, allowing it to produce drinkable water from the sea at a cost that is among the lowest worldwide. Israel operates five desalination plants Currently, the five plants supply some 80% of Israel s drinking quality water; that percentage is expected to increase. Lets take a look at the Sorek Plant in Israel EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

22 EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

23 Sorek Plant The Sorek plant desalinates water using a process known as reverse osmosis, in which pumps create pressure that removes salt from seawater through a semi permeable membrane. As the water passes across the membrane, only the residual salt brine is left behind. This is then released back into the Mediterranean Sea in a controlled manner. The sea is large enough to absorb back this salt brine without its overall salt levels being affected. In Israel, reverse osmosis is "definitely the workhorse," Jack Gilron EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

24 Joint Cooperation between Jordan & Israel In February 2016, the Jordanian and Israeli governments along with the Palestinian Authority signed a major agreement regarding a plan to desalinate and share approximately 120 million cubic meters (about 32 billion gallons) of water from the Red Sea. Salt brine from the desalination process will be transferred to replenish the Dead Sea. A new desalination plant in the Jordanian city of Aqaba will be built for this purpose. The project is expected to cost about $800 million. Sharon/JNS.org, By Alina Dain. "How Israel Survived the Mediterranean's Worst Drought in 900 Years." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < articles/2016/3/18/esj0wkq167hvfe4v6g17hkqx9ympas#.wbjd_pkri2w=>.

25 3 rd Conservation Both Israel and Jordan have implemented conservation methods to preserve water

26 Israeli Conservation Officially beginning in the 1930s and gaining momentum some 20 years later, Israel began to build pipelines from its northern reaches where some 80% of the country s natural freshwater resources are located to provide water to its drier central and southern regions. Also, desalination facilities were constructed, as were sewage treatment plants that eventually created water safe enough for agricultural use. Israel launched a public advertising campaign in the mid 2000s. Featuring entertainers and thought leaders, it convinced Israelis to reduce water usage by as much as 18%

27 Jordan s Conservation The Disi Water Conveyance Project from the non renewable Disi aquifer to the capital Amman, opened in July 2013, increases available resources by about 12%. It is planned to bridge the remaining gap between demand and supply through increased use of reclaimed water and desalinated sea water to be provided through the Red Sea Dead Sea canal. Jordan also aggressively encourages its subjects to conserve water and limits access of water in agriculture and at times restricts water usage during part of the day. Sharon/JNS.org, By Alina Dain. "How Israel Survived the Mediterranean's Worst Drought in 900 Years." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

28 4 th Recapturing water

29 Recapturing water in Israel, Jordan & the USA Israel currently recaptures 87% of all its water that it uses in their homes. Compare this to Jordan which only recaptures 12% of its water The United States recaptures about 2.5% of its water Recaptured water is treated and reused for agricultural needs in both Jordan and Israel Mungeth Mehyar Water Project Jordan, July, 2016 notes from Steven Howell

30 5 th Innovative Irrigation Methods Israel and Jordan both use drip irrigation for their crops Both countries use irrigation to move water to areas of critical need Mungeth Mehyar Water Project Jordan notes from Steven Howell July 2016

31 Drip Irrigation "Water Supply and Sanitation in Jordan." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

32 Wadi Rum, Jordan Potato Field Sharon/JNS.org, By Alina Dain. "How Israel Survived the Mediterranean's Worst Drought in 900 Years." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < _PkrI2w=>.

33 Drip Irrigation in Israel "Water Supply and Sanitation in Jordan." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

34 Israel versus Jordan Drip irrigation was pioneered in Israel, as was fertigation, the efficient application of nutrients through water delivery. Israeli agriculture has doubled output over the past 30 years, while using the same amount of water. Jordan s farms have suffered in recent years because the country has been forced to cut off water to several agricultural lands so the urban areas would have enough water

35 Uploaded on Mar 11, 2011 Finally there's a way to grow crops in the desert. Drip Irrigation, an Israeli invention, allows dry land to produce crops to feed a hungry world. Today, drip irrigation is used worldwide from China to Kenya. "Israel and Palestine." Climate of the World:. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < and Palestine.htm>.

36 6 th Water Transfers Both nations transfer water to critical need areas for agriculture and domestic use Israel has pipelines from the northern parts of its country to the Negev desert in the south The Disi Water Conveyance Project from the non renewable Disi aquifer to the capital Amman Both countries are planning a joint pipeline from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea

37 Action Plan Israel currently has enough water Jordan however is still in a critical situation only worsened by the recent influx of Syrian refugees. Today in the nation of Jordan 1 out of 3 individuals is from Syria

38 What can be done to solve the water crisis long term for both countries? Joint cooperation Israel could sell desalinized water to Jordan

39 Published on Dec 11, 2013 The Dead Sea, bordering the Middle Eastern countries of Israel and Jordan, and the Palestine territories, is reportedly losing water, with the surface receding at the rate of around three feet annually, due to irrigation water taken out of its tributary, the River Jordan. "Israel and Palestine." Climate of the World:. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov < and Palestine.htm>.

40 Action Plan What can we as individuals do here in Texas? Limit and Prevent Wasted Water Toilet Bathing Kitchen Use Appliances Lawn Care Other Miscellaneous Uses

41 Published on Apr 26, 2015 Over the past few years in Israel, the country's water shortage has become a surplus. Through a combination of conservation, reuse and desalination, the country now has more water than it needs. And that could translate to political progress for the country in the Middle East, one of the most water-stressed "Water Supply and Sanitation in Jordan." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 01 Nov <

42 Teacher Resources The next two slides can be printed out. The first chart can be used by students to take notes in class The second chart is for short answer/discussion time in class. You can Xerox on the back of the first worksheet.

43 Class Notes Comparison Study on Israel and Jordan Name PD DATE

44 Solutions Israel Jordan United States Is the country doing enough? What are the countries doing right? What more can be done?