Study of Waste Oil Disposal Practices in Massachusetts

Transcription

1 Study of Waste Ol Dsposal Practces n Massachusetts

2 STUDY OF WASTE OL DSPOSAL PRACTCES N MASSACHUSETTS Report to COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS DVSON OF WATER POLLUTON CONTROL January 969 C Arthur ajltttlejnc.

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Lst of Tables Lst of Fgures. SUMMARY A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE B. CONCLUSONS C. RECOMMENDATONS. NTRODUCTON. AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL A. AUTOMOTVE OL USAGE B. SERVCE STATON SOURCES C. NON-SERVCE STATON SOURCES D. TOTAL AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL V. NDUSTRAL OLS V. WASTE OL COLLECTON A. FATE OF COLLECTED WASTE OL B. AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL REPROCESSNG C. COLLECTON AND REPROCESSNG TRENDS Page H v V. WASTE OL PROJECTON 36 A. AUTOMOTVE OL B. NDUSTRAL OL C. PROJECTED PROBLEM Arthur 2D.Cttle.3lnr.

4 LST OF TABLES Table No. Page Current Ol Usage and Waste Ol Generaton and Dsposal n Massachusetts 2 2 Ultmate Fate of Waste Ol Generated n Massachusetts 3 3 Fate of Collected Waste Ol 5 «4 Waste Ol Growth Projecton 7 5 Summary of Data Collected 2 6 Automotve Ol Usage n Massachusetts 4 _ 7 Survey Areas 5 8 Automotve Waste Ol Servce Staton Survey 20 m 9 Fate of Uncollected Waste Ol At Servce Statons 2 0 Automotve Waste Ol - Non-Servce Staton Sources 24 Total Automotve Waste Ol 26 2 ndustral Ol Usage n Massachusetts 28 3 ndustral Waste Ol 29 4 Fate of Collected Waste Ol 32 5 Costs of Waste Ol Collecton and Reprocessng To Fuel Ol 34 6 Ol Usage n Massachusetts Hstorcal Data 36 7 Waste Ol Growth Projecton 37 n Arthur a.*ttwnr.

5 LST OF FGURES Fgure No. Page Waste Ol Generaton and Dsposal Sequence ^ 2 Survey Areas 6 * 3 Waste Ol Survey Questonnare 8 V Arthur B.UttWrtr.

6 . SUMMARY A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Dvson of Water Polluton Control retaned Arthur D. Lttle, nc. to conduct a study of waste ol dsposal practces n Massachusetts. The purpose of the study was to provde a realstc apprasal of the waste ol stuaton n the Commonwealth whch would serve as a bass for any future program for waste ol management. Therefore, the objectve of the study was to defne the sources, quantty, geographc dstrbuton and ultmate fate of automotve and ndustral waste ols generated n the Commonwealth. The study ncluded determnaton of: the quantty of waste ol generated annually n Massachusetts from 967 to 985; geographc dstrbuton of the waste ol generated; types of busnesses generatng waste ol, and estmaton of the amounts of ol dsposed of by varous alternatves avalable; the dsposal practces of waste ol collectors and reprocessors and the amounts of ol nvolved n each method of ultmate dsposal; sgnfcant cost elements n reprocessng waste crankcase ol for use as a fuel ol; trends developng n dsposton of waste crankcase ol. B. CONCLUSONS. Ol Usage n Massachusetts The quanttes of automotve and ndustral lubrcatng ols and other ndustral ols currently utlzed n the Commonwealth are shown n Table along wth the amounts of waste ol generated n ther use. Arthur ZD.HAttleJnc.

7 TABLE CURRENT OL USAGE AND WASTE OL GENERATON AND DSPOSAL N MASSACHUSETTS Ol Type Amount of Waste Ol Generated Waste Ol Ol Used Percentage Collected Uncollected MM Gal/Yr MM Gal/Yr of Ol Used MM Gal/Yr MM Gal/Yr Automotve Lubrcatng Ol % ndustral Lubrcatng Ol 0.6* % ndustral Other Ols 8.4* Nl Source U. S. Census Bureau data for The automotve ol usage value of 8.6 mllon gallons per year was developed from data gathered n a feld survey of servce statons, other sources of waste ol, and marketng groups of the major petroleum companes. The value checks exactly wth the Census Bureau fgure for 967 (released November 2, 968). The 8.4 mllon gallons shown for "other" ndustral ols conssts prmarly of process ols whch are ether consumed n ther use or become part of a product, thereby resultng n the generaton of a neglgble fracton of waste ol. 2. Ultmate Fate of Waste Ol The ultmate fate of waste ol generated n the Commonwealth s summarzed n Table 2. The data ndcate that of the almost 5.5 mllon gallons per year of waste ol currently beng generated, all but 4.5 mllon gallons are ultmately dumped; wth most dumped on the ground rather than nto sewers and waterways. A relatvely mnor porton of the total waste ol, 2.2 mllon gallons, s dsposed of by undetermned means. About.8 of ths 2.2 mllon gallons s due to the dfference between the amount of ol collected, as ndcated by our servce staton survey, and the lesser amount clamed to be pcked up by waste ol collectors. Ths small dscrepancy llustrates the consstency of these two ndependent sets of nformaton. The method and places of the ol dsposton depend on the ol type, the ol user and the alternatves avalable n the localty. 2 Arthur Ztt.*ttlejnr.

8 TABLE 2 ULTMATE FATE OF WASTE OL GENERATED N MASSACHUSETTS Automotve Waste Ol ndustral Waste Ol Reprocessed n Mass, to Fuel Ol Road Ol Brought out of State Farm Use Dumped on Ground at Waste Ol Source Dsposed of Locally (Town Dump or Local Roads) Dumped nto Sewer at Waste Ol Source Fate Unknown Thousands of Gallons/Year 4,500,400, , /voo 2,200 2,300 Percent of Total 36.6% % Thousands of Gallons/Year 0, * 200 3,50 Percent of Total % % * ncludes 350,000 gallons of soluble cuttng ol n dlute soluton. The table ncludes all waste, regardless of whether t s collected or dsposed of at the source, 3. Automotve Waste Ol From Servce Statons Of the 2.3 mllon gallons per year of automotve waste ol currently beng generated, 6.44 mllon gallons are generated at servce statons. Of ths 6.44 mllon gallons: Arthur ZD

9 amount collected mllon gallons, or 88%; amount uncollected thousand gallons; 650 thousand gallons are dumped on the ground on or near the staton premses; 60 thousand gallons, or less than %, are known to be dumped nto sewer systems. The percent of waste ol collected vared from 95% n Metropoltan Boston to 72% n rural areas. 4. Automotve Waste Ol From Non-Servce Staton Sources The remanng 5.83 mllon gallons of automotve waste ol are generated by car dealers, garages, fleet operators, ndvduals changng ther own ol, and n agrcultural and marne applcatons. Of ths 5.83 mllon gallons: w amount collected mllon gallons, or, 63%; amount uncollected mllon gallons; _ car dealers and garages thousand gallons uncollected; ( other sources -.84 mllon gallons uncollected. The waste ol generated at car dealers and garages s dsposed of by the same methods used by servce statons n a gven area, wth the same overall amount clamed to be collected, 88%. The remanng.84 mllon gallons of uncollected ol, dsposed of at the source, s usually dumped on the ground; for example, by operators of constructon equpment at constructon stes to keep down dust or as a form ol, by fleet operators on ther premses and by persons changng ther own ol (some of the waste from do-t-yourself ol changes may also be dumped n sewers). 5. ndustral Waste Ol Of the 3.5 mllon gallons of ndustral waste ols generated annually: amount collected mllon gallons, 76%; amount uncollected thousand gallons; Arthur a

10 350 thousand gallons are sewered as a dlute soluton of waste soluble cuttng ols (usually at a concentraton of less than 4% ol); approxmately 365,000 gallons of lubrcatng, hydraulc, and straght cuttng ols are dsposed of locally on the ground, most often n town dumps; n Ftchburg, where almost all of the locally generated waste ndustral ol s uncollected, the Nashua Rver s frequently used to dspose of both soluble and nsoluble ols. 6. Fate of Collected Waste Ol The fate of automotve and ndustral waste ols known to be collected (by ntervews wth waste ol collectors) s gven n the followng table. Reprocessed n Massachusetts to Fuel Ol Road Ol Brought Out of State Farm Use Dsposed of Locally (Town Dump or Local Roads) Unknown TABLE 3 FATE OF COLLECTED WASTE OL Collected Waste Ol Thousands Gallons/Year Automotve ndustral 4,500 0,400, ,500, _ 2,400 Arthur a.*ttlejnr.

11 However, automotve waste ol data collected prmarly at servce statons ndcate that 9.3 mllon gallons of automotve waste ol are beng collected, rather than the 7.5 mllon gallons that can be accounted for by ntervews wth all of the prncpal waste ol collectors n the Commonwealth. Ths.8 mllon gallon dscrepancy may result from naccuraces n our data samplng;, from overestmaton of the quantty of ol collected by the servce staton operators ntervewed, and from actvtes of ndependent truck operators who do not have facltes for storage and processng of waste ol and may, therefore, be dumpng the ol they collect. 7. Economcs of Reprocessng Waste Crankcase Ol to Fuel Ol The cost of reprocessng waste crankcase ol for use as a fuel ol s about 5.5 cents per gallon. Ths cost ncludes the costs of: collecton at servce staton or garage; operatng costs for chemcals and labor n reprocessng; deprecaton on trucks, storage and reprocessng equpment; mantenance, local taxes and nsurance. The sellng prce of the fuel ol vares wdely but s often between 7 and 9 cents per gallon. n addton, the ncome from charges for pckup at the servce staton usually accrues to the owner of the truck. n most nstances ths charge ranges from no charge to 2 cents per gallon. Hgher charges are pad, but n some cases, servce statons are stll pad for the ol. 8. Waste Ol Dsposal Trends The actvtes of establshed waste ol collectors have been dmnshng over the last fve to ten years. Some companes have gone out of busness; others have reduced the amounts of ol collected and some have sold trucks to company drvers who now operate as ndependent collectors. These ndependent truckers collect from statons and sell ol for reprocessng to ther prevous employers. The decrease n actvty s due to the dmnshng markets for waste ol: rerefnng to lubrcatng ol, once the prncpal outlet for waste crankcase ol, s no longer practced n New England and does not exst as an outlet for waste ol n ths area; Arthur

12 newer addtves (blended nto ols to promote dsperson of suspended matter for longer perods between auto ol changes) make the ol more dffcult to clean for use as a fuel ol; a prncpal market for waste ol reprocessed to fuel ol has been asphalt ("hot-top") plants; however, several of these plants have changed to gas fuel; the fuel ol s used n some bolers but s generally consdered to result n hgher mantenance costs than normal fuel ol because of ash formed durng combuston of ncompletely removed addtves. n addton to these problems, some reprocessors are havng dffculty dsposng of the resdual sludge from reprocessng operatons. 9. Waste Ol Projecton Waste ol generaton projectons were made based on: hstorcal data for automotve and ndustral lubrcatng ol consumpton n Massachusetts; trends n motor ol usage; correlaton of usage data wth standard busness ndces; projecton of the ndces and calculaton of future ol usage. Based on these projectons we expect the followng growth n the quantty of lube ol used and consequently, the amount of waste ol generated: TABLE 4 WASTE OL GROWTH PROJECTON Annual Growth Rate Quantty of Waste Ol Mllon Gallons/Year Automotve Lube Ol 2% 3% ndustral Lube Ols 2%% 2%

13 0. Problem Outlook At present there s a need for addtonal waste ol collecton capacty n the Commonwealth. Many servce staton operators are experencng ncreasng dffculty fndng a collector to remove waste ol. Wth the dffcult marketng and reprocessng problems nvolved, we would expect a contnued decrease, rather than ncrease n actvty by collectors who have facltes for storage and processng of waste ols. Some of ths slack n collecton capacty may be absorbed by ndependent truckers. However, wth no facltes or market outlet for the ol, the collected ol would be dumped. Rather than have the ol collected and dumped n large quanttes n one locaton, t may be more desrable to have t dumped on the ground n smaller quanttes at the source of the waste. However, f the decrease n collecton actvtes becomes sgnfcant n metropoltan areas, staton operators n those areas would lkely dump waste ol nto sewers, as the opportunty for dumpng on the ground s generally not avalable n densely populated locatons. Consderng the present stuaton (n whch only 4.5 out of 5.5 mllon gallons of waste ol are beng reprocessed) and the expected ncrease n waste ol generaton wth no ncrease n reprocessng capacty, we antcpate a steady ncrease n the amount of ol dumped n the Commonwealth. C. RECOMMENDATONS. Snce almost all of the approxmately mllon gallons of ol beng dumped s dumped on the ground rather than nto sewers or waterways, and snce the amount dumped s expected to ncrease, t should be determned whether ths practce currently consttutes a water polluton problem or s a potental problem n varous areas of the state. 2. f t s deemed necessary to reduce or prevent an ncrease n the quantty of waste ol beng dumped n the Commonwealth, the followng approaches are worthy of consderaton: a. New Methods of Dsposal Burnng of reprocessed or even untreated ol, ether straght or blended wth other fuel ols, n bolers ftted wth specal burners and partculate matter emsson control devces. Such bolers could be operated at state-owned facltes or by users who can cope wth ths low cost, hgh mantenance fuel. Arthur

14 Burnng of untreated ol n specal waste ol ncnerators located n varous areas n the state or wth other refuse n muncpal ncnerators equpped wth approprate partculate emsson controls. The heat produced by the ol would, however, ncrease the load on a refuse ncnerator and reduce the refuse burnng capacty. Wth no sales of reprocessed ols, collecton charges would probably have to be ncreased to allow for collectors* ncome. b. New Technology for Reprocessng Waste Lubrcatng Ol New technology for effcent, low-cost removal of suspended materal and addtves would enable converson of the waste to a clean-burnng, low-sulfur fuel for use n conventonal bolers, wth no mantenance dsadvantage ncurred. c. Waste Ol Reprocessors The actvtes of any new and exstng waste ol reprocessors should be encouraged as they represent the only nondumpng outlet for waste ol. Areas should be provded for dumpng of the sludge from reprocessng operatons. Ths sludge contans only a small fracton of the total ol beng handled; ts legtmate dsposal often consttutes a nusance and a bottleneck n the reprocessng operatons. Arthur

15 . NTRODUCTON For any gven amount of ol used n the Commonwealth, the quantty of waste ol and the method used n ts ultmate dsposal depend upon: type of ol; type of operaton or faclty n whch t s used; geographc locaton of the operaton wthn the Commonwealth. n ths study, ol types were consdered accordng to categores used by the Bureau of the Census n ther Current ndustral Reports on sales of lubrcatng and ndustral ols: Automotve Ols - Ols used n moble unts powered by nternal combuston engnes (excludng arcraft); ndustral Lubrcatng Ols ndustral, marne and ralroad ols used for lubrcaton purposes, ncludng cuttng and hydraulc ols; Other ndustral Ols Petroleum ols used for processng, testng or other nonlubrcatng use, excludng solvents and petroleum chemcals. The generaton and dsposal of waste ols s depcted n Fgure. The waste ol can be dsposed of at the source, by the user; at some other locaton, by the waste ol collector; or, n the case of automotve waste ol, t may be reprocessed to a fuel. Varous methods of dsposal are employed by ol users and waste collectors: dump on ground or n sewers or waterways; use as a road ol; use for agrcultural purposes; truck out of the state. The quantty of ol nvolved n each of the varous methods of dsposal was determned for each type of ol user and as a functon of the geographc locaton of the user. We collected the requred nformaton n over 750 personal and 0 ZD.Httle.3lnc.

16 Petroleum Companes Automotve Ols ndustral Ols.Dsposal By User.Dsposal By Collector Sold as Fuel Ol Key t Dsposal By User Dsposal By Collector Vrgn Ol Waste Ol' FGURE WASTE OL GENERATON AND DSPOSAL SEQUENCE

17 telephone ntervews coverng a large sample of each type of organzaton nvolved n the waste ol generaton and dsposal sequence. As shown n Table 5, we contacted the automotve and ndustral ol marketng groups of the major petroleum companes; approxmately 5% of the servce statons; and all of the major waste ol collectors operatng n the Commonwealth. TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTED Source Number ntervewed Petroleum Companes 8 Servce Statons 606* Car Dealers & Garages 40 Fleet Operators 0 ndustral Ol Users 93 Waste Ol Collectors 0 "ncludes 46 responses to maled questonnares. Meetngs wth representatves of the Massachusetts Petroleum Councl (MFC), the Amercan Petroleum nsttute (AP), and the Assocated ndustres of Massachusetts (AM) provded crtcal nformaton and letters of ntroducton, descrbng the nature of our study to the petroleum companes (by MPC) and ndustral ol users (by AM), n turn, the petroleum companes provded letters of ntroducton to ther servce staton operators and cover letters for maled questonnares. These letters, and the cooperaton of the varous ol users, enabled us to gather relable data requred for our study. 2

18 A. AUTOMOTVE OL USAGE Ml. AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL Prncpal users of automotve ol nclude: servce statons performng ol changes; servce statons sellng ol at the pump sland, as make-up only; car dealers and garages; fleet operators; persons changng ther own crankcase ol; agrcultural and marne equpment operators. The quantty of automotve ol used n each of these applcatons s shown n Table 6. These quanttes were developed from: the amount of automotve waste ol found n the feld survey; ol company fleet sales nformaton; retal sales data. The data were compled pror to release of the latest U.S. Census Bureau nformaton for automotve ol usage n Massachusetts, 8.6 mllon gallons for 967. Our estmate for the total automotve ol used agrees exactly wth ths fgure. Ths agreement ndcates that the waste ol survey data are consstent wth the most recent ol sales fgures for the Commonwealth. 3 Arthur

19 TABLE 6 AUTOMOTVE OL USAGE N MASSACHUSETTS User Servce Statons Performng Ol Changes Other Servce Statons me Used lllons llons/yr Percent Endng As Waste Ol 63% 0 Waste Ol Mllons Gallons/Yr Car Dealers & Garages Fleet Operators Do-t-Yourself Ol Changes Agrcultural & Marne Uses % 2.3 The amount of waste ol generated at servce statons performng ol changes s equvalent to 63% of the total sold at the statons. Ths s due to the followng: 70% of the ol s sold n ol changes (30% s sold at the sland as make-up), as ndcated by retal sales data and confrmed by our feld survey; on the average, the amount draned n the ol change s about 90% of the volume sold n the ol change. Thus, 90% of 70%, or 63% of the ol sold at servce statons performng ol changes s accumulated as a waste ol. The same reasonng apples for all sources. However, the followng sources have factors other than 63%: "other" servce statons-these statons only sell ol at the pump sland as make-up and therefore generate no waste ol; 4 Arthur ZDJUttleJnr.

20 a car dealers and garages-all ol s sold n ol changes and therefore only the 90% factor apples; agrcultural and marne uses allowance was made for ol mxed wth fuel n two-cycle marne engnes, thereby ncreasng the fracton of ol consumed, and lowerng the amount of resultant waste. The followng sectons contan detaled nformaton on the usage and dsposal patterns for each of these sources of automotve waste ol. B. SERVCE STATON SOURCES. Survey Areas and ntervew Technques n order to geographcally defne the quanttes and dsposal practces of automotve waste ol at servce statons throughout the state, the Commonwealth was dvded nto survey areas as seen n Fgure 2. The twelve desgnated areas represent about 95% of the total servce staton sales n the Commonwealth. Table 7 lsts these areas and the estmated number of servce statons n each, as a percentage of the state total, based on servce staton sales fgures. The thrteenth area, desgnated as rural, covers the remander of the state whch s, n fact, sparsely populated and predomnantly rural n nature. Area Locaton Boston (Wthn Route 28) TABLE 7 SURVEY AREAS 2 North Shore (Mal Survey Area} 3 Wthn Route North 4 Wthn Route North West 5 Wthn Route West 6 Wthn Route South West 7 Wthn Route South/South East 8 Worcester 9 Fall Rver New Bedford Taunton 0 Ftchburg Sprngfeld Holyoke 2 Pttsfeld - North Adams 3 Rural 5 Total Servce Statons n Area, Percentage of State Total 22.2% Number of Statons Actually Contacted % 606 ZD.HtttcJnc.

21 Pttsfeld North Adams Ftch burg Sprngfeld Holyoke Worcester Fall Rver New Bedford Taunton FGURE 2 SURVEY AREAS

22 Wthn each of these thrteen sectons, a number of servce statons, randomly selected, were ntervewed concernng the quanttes of waste ol beng generated, waste ol dsposal technques and other pertnent and related questons. n Area 2, nstead of personally conductng these ntervews, questonnares were maled out to statons wth an accompanyng letter of ntroducton and explanaton from the parent petroleum company. (nstead of malng, the sales representatves of one petroleum company personally delvered the questonnares to ther servce statons.) Table 7 lsts the numbers of these servce statons ntervewed (or respondng to questonnares n the case of Area 2), n each area. n total, 606 servce statons throughout the state were contacted, or approxmately 5% of the total servce statons n the Commonwealth that perform ol changes. Fgure 3 s a copy of the questonnare whch was maled n Area 2 and was also used to record the responses to questons posed to the servce staton operators n the other areas. An ntervewer from ADL would approach a servce staton, randomly chosen, and ask to speak to the owner or operator. f not there, the seemngly most knowledgeable attendant was ntervewed. The ntervewer would ntroduce hmself, explan the nature of the study that ADL was conductng for the Dvson of Water Polluton Control, and n most nstances, provde a letter of ntroducton from the parent petroleum company. Durng all ntervews, t was made clear that the nature of ths study was not to, n any way, ncrmnate ndvdual staton operators or companes. The ntervewer next proceeded to ask the questons lsted n Fgure 3. n almost all cases, the person ntervewed was knowledgeable, courteous and extremely cooperatve. n the few cases where nconsstent or clearly erroneous estmates of waste ol quanttes were gven, these data were detected by the crosscheckng n the questonnare or were otherwse recognzed as unreasonable, and dscarded. Operators were very free to ndcate who pcked up ther waste ol, whether they dumped ol on the ground or down the sewers, and the quanttes nvolved n each case. t was felt that the letters of ntroducton and the statement to the operator that no attempt at ncrmnaton would be made, often aded n obtanng these candd responses. n general, they almost all concurred that waste ol dsposal was a serous problem, not only as a potental source of water polluton but as a fnancal and tme-consumng nusance. Operators are beng charged for removal of ol that they prevously sold to collectors. t s also becomng more dffcult to obtan regular collecton servce n some areas. 7

23 Your locaton (cty or town): Waste Ol Survey Type of busness establshment (check one): servce staton garage Number of ol changes performed monthly: Quantty of lube ol sold monthly: Quantty of waste ol handled monthly: Waste ol storage capacty (f any): car dealer other quarts gallons gallons Present method of waste ol dsposal (f more than one method s used, check each applcable c_a_tegory) : Percent Dsposed of by Ths Method Regular pckup: % Collector's name, address: Frequency of pckup (tmes per year): Cost of servce: rregular or scavenger pckup: Collector's name, address: Frequency of pckup (tmes per year): Cost of servce: Muncpal pckup: Frequency of pckup (tmes per year): Cost of servce: Gven for farm use: % Burnng: % Dump ng: Sewer: % Pour on ground or n pt: % Dscard nto adjacent waterway: % Other (please descrbe): % Use space below (and reverse sde) for any comments or suggestons you mght have. FGURE 3 WASTE OL SURVEY QUESTONNARE 8

24 2. Servce Staton Data Reducton, Analyss and Results The data accumulated from 606 servce statons n the thrteen geographcal areas were coded and stored on BM punch cards for subsequent computer, analyss. A computer program was wrtten to calculate the followng nformaton, based on the data collected, for each of the thrteen areas, as well as the entre state: average quantty of waste ol generated per staton; V percent devaton of the above average (statstcal term necessary to establsh the relablty of that average); percent of waste ol collected; percent of waste ol dumped on the ground; percent of waste ol dumped drectly nto the sewers; percent of statons havng waste ol collecton servce; percent of statons that dump waste ol on the ground; percent of the statons that dump waste ol nto sewers; average percent of ol sold n servce statons as an ol change (as opposed to sellng ol as make-up at the sland). Wth the preceedng nformaton calculated for each area as well as for the entre state, the data reducton phase was complete and the data n sutable form for analyss. The data were analyzed to estmate the total quanttes of waste ol generated and the waste ol dsposal practces wthn the thrteen areas and for the entre state. Tables 8 and 9 summarze the results of ths analyss. Table 8 shows the total quanttes of automotve waste ol generated from servce statons n each of the thrteen areas and for the entre state. Also shown are the quanttes of ths ol whch are collected and reman uncollected. The number of servce statons wthn the Commonwealth were estmated by the Bureau of the Census to be approxmately 4500 and ncluded statons whch do and do not perform ol changes. Based on observatons durng our survey, t 9 Stthur

25 TABLE 8 AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL - SERVCE STATON SURVEY Area Number of Statons n Area* Waste Ol Per Staton Confdence nterval Thousands of Gallons/Year Total Area Waste Ol Total Collected Total Uncollected Percent Collected ± 8.6%,706, g State Total 4,050.59' ± 9.5% H 6,44 5, %' ncludes only servce statons performng ol changes. ** Calculated from state totals.

26 TABLE 9 FATE OF UNCOLLECTED WASTE OL AT SERVCE STATONS Area Total Uncollected Thousands Gallons/Year Number of Statons Dumpng on Ground Total Dumped on Ground Thousands Gallons/Year Number of Statons Dumpng n Sewer Total Dumped n Sewer Thousands Gallons/Year Uncollected Ol Unaccounted for Thousands Gallons/Year _ _ < _ 2 sr State Total

27 was estmated that approxmately 90% of the statons n the Commonwealth, or 4,050, have ol changng facltes. Ths total was dvded among the survey areas accordng to the percentage of the state total n each area. The values shown for waste ol per staton were generated drectly from the survey data. The confdence ntervals ndcate that, for example, n Area, f ths survey were conducted 00 tmes, 95 of those tmes the average waste ol value obtaned would be wthn 8.6% of the value shown. For the state, the overall confdence nterval was about 20%, ndcatng a hgh degree of relablty for ths type of survey. Table 8 shows that there are 6.44 mllon gallons per year of automotve waste ol currently beng generated at servce statons. About.7 mllon gallons, or 26.5% of ths ol s generated wthn Route 28 (Area ) and 4.4 mllon gallons or over 68% of the total s generated wthn Route 495 (Areas -7). Of the total 6.44 mllon gallons generated: 5.65 mllon gallons or 88% s collected; 790,000 gallons or 2% remans uncollected. The percent of waste ol collected vares from 95% n the Metropoltan Boston area (Area ) to less than 72% n the rural communtes (Area 3). The fate of the uncollected automotve waste ol from servce statons s shown n Table 9. The number of statons that dump on the ground and the number dumpng nto sewer systems, along wth the waste ol gallonage nvolved n both practces, were determned from the data samplng and appled to the total number of statons. Some of the uncollected ol n each area could not be accounted for by the data. Ths s because, n a few nstances, the fate, of the uncollected ol was not specfed by the ntervewee. Ths quantty unaccounted for s, however, less than 0% of the uncollected total n the state and just over % of the total state automotve waste ol, and, therefore, does not sgnfcantly detract from the general trends and results of the table. t s shown n Table 9 that: 653,000 gallons, or over 82% of the uncollected waste ol s dumped on the ground. n most cases, ths ol s dumped on or adjacent to the servce staton premses. 22 Arthur 2P.%Utlr,9nr.

28 60,000 gallons or less than 8% of ths uncollected ol s known to be dumped nto sewer systems. Ths relatvely small quantty s less than \% of the total waste ol generated from servce statons. C, NON-SERVCE STATON SOURCES Of the 2.3 mllon gallons of waste automotve ol generated annually, 5.8 mllon gallons result from applcatons other than servce staton usage. The results of our survey of these sources are gven n Table 0 and are summarzed as follows: Car Dealers and Garages 2.7 mllon gallons of waste ol are generated annually n the Commonwealth from these sources; geographc dstrbuton of waste ol generated and collecton and dsposal practces follow the same geographc pattern as servce staton waste ol, as gven prevously n Tables 7 and 8; 88% of ths state total s collected. Fleet Operators 2.2 mllon gallons of waste ol are generated annually; generaton of the waste ol follows the same geographc dstrbuton as servce statons ol usage; 60% of ths total s estmated to be collected.» Mscellaneous Sources 0.9 mllon gallons of waste ol are generated annually by persons changng ther own ol, and from agrcultural and marne applcatons of automotve ol; 23 Arthur

29 TABLE 0 AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL - NON-SERVCE STATON SOURCES Thousands of Gallons/Year rea From Dealers & Garages From Fleet Operators From Mscellaneous Sources Total Waste Ol Volume Collected Volume Uncollected Percent Collected , to State Total 2,700 2, ,830 3,675 2, "Calculated from state totals.

30 agrcultural and marne waste ol s dstrbuted n rural and coastal areas, respectvely, wth do-tyourself ol changes havng the same basc dstrbuton as servce staton ol usage; almost all of ths waste ol s dsposed of by the user. Table 0 shows the geographc dstrbuton of waste ol generated by these sources. The overall percentage of waste ol collected s 63%. The 2.5 mllon gallons of uncollected ol, dsposed of at the source, s usually dumped on the ground; for example, by operators of constructon equpment at constructon stes to keep down dust or as a form ol, by fleet operators on ther premses and by persons changng ther own ol (some of the waste from do-t-yourself ol changes may also be dumped nto sewers). D. TOTAL AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL The total waste ol generated n each survey area and for the whole state s gven n Table, for all sources of automotve waste ol. Of the total 2.3 mllon gallons generated annually, 9.3 mllon, or 76.0%, s collected. As stated prevously, the uncollected ol s dsposed of at the source, n almost all cases, by dumpng on the ground rather than nto sewers or waterways. 25 2rthur ZD.UttleJnr.

31 TABLE - TOTAL AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL Total Area Area Waste Ot 2, Thousands of Gallons/Year Volume Collected 2, Volume Un collected Percent Collected , State Total 2,27 9,323 2, "Calculated from state totals. 26 3rtbur 2D.ltttc.lnr.

32 V. NDUSTRAL OLS The problem of defnng the quanttes and dsposal practces of ndustral waste ols n the Commonwealth s more complex than for automotve waste ol. There are a varety of ndustral ols utlzed n numerous types and szes of ndustres. Dscussons wth the marketng representatves from the major petroleum companes n the Commonwealth were helpful n clarfyng ths problem. They served to defne the major types of ndustral ol users and dentfy the varous applcatons for the ndustral ols. From these dscussons, a prelmnary lst of major ndustral ol users throughout the Commonwealth was developed. A seres of personal and telephone ntervews were subsequently conducted wth representatves of ndustres n the Commonwealth to establsh ther ndustral waste ol generaton and dsposal patterns. The prelmnary lst developed earler served as a gude n selectng the ndustres to contact but was expanded as knowledge of other major ndustres n varous sectons of the state grew. Some 93 ntervews throughout the state were ultmately conducted to characterze ndustral ol usage and waste ol dsposal practces. These data, along wth ndustral ol sales data, were used to develop the results shown n Tables 2 and 3. The ndustral ol usage n the Commonwealth s gven, by type, n Table 2. The total ol used and the breakdown as to "lubrcatng" and "other" ols were obtaned from the latest Census Bureau nformaton, for 967. These data state that about 9 mllon gallons of ndustral ols are currently utlzed annually n Massachusetts: 0.6 mllon gallons of ndustral lubrcatng ols; 8.4 mllon gallons of process ols and other ols from whch no sgnfcant quanttes of waste ol are generated (such as rust preventatves, heat transfer ol, form ols, etc.) The 0.6 mllon gallons of ndustral lubrcatng ols result n the generaton of about 3.5 mllon gallons of waste ols annually. Of ths, actual lubrcatng ols contrbute.89 mllon gallons or 60% of ths waste ol total. Hydraulc ols, straght cuttng and soluble cuttng ols comprse the remanng 40%. Lubrcatng ol has the largest percent endng as a waste ol, 35%, and hydraulc ol has the lowest percentage, 20%. The waste ndustral ol dsposal patterns for varous areas n the Commonwealth are shown n Table 3. Here, the greater Boston area, comprsng areas -7, was treated as a whole. Of the 3.5 mllon gallons of waste ndustral ols 27 ZB.UttleJnc.

33 TABLE 2 NDUSTRAL OL USAGE N MASSACHUSETTS Type Percentage of Type Volume Used Thousands Gal/Yr Percent Endng as Waste Volume Waste Thousands Gal/Yr ndustral Lubrcatng Ols Lubrcatng Ols 5.0 5,40 35,890 to CO Hydraulc Ols Straght Cuttng Ols ,900, Soluble Cuttng Ols., ,600 3,50 Other ndustral Ols Process Ols.Other Non-Waste Generatng Ols ,700,700 00% 8,400 Nl Total ndustral Ols 9,000 3,50

34 TABLE 3 NDUSTRAL WASTE OL (thousands of gallons/year) Volume Soluble Waste Percent Volume Volume Volume Cuttng Ol Area ndustral Ol Collected Collected Uncollected Burned Sewered -7 2,092 80, K) State Total 3,50 76% 2, ST" c

35 generated annually, only approxmately 750,000 gallons, or 24% reman uncollected (2.4 mllon gallons or 76% are collected annually). Of ths total, 350,000 gallons are soluble waste cuttng ol whch are sewered drectly. Ths soluble ol s utlzed n an aqueous soluton and sewered at concentratons of generally less than 4% ol. Collecton of such dlute solutons s not consdered practcal. The remanng 403,000 gallons of uncollected waste ol s composed of lubrcatng, hydraulc and straght-cut tng ols. The majorty of these ols are dsposed of locally on the ground, most often n town dumps. n Ftchburg (Area 0), where almost all the locally generated waste ndustral ol s uncollected, the Nashua Rver s frequently used to dspose of both soluble and nsoluble ols. There s also a small volume of waste ndustral ol, estmated at 38,000 gallons annually, whch s dsposed of by burnng. Ths s usually done by mxng wth fuel ol. 30 Srthur JB.UttleJnr.

36 V. WASTE OL COLLECTON A. FATE OF COLLECTED WASTE OL Sgnfcant quanttes of both automotve and ndustral ols are removed from the waste ol sources (.e., servce statons, garages, varous ndustral ol users, etc.), by waste ol collectors. There are sx prncpal waste ol collecton companes operatng wthn the Commonwealth. Each has several afflated truck operators who ether work drectly for the collecton company or own and operate ther own trucks and sell waste ol to ther afflated company. n addton, there are several organzatons, prmarly nvolved n the removal of other wastes, such as rubbsh collectors or septc tank pumpng companes, that also collect lmted quanttes of waste ol, mostly n the western and more rural parts of the state. All of the prncpal ol collecton companes operatng n Massachusetts were ntervewed to dscuss the quanttes of waste ol collected and the fate of collected waste ol. Table 4 summarzes the results of these ntervews. From the collectors' data, approxmately 7.5 mllon gallons of automotve waste ol and 2.4 mllon gallons of ndustral ols are collected annually. The fate of ths ol s also shown. Approxmately 4.5 mllon, or 60%, of the collected automotve waste ol s reprocessed to a fuel ol. A large fracton of the collected ndustral waste ol and the automotve waste ol whch s not reprocessed ultmately fnds ts way to the ground, ether as a road ol or s dsposed of n town dumps or landflls n the Commonwealth. Approxmately.5 mllon gallons of waste ol (.0 mllon automotve and 500,000 ndustral) are brought out of state by collectors. The quanttes of collected waste ol were estmated not only from data obtaned from the collectors, but also from data gathered at the waste ol sources, as presented n the tables n the prevous sectons. Table 4 also summarzes ths total ol clamed to be collected, as estmated from the waste source data. A comparson of these fgures wth the collectors' data ndcates that approxmately.8 mllon gallons more automotve waste ol are clamed to be collected by the automotve waste ol sources than can be accounted for by ntervews wth all the prncpal waste ol collectors. Ths.8 mllon gallons dscrepancy may result from naccuraces n the data samplng, from over-estmaton of the quantty of ol collected by servce staton operators ntervewed, and n part, from actvtes of ndependent truck operators who do not have facltes for storage and processng of waste ol and may, therefore, be dumpng the ol they collect. 3 Arthur ZD.lUttleJnr.

37 TABLE 4 FATE OF COLLECTED WASTE OL Thousands Gallons/Year Automotve Waste Ol ndustral Waste Ol Total Ol Collected (Collector Data) Fate of Collected Ol 7,500 2,400 Reprocessed n Massachusetts to Fuel Ol 4,500 Road Ol,400,000 Brought Out of State, Farm Use 300 Dsposed of Locally (Town Dump or Local Roads) 900 Unknown 300 7,500 2,400 Total Ol Collected (Waste Source Data) Dscrepancy 9,300,800 2, Arthur

38 B. AUTOMOTVE WASTE OL REPROCESSNG Reprocessng of automotve waste ol for resale as a lubrcatng ol s no longer practced n New England and does not represent an outlet for waste ol collected n the Commonwealth. Once the major outlet for waste automotve ol, reprocessng to a lube ol has become less compettve and less economcally vable because of: hgher specfcatons for ols used n longer dran ntervals and mltary specfcatons for prevously unused ols n engne and gear ols applcatons; ncreased dffculty of reprocessng newer ols wth hgher addtve content; dsadvantageous tax stuaton as compared to vrgn ols; labelng requrements to ndcate that the ol was "prevously used." At present, the only outlet n the Commonwealth for waste ol, n whch the ol s not eventually poured on the ground, s reprocessng of automotve waste ol for use as a fuel ol. Because of the wde varaton of propertes of ndustral ols, they are generally not reprocessed to fuel. Some ols, such as hydraulc ols, even have gnton nhbtors to nsure safety n ther normal applcaton. The costs nvolved n reprocessng of waste automotve ol to a fuel are summarzed n Table 5. The cost of collecton s about 2.5 cents per gallon, whether the processor owns the trucks and pays drvers' salares or buys the waste ol from drvers who own and operate ther own trucks. The ol cleanng operaton conssts of a caustc wash to remove suspended matter and dspersed water at an estmated cost of 2 cents per gallon. The remanng mscellaneous operatng expenses add another cent per gallon to the operaton, for a total cost of about 5.5 cents per gallon to reprocess waste automotve ol to a fuel ol. The sellng prce of the fuel and the collecton fee charged the servce staton operator vary wdely. These collecton charges generally accrue to the owner of the truck. Reprocessng to fuel ol, lke reprocessng to lube ol, s also a dmnshng outlet for waste ol. The newer addtves make even ths smple reprocessng operaton more dffcult because of the more effectve dsperson of suspended matter. The ncomplete removal of these addtves results n formaton of ash whch deposts n bolers durng combuston. Ths characterstc makes ths otherwse relatvely nexpensve fuel result n hgher mantenance than s requred wth normal fuel ols. 33 Arthur ZD.UttleJnr.

39 TABLE 5 COSTS OF WASTE OL COLLECTON AND REPROCESSNG TO FUEL OL Collecton Cost a. Processor Owns Trucks Drver Salary Truck Operatng Cost.5rf/ Gal. d/gal. 2.5rf/Gal. 2.W/G.L ^^f b. Drvers Own Trucks and Sell Ol to Reprocessor Cost to Reprocessor 2 3d /Gal. Ol Cleanng Cost 2 tf/gal. Operatng Cost for Chemcals and Labor Other Operatng Costs gf/gal. Deprecaton on Trucks, Storage & Cleanng Equpment Mantenance ^^v Local Taxes nsurance 34 Total Cost Sellng Prce Servce Staton Fee 5.5rf/Ga. 7-9tf/Gal 0-2tf/Gal at*

40 A prncpal market for ths fuel ol n the Commonwealth has been asphalt ("hot-top") plants. However, several of these plants have changed to gas fuel recently, n some cases, because of emsson of partculate matter (ash) from combuston of the reprocessed ol. n addton to the dmnshng markets for the fuel ol and ncreased dffculty of cleanng the ol, some reprocessors are havng dffculty locatng acceptable places for legtmate dsposal of the sludge resdue from the reprocessng operaton. These reprocessors clam that ths dsposal problem consttutes a major bottle-neck n ther operatons, lmtng the amount of waste that can be reprocessed and sold as a fuel. C. COLLECTON AND REPROCESSNG TRENDS The dmnshng outlets for waste ol, coupled wth the ncreasng dffculty of reprocessng newer ols, has led to a decrease n the actvtes of establshed waste ol collectors over the last fve to ten years. Some companes have gone out of busness; others have reduced the amounts of ol collected and some have sold trucks to company drvers who now operate as ndependent collectors. They collect from statons and sell ol for reprocessng to ther prevous employers. Prevously, when the demand for waste ol was hgh, collectors pad servce staton operators for the waste ol removed. Wth the decrease n outlets for ths waste, most staton operators are faced wth payng a fee of from to 5 cents per gallon for removal of ther waste ol. Some staton operators are experencng dffculty n havng then- waste removed on a regular bass, even for a fee, due to the decrease n actvty of the collectors. Unless new outlets for reprocessed ol or more effectve reprocessng technques are developed, we would expect a contnued decrease n actvty by collectors who have facltes for storage and processng of waste ols. Some of ths slack may be absorbed by ndependent truckers. However, wth no facltes or market outlet for the ol, the collected ol would be dumped. t may even be more desrable to have the ol dumped on the ground n small quanttes at the sources rather than have t collected and dumped n larger quanttes at one locaton. However, f the decrease n collecton actvtes becomes sgnfcant n metropoltan areas, operators n those areas would lkely dump waste ol nto sewers, as the opportunty for dumpng on the ground s generally not avalable n densely populated locatons. 35

41 V V. WASTE OL PROJECTON Hstorcal data on the consumpton of automotve and ndustral ol n the Commonwealth are shown n Table 6. TABLE 6 OL USAGE N MASSACHUSETTS - HSTORCAL DATA* (mllons of gallons/year) ndustral ndustral Year Automotve Ols Lubrcatng Ols Other Ols *Source: U. S. Bureau of Census. A. AUTOMOTVE OL The past consumpton of automoble lubrcatng ol n Massachusetts correlates closely wth gasolne usage. Usng recent relable forecasts made as to future gasolne consumpton coupled wth the correlaton between ol and gasolne consumpton, the future growth of automotve ol usage can be predcted for the Commonwealth. The results are gven n Table 7. Automoble lubrcatng ol usage should ncrease by almost 2% annually untl 975, when the growth rate wll ncrease to nearly 3%. The ncrease n growth rate to 3% per year reflects the effect of levelng out of the current declne n ol consumpton per car (due to the longer crankcase dran perod n newer cars). The waste ol generaton should ncrease at the same rate as ol usage. Predcted quanttes of waste ol are shown for 975 and 985. An ncrease of almost 7 mllon gallons per year s expected over the perod to rthur ZD.HttleJnc.

42 B. NDUSTRAL OL The past consumpton of ndustral lubrcatng ols was correlated wth the Federal Reserve Board ndex of Producton, showng a declnng rato of consumpton per unt of producton. Usng ths correlaton, ndustral lubrcatng ol s forecast to grow at the rate of 2!/z% per year to 975 and slghtly more than 2% per year from 975 to 985. Ths s reflected n an ncrease n ndustral waste ol generaton of about 2 mllon gallons, to 5. mllon gallons/year n 985, as shown n Table 7. The growth' of process ols and other ndustral ols producng neglgble waste was not projected. TABLE 7 WASTE OL GROWTH PROJECTON Annual Growth Rate Quantty of Waste Ol Mllon Gallons/Year Automotve Lube Ol 2% 3% ndustral Lube Ols 2V 2 % 2% C. PROJECTED PROBLEM At present, only 4.5 mllon of the 5.5 mllon gallons of total waste ol generated annually n Massachusetts are reprocessed to a fuel ol; the major porton of the remanng mllon gallons ultmately s poured on the ground (some outsde the Commonwealth). n the absence of new technology, we would not expect any sgnfcant ncrease n the amounts of waste ol reprocessed to fuel. Unless new outlets, whch do not nvolve dumpng, are found, the amount fndng ts way to the ground wll ncrease. Wthout these new outlets or ncreases n reprocessng capacty, the total amount ultmately dsposed of by dumpng n some manner, wll ncrease to almost 20 mllon gallons per year by Arthur Bl.lUttleJttc.

43 'CAMBRDGE CHCAGO ATHENS BRUSSELS ZURCH WASHNGTON PARS TORONTO SANTA MONCA NEW YORK * MEXCO CTY LONDON SAN FRANCSCO