EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE ON QUALITY OF GROUND WATER AND LAKE WATER IN BIDAR CITY, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

Transcription

1 EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE ON QUALITY OF GROUND WATER AND LAKE WATER IN BIDAR CITY, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA Shivasharanappa, 1* Dr. Padaki. Srinivas, 2 Srinivas Kushtagi 3 1. Corresponding Author, Associate. Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, P. D. A. College of Engineering (Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India., E mail I D: shivasharanappa.g@gmail.com Phone No Professor & Head, Chemistry Dept, P. D. A. College of Engineering (Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India. 3. Assistant. Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, P. D. A. College of Engineering (Autonomous Institution) Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India. ID : shivasharanappa.g@gmail.com ABSTRACT The effects of industrial effluent and domestic sewage on the quality of ground water in Bidar City were studied. The quality was assessed in terms of physicochemical, heavy metal and bacteriological parameters. Ten bore wells, ten open wells within the industrial area were analyzed. Three lake water samples (at inlet, center and outlet) were analyzed. Ten open wells and ten bore wells in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater were analyzed. Results obtained showed that the total dissolved solids content were little high in Papanasham Lake and the remaining sources are within the permissible limits. The ph ranged from 7.2 to 7.8. Chloride content ranged from137 to 460. All the sources of water are within the permissible limit. The dissolved oxygen content ranged from 5.2 to 6.6. Bacteriological indices showed that all the water sources were highly contaminated having high total bacterial counts ( cfu/ml). All the water sources showed presence of fecal coli form (E. coli) and had high coli form counts ( MPN/100ml). Keywords: Industrial Effluent, Domestic Sewage, Well Water, Bore Well Water, Lake Water, Physicochemical, Heavy Metal and Bacteriological Analysis. INTRODUCTION The importance of water in the control of diseases had long been recognized (Hofkes, 1981; WHO, 1996). Water is a factor of production in virtually all enterprise, including agriculture, industry and the services sector (UNESCO, 2006). The importance of safe drinking water is underlined by the assertion that: safe drinking water is the birthright of all humankind as much a birthright as clean air (TWAS, 2002). It also reported that the majority of the world s population, especially in most parts of Africa and Asia, does not have access to safe drinking water and that as much as 6 million children dies daily as result of waterborne diseases linked to scarcity of safe drinking water or sanitation (TWAS, 2002). WHO (2004) pointed out that diseases related to contamination of drinking water constitute a major burden on human health: and that interventions to improve the quality of drinking water provide significant benefits to health. For most communities the most secure source of safe drinking water is pipe-borne water from municipal water treatment plants. Often, most of water treatment facilities do not deliver or fail to meet the water requirements of the served community due to corruption, lack of maintenance or increased population. The scarcity of piped water has made communities to find alternative sources of water: ground water sources being a ready source. Wells are a common ground water source readily explored to meet community water requirement or make up the short 28

2 fall. Wells are categorized based on the nature of construction: open dug wells are generally considered the worst type of groundwater sources in terms of fecal contamination and bacteriological analysis. Dug wells with windlass or hand pumped or mechanically pumped well are generally regarded to be less prone to contamination (WHO, 2004). WHO (1997) asserts that open or poorly covered well heads pose the commonest risk to well-water quality; the possibility of the water being contaminated is further increased by the use of inappropriate water-lifting devices by consumers. The commonest physical defects leading to fecal contamination of dug wells are associated with damage to, or lack of a concrete plinth, and with breaks in the parapet wall and in the drainage channel (WHO, 1997). The most serious source of pollution of well water is contamination by human waste from latrines and septic tanks resulting in increased levels of microorganisms, including pathogens. Other likely sources of contamination include runoffs, agrochemicals such as pesticides and nitrates used on farm lands and industrial effluents. Contamination of well water due to under seepage has reported in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria (Ibe and Agbamu, 1999). Seepage from effluent bearing surface water would readily contaminate wells located close to the surface water. Arising from the drive for industrialization, part of Bidar City is designated as industrial area to accommodate the industries. This makes it readily prone to abuse as effluent receptacle leading to contamination. Studies have shown that the River s water quality is affected by the discharge of the effluents (Eniola and Olayemi, 1999). This is consistent with the observation of Sangodoyin (1991) that effluents discharge alters the physical, chemical and biological nature of receiving water body. Wells are a vital and common source of water in Bidar; some of these wells are in the vicinity of open wastewater drains and in the vicinity of industries too. The lake near Papanasham Shiva Temple was an open dumping water body for domestic wastewater of nearby wards of the Bidar city; recently the dumping has been stopped. In this study, the effect of the discharge of effluent into Papanahsam Lake, the quality of open well waters, bore wells within the vicinity of open drains in Bidar City was investigated. Water samples from wells, bore wells within the industrial area, lake water, and wells/bore wells nearby open drains carrying domestic wastewater were subjected to physicochemical, heavy metal and bacteriological investigations to ascertain the effect of the effluent on the quality of the open well water, bore well water and lake water was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Open dug well water samples, bore well water and water from tank were collected into clean sterile 250ml sampling bottles as described by WHO (1997). The ph, temperature, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chloride and TDS were determined. The dissolved solid content of the water was determined as described by ASTM (1985). The total heterotrophic bacteria counts were determined using the pour plate method (APHA, 1992). The coli form counts were determined as Most Probable Number (MPN) using the multiple tube fermentation test (APHA, 1992). The physicochemical, heavy metal and bacteriological characteristics of bore well water and open dug well water of Bidar City industrial area, in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic sewage and Papanasham Lake waters were carried out as per standard methods and are presented in the table 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. The physicochemical analysis of the ground water and the percent compliance with the Indian 29

3 Standards and WHO are summarized in table 1a and 1b. The study area Bidar City, is the head quarters of the Bidar district of Karnataka State, India, is located in the northern most part of the state of Karnataka on Deccan plateau (Figure No. 1). Sampling points location is shown in Figure no. 2. The climate of Bidar and its environs is reported to be pleasant and is relatively cooler when compared to the temperatures in the neighboring districts of Karnataka. The average annual rainfall as recorded in the previous years is mm, mm; the monsoon period is over four months i.e. between June to September. The highest recorded during the above period is mm during July month. The average maximum temperature of 43 C is recorded during the period is in the month of May. The maximum temperature however varies from 39 C to 43 C during the month of February to June and falls to 18 C during November month. The mean annual maximum humidity observed in the morning was per cent and the minimum was observed in the evening was 43.7 per cent. Humidity will be least during the month of May. During summer the predominant wind direction is westerly and during the monsoon seasons wind blows in Southwesterly directions. During the winter seasons, the predominant wind direction is Southeasterly. Bidar city is on the plateau being almost on its northern edge, which gives a picturesque view of the low-lying lands on the North and East. The plateau is of irregular shape, land stretching about 35.4 Km in length and 19.3 Km in width. The plateau consists of red laterite rocky crust, of a depth varying from 30.5 m to m supported on impervious trap base. This has resulted in springs at the cleavages between trap and laterite rocks. Such water springs can be observed in Bidar at Gurunanak Zheera, Narasimha Zheera, Papanasha Shiva Temple and a few other places. The land in Bidar and its environs drains into Manjra River (which flows in the region) is a tributary of Godavari River. The major soil types are, Red laterite soil, Black cotton soil and a combination of the above two types. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Water from the bore wells and open wells contain total dissolved solids within the permissible limits. This is attributable to the industrial waste discharged / open drain carrying domestic sewage has negative effect on the ground water. Well water containing high total dissolved solids are not fit for drinking, laundry work and livestock purpose. The chloride content is also suggestive of the use of large quantity of Chlorine or its associated compounds in activities within the industrial estate, but chloride values obtained were well within the permissible limits. The other parameters viz., TH Total Hardness in, Ca Calcium Hardness in, Mg Magnesium Hardness in, Fe Iron in, F Fluoride in, NO 3 Nitrate in, SO 4 Sulfate in, Na Sodium in, K Potassium in, Mn Manganese in, Zn Zinc in, and other heavy metals are also in the permissible limit range. The high bacterial count is suggestive of presence of organic matter (Gray, 1989, Olayemi, 1994). The values of dissolved oxygen obtained suggest that the water was not overtaxed by the quantity of degradable material in it and also that it was being well re-oxygenated. Bacteriologically speaking water from the wells fall short of the WHO (1997) recommended guideline standard for drinking water. It requires that water intended for drinking should not contain any pathogen or microorganisms indicative of fecal contamination. All the water samples examined contained fecal coli form (E. coli) and high population of heterotrophic bacteria, which is consisted with 30

4 WHO (2004) report that open dug wells are contaminated, with levels of at least 100 fecal coli forms per 100 ml. This is reflection of the human activities taking place around the catchment of the wells. The unringed nature of the wells makes contamination by seepage from the soil more likely. Virtually all the open wells in Bidar city were unringed with no apron around the head. The WHO (2004) recommends that wells are ringed and provided with an apron around the head to minimize contamination. The bacteriological quality of the wells requires that they be subjected to treatment if they are to be used for drinking and domestic purpose. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained showed that the water from the bore wells and open wells were not fit for human consumption. It was observed that the wells were negatively affected by the effluent discharged within the industrial area and by open drains carrying areas too. From the bacteriological point of view all water sources are contaminated. Papanasham Lake is directly affected by domestic wastewater discharged into it by some of the wards of Bidar city. Since the Lake water contains high TDS and high chloride contents, the water is neither suitable for bathing nor suitable for irrigation as well. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Hyderabad Karnataka Education Society Gulbarga, Karnataka State, India. REFERENCES American Public Health Association: APHA (1992). Water Pollution methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water (18th Edition) Washington D. C Eniola, K.I.T and Olayemi, A.B. (1999), Impact of effluent from a detergent producing plant on some water bodies in Ilorin, Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 9: Hofkes E.H, Huisman. L, Sundaresan. B.B, Azevedo Netto De J.M, Lanoix J.N. (1981), Small Community Water, John Willet and Sons Ibe Sr K.M. and Agbamu. P.U., Impact of human activities on ground water quality of an alluvial aquifer, a case study of Warri River, Delta State SW Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 9: Olayemi, A.B. (1994). Bacteriological water assessment of an urban river in Nigeria, International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 4, Sangodoyin, A. Y. (1991), Groundwater and surface water pollution by open refuse dump In Ibadan Nigeria, Journal of Discovery and Innovations. 3.1., Third World Academy of Sciences TWAS (2002), Safe Drinking Water the need, the problem, solutions and an action plan, Report of the Third World Academy of Sciences, Third World Academy of Sciences, Trieste Italy UNESCO (2006) Water a shared responsibility The United Nations World Water Development Report 2 (WWDR 2), World Water Assessment Report, World Health Organization- WHO (1997), Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (2 nd Edition), Vol. 3, Surveillance and Control of community supplies Geneva, Switzerland. 31

5 World Health Organization WHO (2004), Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (3 rd Edition) Vol.1, Recommendation Geneva, Switzerland. able 1a: Comparison of groundwater quality within industrial area with drinking water standards, Indian and WHO. Parameters Indian Standard Percent Compliance WHO Standard Percent BW&OW water sources in the vicinity of industrial area of Bidar City ph TH, Ca, Mg, Cl, TDS, Fe, F, NO 3, SO 4, Na, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, ND ND Cu,

6 Table 1b: Comparison of groundwater quality in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic sewage with drinking water standards, Indian and WHO. Parameters Indian Standard Percent Compliance WHO Standard Percent Compliance BW&OW sources in the vicinity of open drain carrying domestic sewage of Bidar City ph TH, Ca, Mg, Cl, TDS, Fe, F, NO 3, SO 4, Na, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, ND ND Cu,

7 Table-1: Physicochemical characteristics of bore well water sources in the Industrial area of Bidar City Sampling points ph TH Ca Mg Cl TDS NO 3 SO 4 Na K BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW DO ph Positive hydrogen ion concentration, TH Total hardness in, Ca Calcium hardness in, Mg Magnesium hardness in, Cl Chloride in, TDS Total dissolved solids in, NO 3 Nitrate in, SO 4 Sulfate in, Na Sodium in, K Potassium in, DO Dissolved oxygen in. Table-2: Heavy metal analysis of bore well water sources in the industrial area of Bidar City Sampling Fe F Mn Zn Pb Cd Cu Cr Hg BW ND ND BW ND BW ND BW ND ND BW ND BW ND BW ND ND BW ND BW ND BW ND ND 34

8 Fe Iron in, F Fluoride in, Mn Manganese in, Zn Zinc in, Pb Lead in, Cd Cadmium in, Cu Copper in, Cr Chromium in, Hg Mercury in. Table-3: Bacteriological characteristics of bore well water sources in the Industrial area of Bidar City Sampling points Total Bacterial Count Coliform Count (MPN/100ml) BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW Cfu/ml: colony forming unit, MPN: Most Probable Number Table-4: Physicochemical characteristics of open well water sources in the Industrial area of Bidar City Sampling ph TH Ca Mg Cl TDS NO 3 SO 4 Na K DO points OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW

9 Table-5: Heavy metal analysis of open well water sources in the industrial area of Bidar City Sampling points Fe F g/l Mn Zn Pb Cd Cu Cr Hg OW ND OW ND OW ND OW ND OW ND ND OW ND ND OW ND OW ND OW ND ND OW ND Table-6: Bacteriological characteristics of open well water sources in the industrial area of Bidar City Sampling points Total Bacterial Count Coli form Count (MPN/100ml) OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW

10 Table-7: Physicochemical characteristics of bore well water sources in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater of Bidar City Sampling points ph TH Ca Mg Cl TDS NO 3 SO 4 Na K BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW DO Table-8: Heavy metal analysis of bore well water sources in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater of Bidar City Sampling Fe F Mn Zn Pb Cd Cu Cr Hg BW ND BW ND BW ND BW ND BW ND ND BW ND BW ND BW ND ND BW ND BW ND ND 37

11 Table-9: Bacteriological characteristics of bore well water sources in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater of Bidar City Sampling points Total Bacterial Count Coli form Count (MPN/100ml) BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW BW Table-10: Physicochemical characteristics of open well water sources in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater of Bidar City Sampling ph TH Ca Mg Cl TDS NO 3 SO 4 Na K DO OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW

12 Table-11: Heavy metal analysis of open well water sources in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater of Bidar City Sampling Fe F Mn Zn Pb Cd Cu Cr Hg OW ND OW ND ND OW ND OW ND ND OW ND OW ND OW ND OW ND OW ND OW ND Table-12: Bacteriological characteristics of open well water sources in the vicinity of open drains carrying domestic wastewater of Bidar City Sampling points Total Bacterial Count Coli form Count (MPN/100ml) OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW OW

13 Table-13: Physicochemical characteristics of Papanasham Lake water in the Bidar City Sampling points ph TH Ca Mg Cl TDS NO 3 SO 4 Na K Inlet Center Outlet DO Table-14: Heavy metal analysis of Papanasham Lake water in the Bidar City Sampling Fe F Mn Zn Pb Cd Cu Cr Hg Inlet ND ND Center ND ND Outlet ND ND Table-15: Bacteriological characteristics of Papanasham Lake water in the Bidar City Sampling points Total Bacterial Count (cfu/ml) Coli form Count (MPN/100ml) Inlet Center Outlet

14 Figure No. 1: Showing the Location of Bidar City Figure No. 2: Bidar City Map with sampling points location. 41