Sustainable biomass for green power

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2 Sustainable biomass for green power Yves Ryckmans Biomass & Waste Competence Centre LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

3 LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

4 Targeted Green Certificates in Belgium BELGIUM FLANDERS WALLONIA (+ Brussels) Yearly elec. energy 55 TWh 35 TWh Co-firing 50% gc with coal if bio < 60% not allowed for gc System Green power Green power + CHP Penalty Market value Guaranteed buy-back Obligation : 6% : 7% : 8% : 11,25% : 13,50% : 15,75% : 9% : 10% : 10,50% : 11% : 18,00% : 20,25% : 22,50% : 24,75% : 11,50% : 12,00% : 12,50% : 13% : 27,00% : 29,25% : 31,50% : 33,75 Duration grant 15 years LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

5 Belgium: green certificates systems Flanders : obligation 6% x 55TWh= 3,3 TWh, penalty=125 green certificates granted according to energy balance of supply chain and reference CCGT # GC net MWh electricity use fossil MWh 55% = el p Wallonia : obligation 11,25% x 27 TWh=3,0 30TWh, penalty=100 green certificates granted according to proven sustainability, CO 2 balance of supply chain and reference CCGT All fuels have reference CO 2 emission according to LCA Natural gas = 251 kgco 2 /MWhp 328 kgco 2 /MWhp (EU-RED) Coal = 396 kgco 2 /MWhp Wood pellets = 55 kgco 2 /MWhp # GC CO2 ref( elec) CO2 ( PP) 55 55% =. MWh el = 1 = 65% 73% MWh el CO ref ( elec ) % 2 RED- Directive LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

6 Default values kg CO 2 eq/mwh primary energy in Wallonia NON FOSSILE kgco 2 /MWhp %green cert wind/solar/hydraulics organic biodegradable matters milling 4 98 transport on max. 100 km 5 97 drying corn crops wood chips wood pellets (< 200 km) cultivated wood (short rotation coppices) wood pellets (> 200 km) coleseed oil bio-diesel FOSSILE natural gas the fossil reference 251 gasoil 306 light fuel oil 310 heavy fuel oil 320 EU reference RED Directive 91 gco2/mj 328 coal 385 LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

7 Default values kg CO 2 eq/mwh primary energy EC report Report EC on sustainability requirements solid biomass Reference Default Reference and default values GHG kgco 2 /MWh p kgco 2 /MWh p Wood chips forest residues EU 3,6 3,6 Wood chips forest residues tropical 75,6 90,0 Wood chips SRC EU 10,8 14,4 Wood chips SRC tropical 86,4 100,8 Wood pellets/briquettes forest residues EU dried wood 7,2 7,2 Wood pellets/briquettes forest residues tropical dried wood 54,0 61,2 Wood pellets/briquettes SRC EU dried wood 14,4 14,4 Wood pellets/briquettes SRC tropical dried wood 64,8 79,2 Wood pellets/briquettes forest residues EU dried NG 61,2 72,0 Wood pellets/briquettes forest residues tropical dried NG 108,0 126,0 Wood pellets/briquettes SRC EU dried NG 68,4 79,2 Wood pellets/briquettes SRC tropical dried NG 118,8 144,0 Reference for imported wood pellets in Wallonia (transported on more than 200 km) is 55,0 kgco 2 /MWh p LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

8 Green certificates systems (BE/WAL) Fossil fuel comparator RED (EU) green certificates granted according to proven sustainability, CO 2 balance of supply chain and reference CCGT All fuels have reference CO 2 emission according to LCA References gco 2 /MJ kgco 2 /MWh p η elec gco 2 /MJ elec kgco 2 /MWh elec Nat.gas Wal 69,7 251,0 55,0% 126,7 456,0 Coal Wal 106,9 385,0 35,0% 305,6 1100,00 EU-mix EU 91,0 328,0 46,0% 198,0 712,8 RED bioliquids Report EC biosolids τ = CO ref elec) CO CO ref ( elec ) % 456 ( 2( PP) 2 = = CO % 78% LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

9 Meta-standards for raw material Certification systems for end-use application LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

10 Existing forestry certification Forest Stewardship Council Pan European Forest Certification Independent charitable organization US+CAN FRANCE Origine légalité des bois FSC Principles LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

11 Forest certification in the world LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

12 % world forests LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

13 Benchmark certification systems for Cramer in NL OK NOT OK LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

14 Benchmark certification systems for Cramer in NL LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

15 Is RED-compliance = + +? No Respect of rights -workers (children) -use soil: inhabitants Monitoring impact of activities Biodiversity undisturbed forests high value grassland Controlled impact on soil water & air No conversion of carbon stocks continuous forest area wetlands GHG balance > 35% with LUC Respect of laws Traceability Profit sharing use of resource Conservation forest value Competition: fiber, food, feed Forest management plans LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

16 Sustainability principles implemented by Electrabel Certified or at least evidence for responsible management of the forests including afforestation plans Controlled impact on environment (soil, air, water) Enforcement of legislations 1. Independent reporting Energy/CO2 balance of supply chain electricity use fossil primary energy use Transport Origin of raw material primary product or residue bio-fuel or waste rely on international certification FSC, PEFC, Traceability 3. Track & trace system stem Fuel Logistics LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

17 Forestry company Industry: saw mill, Pellet plant Chain of custody CIF Shipping i company Trader FOB Country of origin BELGIUM LABORELE C MARKET REGULATORS UTILITY Technically OK Legally OK LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

18 Energy use of biomass supply Awirs Transport of raw material: Avg. distance Max. distance Pelleting: Electricity/ton pellets (and origin) Fossile/ton pellets Biomass/ton pellets Transport of pellets: Distance to harbour Truck or train Sea transport: Capacity in tons Distance in miles Number of days of sea Consumption/sea day Flatboat from ARAG: Avg. diesel use LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

19 Energy balance in MWh eqv electricity 2009 Electricity use always subtracted x 100% from net green power Fossil fuel for production and transported subtracted x 55% with respect to ref. CCGT power plant with η= 55 % efficiency Wood pellet = 1600 kwhe / ton (net elec. efficiency i 34%) kwhe (eq) /ton BEL DEU PRT LVA CAN SA USA AUS RUS Electricity Resource handling Product transport truck river truck sea truck sea train sea sea sea sea train sea TOTAL NET GC VREG 87% 87% 87% 86% 80% 79% 75% 74% 73% LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

20 GHG balance of wood pellets supply chain in kgco 2 /MWhp depends only upon production & transport (1 ton pellets=4,7 MWh p ) in % depends also upon type of replaced fossil fuel & end-use efficiency Wallonia: natural gas in CCGT, 251,0 kgco 2 /MWh p or 69,7 gco 2 /MJ EU RED for power: EU power mix, 327,6 kgco 2 /MWh p or 91,0 gco 2 /MJ Default value Wallonia: imported wood pellets= 55 kgco 2 /MWh p = 65% kg CO 2 (eq) /ton BEL DEU PRT LVA CAN SA USA AUS RUS Electricity Resource handling truck sea truck sea train sea train sea Product transport truck river sea sea sea TOTAL kg CO2/ ton TOTAL kg CO 2 / MWhp NET GC CWAPE 86% 88% 86% 85% 77% 76% 72% 70% 67% RESULTS EU-RED 91% 93% 91% 90% 86% 85% 82% 81% 80% LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

21 Loss of efficiency avoided by LABORELEC verification Supply chain Consequence Loss in GHG balance Use of timber instead of residues Milling energy consumption doubled 5% Wood pellets transport on long distance with truck Three times less efficient than small vessels and 10 time less efficient than large vessels Wood chips from long distance Energy use for sea transport x % Clermont-Ferrand to Belgium (900 km) loss of about 10% Dry raw material with nat. gas Energy use between kwh/ton 20 to 40% according to moisture LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

22 But voluntary schemes cannot cover a significant % of traded biomass for power plants LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

23 Targets RES Directive Source: European Commission, AEBIOM Austria 23,3% 34% Belgium 2,2% 13% Bulgaria 9,4% 16% Cyprus 2,9% 13% Czech Republic 6,1% 13% Denmark 17,0% 30% Estonia 18,0% 25% Finland 28,5% France 10,3% 23% Germany 5,8% 18% Greece 6,9% 18% Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 09% 0,9% 0% 2,4% 1,3% 4,3% 3,1% 5,2% 7,2% 6,7% 8,7% 11% 10% 13% 16% 17% 15,0% 14% 15% 14% 15% 16,0% 20,5% 17,8% 20% 23% 24% 25% 31% 34,9% 38% 42% 39,8% % 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

24 Current facts for bio-energy in the EU Solid and gaseous biomass usually achieves high GHG savings, especially when mitigating coal Solid biomass usually comes from processing residues from forest industry Biomass is a key tool in fulfilling the EU s 2020 renewable energy targets: forecasts suggest that electricity production from biomass be quadrupled from 90 TWh in 2006 to 360 TWh in 2020 (AEBIOM) it is expected that 50% of the effort to be targeted by the RED Directive be realized with biomass Major utilities like RWE/Essent, EON, Vattenfall, DONG, Fortum, Drax plc, GDF-SUEZ/Electrabel can contribute to a significant achievement of the RES target by 2020: about 30 TWh of green power or 20 million tons tradable biomass with a CAPEX that is about 4 times lower compared to dedicated biomass boilers Not only co-firing might be applied but more and more 100% retrofit of coal plants LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

25 EC does not impose binding criteria for solid biomass Why? Most biomass for energy currently used today in the EU is domestically produced, only less than 5% is imported to the EU Cross-compliance with existing EU environmental legislation adequately covers sustainability of forestry and agricultural production EC does not want to hinder development of biomass with so-called unnecessary administrative burden 9/27 MS accept co-firing in their support scheme: BE, NL, UK, DK, IT, SE, PL, ES, PT 5/27 MS rely on biomass from outside EU for achieving their RES target: BE, NL, UK, DK, IT 4/27 MS focus on tradable pellets for power generation: BE, NL, UK, DK About 11/27MS do not have significant interest in co-firing biomass including large countries like DE, FR LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

26 But binding criteria for solid biomass are needed Imported solid biomass from outside the EU might show significant sustainability issues: (Central Africa, Brazil, Indonesia, ) and contribute t to deforestation ti Public opinion often look at biomass as a dirty fuel : even the renewable character is not obvious and this influences MS s policy Without binding sustainability criteria, power companies will be open to major criticism from NGO s and the public and to high financial risks due to unstable lex Not only utilities but also traders are directly concerned by unstable biomass market: this concerns biomass business developed in MS like DE, LT, LV, EE, SE, SP Binding certification only can address major concerns like: GHG saving performance Protection of biodiversity Protection of carbon wells Moreover, e EU certification ca system for solid biomass gives clear signal to other countries (China, Japan) that biomass sustainability issues need to be addressed!!! LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

27 Where lie the critical needs of binding criteria for solid biomass? There is a critical need avoiding short term impact on availability & prices, for large plants (above 20 MWe, 50 MWth) tradable biomass like wood pellets and palm oil Criteria for bio-liquids and solid biomass should be at least similar incorporating at least traceability + CO 2 balance supply chain Some criteria could be considered as automatically verified cross-compliance with existing legislation in EU/OECD cross-compliance with meta-standards (like FSC) Criteria should be feasible to verify by a private company Binding criteria must consider the situation in different climatic regions: Sweden and Finland vs Tropical regions! Waste and some well identified residues should be excluded LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

28 Implementation of criteria for solid biomass Key factors of LABORELEC verification scheme learning by doing Minimum criteria: energy balance or CO 2 balance for the supply chain (yearly) overall traceability of the primary resources and final product (yearly) independent report over local resource management and respect of local and international legislations (once) Operational: it is not expensive ( < 0,05 /ton) can be fast ( < 2 weeks) Pragmatic approach: implement first a scheme that works in practice and is affordable then improve the certification scheme in time LCA approach and sustainability criteria keep subjective elements need of market regulator for assessing politically oriented issues Disseminate approach to other utilities? LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec

29 Thanks for your attention & for more information LABORELEC Biomass and Waste Competence Centre Laborelec