Dr. Manjulata Singh Armapore PG College, Armapore,Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Transcription

1 Waste Disposal Management and Resource Generation: A case Study of Kanpur Metropolis Dr. Manjulata Singh Armapore PG College, Armapore,Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT : Waste disposal is a very serious problem and a challenge for the survival of human beings particularly in urban areas. Kanpur is largest populous city in UP but in case of social and environmental development is concerned it is far away from Agra, Lucknow and Allahabad. Per day waste generation in the city is 1200 MT but disposal is only around 350 MT and rest remains ignored. There are several scientific processes for the conversion of waste into various bye products for the human uses. A wise scientific and proper waste management can open doors for the resource generation up to a large extent. Proper planning can only be a solution and we can develop it as a resource if processed properly, it can be a boon. Keywords: Waste Disposal, Resource Generation, Waste Management, Solid Waste. I.Introduction: Waste disposal is a very serious problem and a challenge for the survival of human beings particularly in urban areas. Kanpur is largest populous city in UP but in case of social and environmental development is concerned it is far away from Agra, Lucknow and Allahabad. Per day waste generation in the city is 1200 MT but disposal is only around 350 MT and rest remains ignored. There are several scientific processes for the conversion of waste into various bye products for the human uses. A wise scientific and proper waste management can open doors for the resource generation up to a large extent. Proper planning can only be a solution and we can develop it as a resource if processed properly, it can be a boon. II. Study Area: Kanpur Metropolis (26 30 N and E) with km2 of municipal area. The urban agglomeration is 2,920,067 as per 2011 census and literacy rate is 68.03%. Kanpur Metropolis is administered by Kanpur Nagar Nigam and Kanpur Nagar is divided into six zones for the purpose of administration. The 6 zones are locationally divided into 110 wards where zone 1 to zone 4 has 18 wards each but zone 5 and zone 6 has 19 wards each. III. Objectives of the study: The objectives are- 1) To focus light on the scientific waste management process 2) To explore various bye products IV. Methodology : This research paper is the form of an explanatory study in analyzing the culture of Study is based on mainly secondary sources of informations. Informations related to waste management are gathered from various available literature and researches of India and Abroad. The practical waste management process and its by product is observed in A2Z unit Panki, Page 65

2 Kanpur. Data related to waste disposal and its type are collected from Kanpur Nagar Nigam. Obtained informations are analyzed and stated with the help of Maps and diagrams according to our objectives. V. Result and Discussion : Analysis: According to the specification of Honorable Supreme Court it is mandatory for all Municipal corporations of the cities to collect waste from door to door and dispose it to designated sites for processing. The aforesaid is to be executed either by Municipal corporation of the city or they can take the help of any private agency. Waste disposal and collection process is one of the most serious issues in cities of India but in Kanpur the condition is pathetic in spite of strict standards of Supreme Court. Waste disposed is heterogeneous ie not segregated. It is the responsibility of Kanpur Nagar Nigam but KNN hired A2Z to accomplish this on contract basis for 30 years. Earlier it started systematically but at present it is irregular, unplanned. Table 1:Composition of Waste and their Share in percent Types of waste A. -Degradable Waste Waste disposal and collection in Kanpur Metropolis: Share of Total Waste 1- Garden/horticulture /dairy waste 30.00% 2- Food waste 16.00% 3- Paper/Card board 04.00% B- Non-Degradable Waste 4- Drain silt 19.25% 5- Construction waste 16.00% 6- Plastic 14.00% 7- Glass 0.50% 8- Metal 0.25% Total 100% Source : Waste disposal and collection in Kanpur Metropolish,2012 Waste Management Rules 2000 as per Honorable Supreme Court Standards. Enacted Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, Rules lay emphasis on seeking participation of citizens in waste segregation, prohibiting littering of garbage, proper storage of waste and efficient transportation of waste for its processing and final disposal. Specifications to be followed for land filling to protect environmental pollution and adoption of appropriate waste processing technologies has been emphasized. The Rules are applicable to each town irrespective of its population. Page 66

3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF SPCBs/ PCCs Monitoring compliance of standards regarding groundwater, ambient air, incineration, leachate and compost quality (Schedule II, III and IV) Grant of authorization to municipal authorities for setting up waste processing/ disposal facilities (within 45 days of application) Furnishing annual report on status of implementation to CPCB. Waste Management Process: A- Presorting The incoming MSW pass through a shaftless rotary screen known as Trammel screen with screening size 80 mm. The undersize i.e. Less than 80mm in size predominantly compostable material go to composting pad. Over size pass through a sorting belt where big inerts like stones, recyclables like plastics, glass bottles pet bottles etc handpicked manually. Rest pass through a magnetic separator where ferrous material will be separated. Balance goes to RDF processing unit. B- Composting section. Composting is a biological process where microbes disintegrate complex molecules into simple organic molecules. The method where aerobic microbes are used is known aerobic composting and the method where anaerobic microbes are employed is known as anaerobic composting. In Indian cities aerobic method is more suitable due to fast processing and hence cycle time is less. Foul smelling gases like Methane and Hydrogen sulphide are not produced. C- Composting Activity- Initial process of making City compost Composting activity consists of two processes i.e. biological process on the composting pad (windrows) for one month and thereafter mechanical process of sequential screening Each windrow is turned every week. After 4 weeks the material is tested for maturity of composting. The material ready then taken up for screening. Screening is done in two parts. In the first section known as preparatory section the material pass through screens up to 14/16 mm size. Oversize material will go to RDF section since the rejects of screening will be containing lot of combustible material. Undersize stored in incurring shed where further biodegradation will happen. Here it will pass through screens of smaller holes to produce compost of size less than 4mm in size. Material coming from 4mm size,will be further chemically treated to make it suitable as per norms prescribed by fertilizer control order. Page 67

4 RDF Section-Refused derived fuel The oversize from pre-sorting section comes to RDF section, pass through magnetic separator, shredder for size reduction up to 100 mm in size. It will further pass through a screen of 15mm size to remove fine sand and silt which are not combustible. The end product will be baled and slot as RDF fluff which can be used in place of fossil fuels like coal. RDF is having high Calorific Value ( Kcal/Kg), and hence very useful as fuel for Boiler. Brick Section Construction and Demolition waste bricks, stones are used as a raw material. The material is directly passed into crusher, where crushed material passed in to the triple sieve 15 mm, 10 mm and fine particles collect separately in a batch mixer, here in a proper ratio sending all in a centrifugal mixer add 8% cement and adjusting water quantity and finally mixer material placed in a corresponding molding unit and produced Inter locking, hallow bricks. Strength of Bricks are better than what is being sold in the market, checked by HBTI, Kanpur. Sanitary Land Fills - The inerts from all the sections disposed in the sanitary landfill. Sanitary landfill developed and operated as per the specifications MSW Rules The cells developed use composite impervious layers at bottom and sides so that leachate if produced does not percolate down and pollute the ground water or other water sources. The composite layer consists of 90 cm compacted clay liner covered with 1.5 mm thick HDP liner. Table 2: City Waste Composition Components Percent Biodegradable Non- Biodegradable Plastic 4 5 Textile 2 5 Leather 1 5 Stones 3 5 Others Page 68

5 Table 3: Resource Recovery Compost 20% 23 % Moisture 40% 42 % RDF 25% - 27% Plastic 2 % - 3% Bricks 1% - 2% SLF 6% - 8% VI. Major Findings: The neglect of solid waste management (SWM) is growing into a huge stink, which gravely compromises public health and environment and obviates the huge potential for creating jobs and incomes that exists in collecting waste and its systematic recycling. About 75% of urban solid waste is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and landfills which are both, hazardous and unsustainable. Efficienct refuse collection and disposal with up to date systems and practices is required. There are instances of pro activity for SWM such as the setting up of co operatives for garbage collection but conspicuously lacking is holistic policy design to cope with the sheer volumes of refuse likely with rising income and urbanization. Initially the functioning of A2Z Infrastructure Pvt Ltd was very organized and regular. The collection was MT (91-96%) and was completely getting processed. But within a year the functioning got affected by organizational and political issues. At present only 350 MT (29%) is getting collected now, that also dumped, not getting processed. VII. Suggestions: We need rigorous norms and standards for all Indian cities and urban centers and a game plan to implement the policy with concrete follow through action. In parallel we need close scrutiny and regular review of SWM outcomes nationwide. Health department of Nagar Nigam should provide the information regarding the consequences of decomposition of waste on health and environment. Vast awareness is required where role of media is very important like one such telecast was done by Satyamev Jayte. But the role of Media print and electronic media, FM is accessible to more people hence can be more effectively used. 75% undisposed should be 100% by door to door collection from whole city. Segregation at source point should be mandatory. Page 69

6 Composting units should be installed zone wise along with centralised unitsmanure produced should be distributed to the residents as incentives to encourage segregation and proper disposal. The bottom line is that we need to refurbish municipal finances and governance for sound handling of urban refuse, intense education and awareness for common mass ie allocation of required funds on priority basis. Our beloved PM s encouragement in the form of SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN is the latest source of inspiration for all of us now a days VIII. Conclusion: Scientific disposal and its proper collection should be mandatory by district and municipal authorities and waste management process should be adopted in each town and city of India for clean and healthy India.According to an episode shown by Discovery channel, 70 Metric Tons RDF, processed waste is supplied to power plant in Venice everyday and the power generated for the city, then why not in India. References: [1] Beigl, P., Lebersorger, S. and Salhofer, S. (2008): Modeling Municipal Solid Waste Generation : A Review- Waste Management, vol.: 28, n:1, pp: [2] Bhide, A.D and Sundaresan, B. B., (2001): Solid Waste Management- Collection, Processing and Disposal, Mudrashilpa Offset Printers, Nagpur. [3] Burnley, S. J., Ellis, J. C., Flowerdew, R., Poll, A. J. and Prosser, H., (2007): Assessing the Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Wales, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol.:49, n:3, pp: [4] CPCB (1999) Status of Solid Waste Generation, Collection, Treatment and Disposal in Metro Cities, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi. [5] Luis F. Diaz, George M. Savage and Linda L. Eggerth (1997): Managing Solid Wastes in Developing Countries, Journal of Waste Management, October 1997, pp [6] Martin, J., Collins, A.R., Diener, R.G., (1995): Sampling Protocol for Composting, Recycling, and Re-use of Municipal Solid Waste, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 45 (11), 864. [7] MoEF, (2000): Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. [8] NEERI (1996): Strategy Paper on Solid Waste Management in India, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India. [9] NEERI (1996): Strategy Paper on Solid Waste Management in India, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India. [10] Singhal S. and Pandey S., (2001): Solid Waste Management in India Status and Future Directions, TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science, Vol.6, No. 1, pp 1-4. Page 70

7 Fig 1: Composition of Waste and their Share in percent Page 71