Contents. Preface. A. Overview and Outlook

Transcription

1 Preface xv A. Overview and Outlook 1. The Route of Anaerobic Waste (Water) Treatment toward Global Acceptance 1 G. Lettinga 1 Introduction Roots of Modern High Rate AnWT Historical aspects of PuSan with AnDi system (e.g., McCarty, 2001) Historical aspects of high-rate AnWT Development of Anaerobic Upflow Sludge Bed Systems Conventional UASB (Lettinga 1995) The EGSB system Other high rate reactor designs Place of AnWT in EP What Could the Future Bring? References B. Full-Scale Applications 2. Developments of New Anaerobic Treatment Technology in France 17 R. Moletta 1 Introduction New Anaerobic Treatment Technologies Anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (AMBBR) Floating anaerobic filter reactor PROVEO Anaerobic membrane bioreactor Organic solid waste digestion: the ERGENIUM TM technology Control of biogas quality References v

2 vi Contents 3. Applications and New Developments of Biogas Technology in Japan 35 Yu-You Li and Takuro Kobayashi 1 Introduction Applications of Biogas Technology in Japan Sewage sludge Night soil (human waste) Livestock waste Municipal solid wastes Wastewater treatment New Developments in Biogas Technology in Japan Anaerobic membrane reactor Two-phase fermentation for hydrogen and methane production Biological desulfurization of biogas References Anaerobic Sewage Treatment using UASB Reactors: Engineering and Operational Aspects 59 J. B. Van Lier et al. 1 Introduction Reactor Size and Shape Size Basic shape Influent Distribution System Final distribution box Blockages to inlet pipes Inlet pipes diameter Gas Liquid Solid (GLS) Separator GLS separator designs Materials of construction Deflector type Effluent Collection Sludge Withdrawal and Sludge Sampling Sludge withdrawal Sludge sampling Scum Removal Scum in the settler section Scum in the gas hood Reactor Covers and Emission Prevention Future Outlook: Treatment of Concentrated Sewage Concluding Remarks References... 87

3 vii 5. Application of UASB Technology for Sewage Treatment with a Novel Post-treatment Process 91 S. Uemura and H. Harada 1 Introduction Treatment of Sewage by the UASB Process Performance of full-scale UASB reactors under moderate to tropical conditions Application of UASB to sewage treatment under psychrophilic conditions State-of-the-art of sewage treatment by UASB in India Post-treatment for UASB-treated sewage Down-Flow Hanging Sponge Process Basic concept of DHS History of DHS evolution Characteristics of DHS sludge yield Performance of a full-scale DHS G2 plant in India Conclusion References C. Emerging Technologies 6. Anaerobic Granulation and Granular Sludge Reactor Systems 113 J.-H. Tay et al. 1 Introduction Granulation Granulation with methane production Granulation with hydrogen production Granular Sludge Reactors Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor Expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor Hybrid anaerobic reactors Anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) Internal circulation (IC) reactor Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) Anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) Future Trends References Anaerobic Membrane Reactors 137 D. C. Stuckey 1 Introduction History

4 viii Contents 3 Membrane Configuration Pressure-driven external cross-flow membrane Vacuum-driven submerged membrane immersed directly into the reactor Membrane Pore Size and Composition Membrane Fouling and Flux Soluble organics Colloidal particles Inorganic fouling Measures to manage membrane fouling Effect of Operating Parameters Operating temperature Hydraulic retention time and solids retention time Microbial ecology of anaerobic membrane reactors Application to Synthetic and Industrial Wastewaters Potential Application for Anaerobic Membrane Reactors Research Needs and Conclusions References Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) for Wastewater Treatment 163 D. C. Stuckey 1 Introduction Reactor Development Reactor Hydrodynamics Flow patterns Effect of effluent recycle Reactor Performance Start-up Treatment applications Biomass Characteristics and Retention Capabilities Bacterial populations Granulation and floc sizes Soluble Microbial Products (SMPs) Modelling Full-scale Experience Conclusions References Anaerobic Treatment of Phenolic Wastewaters 185 D. Liang and H.H.P. Fang 1 Introduction Phenols Inhibition Effect on the Anaerobes and Restoration of the Bioactivity Phenols inhibition effect The tolerance of anaerobes to phenolic toxicity Recovery of bioactivity after inhibition

5 ix 3 Reactors Treatment of Phenolic Wastewater UASB Hybrid UASB EGSB Granular activated carbon (GAC)-fluidized bed reactor Fixed-film reactor (anaerobic filter) Other types of reactor Affecting Factors for the Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment of Phenols Hydraulic retention time (HRT) Loading shock Temperature Effluent recirculation Co-substrate Degradation of mixed phenols Phenols-degrading Granular Sludge Anaerobic Phenols-degrading Microorganisms Anaerobic Degradation Pathway of Phenols References Application of Molecular Methods for Anaerobic Technology 207 T. Zhang 1 Introduction Extraction of Nucleic Acids Selection of Biomarker Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Characterization of Microbial Community Cloning Diversity estimation Metagenome Fingerprint Methods DGGE T-RFLP FISH Introduction Quantification using FISH Variation of FISH Advantages and disadvantages of FISH Microbial Quantification Using qpcr Applications of Molecular Techniques in Anaerobic Technology Studies Identification of new species Characterization of microbial compositions Visualization of structure of granular sludge Quantification of various microbial groups Evaluation of degradation of refractory compounds

6 x Contents 9.6 Investigation of microbial communities in anaerobic digestion of special wastewater Perspectives References Application of Mathematical Models to Anaerobic Digestion Process 241 H. Yasui and R. Goel 1 Classification of Mathematical Models Essentials of Mechanistic Models State Variables Formulation of conservation equations Selection of model units Development of model structure Model definition using Petersen matrix Considerations in Model Application Stoichiometric and kinetics parameters Integration of ASM and ADM1 models References D. New Developments 12. Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Wastes by Rumen Microorganisms: Chemical and Kinetic Analyses 259 Z.-H. Hu et al. 1 Introduction Composition of Lignocelluloses Chemical Analyses AFM analysis FTIR analysis XPS analysis GC/MS analysis XRD analysis Chemical Analysis on Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw by Rumen Microorganisms Materials and methods Results of chemical analysis Discussion Kinetics Analysis Gompertz model Monod model Conclusions References

7 xi 13. Enzymatic Treatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes for Anaerobic Digestion and Bioenergy Production 279 G. D. Saratale et al. 1 Introduction Structure and Composition of Plant Cell Wall The cellulose component The hemicellulose component The lignin component Other cell wall components Lignocellulose-Degrading Microorganisms Cellulose-degrading fungi Cellulose-degrading bacteria Bacterial cellulosome Cellulolytic Enzymes Cellulose-degrading enzymes Hemicellulose-degrading enzymes Lignin-degrading enzymes Pectin-degrading enzymes Production and Utilization of Cellulolytic Enzymes Recent development in the productions of cellulolytic enzymes Immobilization of cellulolytic enzymes for repeated uses Enzymatic Pretreatment of Cellulosic Materials Direct application of cellulolytic enzymes Microbial hydrolysis of cellulosic materials Anaerobic Treatment and Bioenergy Production from Lignocellulosic Wastes Cellulosic hydrogen production Cellulosic ethanol production Conclusion References Biohydrogen Production by Fermentation and Microbial Electrolysis Cells 309 N. Q. Ren et al. 1 Introduction Dark-fermentative Hydrogen Production Process and Controlling Factors Dark-fermentative hydrogen production process Startup and controlling factors of dark-fermentative hydrogen production Pilot and full-scale hydrogen production from wastewater Biohydrogen production from complex organic wastes Hydrogen production coupling with methane production Photo-fermentative Hydrogen Production Process and Controlling Factors Photo-fermentative hydrogen production Controlling factors of photo hydrogen production

8 xii Contents 3.3 Combination of dark- and photo-fermentation Microbial Electrolysis Cells for Hydrogen Production Principle and architecture of microbial electrolysis cells MEC operation Hydrogen production by coupling dark-fermentation and MEC Perspective References Research and Development of Biohydrogen Production in Taiwan 331 C.-Y. Lin and C.-H. Lay 1 Introduction Anaerobic Hydrogen Fermentation High-Rate Biohydrogen Production Technology Culture enrichment technology High-rate hydrogen fermentation system Integration of Hydrogen Production and Fuel Cell for on-line Electricity Generation Pilot-Scale Hydrogen Fermentation System Microbial Community Bench-scale bioreactor with glucose, xylose, and starch as carbon source Pilot plant reactor Bacterial community analysis by real-time PCR Conclusions References A Two-Stage Fermentation Process Converting Waste and Wastewater to Hydrogen and Methane 345 H.-S. Shin and D.-H. Kim 1 Introduction Climate change, clean energy, and biomass Hydrogen energy Fermentative Hydrogen Production Photo-driven process Fermentation Biomass sources for FHP and their feasibility Two-stage Fermentation System Future Research References Bio-productions of Hydrogen and Ethanol from Sugarcane 365 A. Reungsang and P. Plangklang 1 Introduction Composition of Sugarcane Juice

9 xiii 3 Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrogen Production Hydrogen production from sugarcane juice Hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate Ethanol Production Ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse References Synthesis Gas Fermentation 379 S. Sung and P.-H. Lee 1 Introduction Microbiology of Anaerobic Microorganisms Capable of Converting Syngas to Biofuels and Chemicals Mesophiles for organic acids production Mesophiles for alcohols production with the by-products of organic acids Mesophiles for hydrogen and poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production Thermophiles for hydrogen and organic acid production Metabolic Pathways of Syngas Fermentation Acetyl-CoA pathway of bacteria for the formation of organic acids and alcohols Acetyl-CoA pathway of bacteria for the formation of hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Gas Liquid Mass Transfer Determination of CO gas liquid mass transfer Stirred tank rector Other fermenters Hollow fiber membrane fermenter Gas Liquid Mass Transfer Rates in Syngas Fermentation Performances of Syngas Fermentation for Fuels and Chemicals Syngas fermentation for ethanol production Syngas fermentation for butanol production References Index 393