Biofuels: What, When and How

Transcription

1 Biofuels: What, When and How Arvind M Lali & Annamma A. Odaneth Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, India

2 Biofuels : Need or Interest Energy security High energy dependence on politically unstable regions (Russian gas, Middle East) Rising price of fossil fuels; crude oil <$25/barrel in Sept 2003, now over $100/bl Climate change CO 2 abatement Rural development & Waste utilization Any type of fuel in which the energy derived from the process of biological carbon fixation Accelerated rate of fixation compared to fossil fuels Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

3 Biofuels : Where are we

4 Biofuels : What do we want Energy density - Amount of energy that can be stored in a given mass of a substance or system Fuel Type Energy Density (MJ/kg) Typical uses Wood 16 Space heating, Cooking Coal 24 Power plants, Electricity generation Crude oil 44 Refinery, Petroleum products Diesel 45 Diesel engines Gasoline 46 Gasoline engines Natural gas 55 Household heating, Electricity generation Uranium Nuclear reactor electricity generation Replacement for all/some of these and similar quantities of energy densities

5 Biofuels : What options do we have

6 Biofuels : What has been done so far

7 Evolution of Biofuels First generation Biofuels : Second Generation Biofuels : Third generation Biofuels: Fourth generation Biofuel : Grains and sugar to Ethanol Vegetable oil to Biodiesel Lignocellulose to Alcohols Lignocellulose to Green Diesel Vegetable oils to Green Diesel Biomass to Hydrogen Algal Hydrogen Algal Oil/Biodiesel Biofuel from high solar efficiency cultivations

8 Our Focus: Next Generation Biofuels Indian (and Asian) scenario: Options : - Land per capita far less than USA, Canada, Australia, and Brazil - Cannot use land that can grow food Use present day agricultural crops completely and judiciously Lignocellulosic Biofuels (2 nd generation biofuels) Use sea/ocean for growing plants Algal Biofuels (3 rd generation biofuels)

9 Evolution of Biofuels First generation Biofuels : Second Generation Biofuels : Third generation Biofuels: Fourth generation Biofuel : Grains and sugar to Ethanol Vegetable oil to Biodiesel Lignocellulose to Alcohols Lignocellulose to Green Diesel Vegetable oils to Green Diesel Biomass to Hydrogen Algal Hydrogen Algal Oil/Biodiesel Biofuel from high solar efficiency cultivations

10 Biomass to Energy : Ethanol the Best Option? Comparison of three biomass derived fuels Glucose 2EtOH + 2 CO 2 Glucose 3CH 4 + 3CO 2 Glucose + 6 H 2 O 12 H CO 2 Theoretical Energy Yields/kg Biomass (Fermentable Sugar content in Biomass assumed average : 0.6 kg/kg) Combustion heat Ethanol Methane Hydrogen : 15 MJ (low value energy) : 8 MJ (liquid fuel) + 3 MJ (heat from Lignin) : 8.6 MJ (from sugars) + 3 MJ (Lignin) : 11 MJ + 3 MJ (Lignin)

11 Biomass to Energy : Ethanol the Best Option?

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13 Current Technologies Disadvantages - High in CAPEX - High in OPEX - No or Low Return on Investment - Not attractive for private participation - Suitable for developed countries Need for Innovative Technologies - Generate value from waste and creates jobs - Able to attract private enterprise

14 Biomass to Biofuels and Biochemicals

15 Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, INDIA

16 Institute of Chemical Technology (UDCT) (Deemed to be University under UGC) - India s premier institute of chemical engineering and chemical technologies - Leading industrial biotech institute in India - Long list of illustrious entrepreneur alumni - Long list of illustrious academic achievers - Among the best models for industry-academia interactions

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18 Mandate of the DBT-ICT Centre The Dual Role A. Understand and define problems/roadblocks in Cellulosic Ethanol Technology and devise innovations to overcome these through use of basic & engineering sciences B. Find ways to scale up Laboratory Prep Scale Pilot scale and demonstrate the feasibility of the innovations DBT-ICT Model: A Unique interface facility

19 Future India s Sustainable Platform Waste Utilizable Carbon Smart Chemical/Biotech Conversion Technologies Food; Feed; Energy; Materials & Chemicals

20 400 Issues: - Competition with animal feed - Logistics of collections Issues: - Not enough by itself Issues: - very dilute in Carbon

21 Defining Targets 2G- Ethanol Biofuel Project at DBT-ICT-CEB 1. Feedstock agnostic technology and plant - Multiple feedstock Better control over price - Round the year availability 2. Low CAPEX Multi-Scale technology - No exotic materials of constructions - Use of low to moderate pressures and temperatures - Low residence times and High throughput chemistries - Continuous Flow technology from start-to-end - Deployable as mid-size distributed plants for local blending 3. Cost of Production (excl. biomass) < Rs. 10/kg Sugars - Recycle and Reuse of enzymes and reagents - Recovery and use of water and all possible side products - Minimization of energy required 4. Cost of plant and machinery < Rs. 10/kg Sugars

22 DBT-ICT 2G-Alcohol Technology Four Novel Processing Segments 1. Fractionation 2. Enzyme Hydrolysis 3. Fermentation 4. Alcohol Purification Three Established Supporting Segments Added as established Plug-in Modules from known vendors 5. Lignin concentration (similar to pulping mills) 6. Steam Production (similar to pulping mills) 7. Power Production (similar to any cogen plants)

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24 Indian Technology making World News

25 Biomass to Energy : Ethanol the Best Option? Comparison of three biomass derived fuels Glucose 2EtOH + 2 CO 2 Glucose 3CH 4 + 3CO 2 Glucose + 6 H 2 O 12 H CO 2 Theoretical Energy Yields/kg Biomass (Fermentable Sugar content in Biomass assumed avg : 0.6 kg/kg) Combustion heat Ethanol Methane Hydrogen : 15 MJ (low value energy) : 8 MJ (liquid fuel) + 3 MJ (heat from Lignin) : 8.6 MJ (from sugars) + 3 MJ (Lignin) : 11 MJ + 3 MJ (Lignin)

26 Advantages of Biogas - Purified from CO 2 it is equivalent to LNG/CNG - No blend-wall - Can be used in prevalent engines - Can use existing and expanding distribution network Current Drawbacks of Biomass-to-Biogas-to-Bio-CNG - Yield on direct biomass < 200 L/kg ODM (against theoretical > 700 L/kg) - Low productivity (fermentation time > 20 days, against <1 day for ethanol) - Incomplete utilization Waste generation (need far better Carbon efficiencies)

27 Current Biogas Scenario Low yield and Low productivity Absence of set parameters Clean technology? Improved Biomass-Biogas Technology Incomplete substrate utilization Non-standardized Needs Transformation with Advanced S&T tools substrate Need for Modern Measurement & Process Technology, Chemical, Engineering and Biotechnological interventions No successful mega scale fuel production plant Waste generating

28 IMPROVED PROCESS OUTLINE Lignocellulosic Biomass STEP 1 Pre-Treatment Step Rapid Saccharification STEP 2 Rapid Acidogenesis/Acetogenesis Rapid Methanogenesis STEP 3 Methane Purification Methane Compression Bio-CNG

29 Creating Future Opportunities Growing micro/macro algae in marine water Yield > 100 dry ton/hectare

30 Algae Growing the alternate feedstock for biofuels

31 Fuel Intermediate Algae: Route to Numerous sources Microalage Macroalage Hydrogen Lipids or Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates Biomass Syngas Methane Hydrogen Alkanes Biodiesel Alcohols Bio-crude FT Liquids Methane

32 Light management Cyano Micro Macro CO 2 Enrichment Nutrient management Recycled nutrients Genetic Media engineering Engineering Improved responses to abiotic stress Water management Use of sewage water Recycled water Improved PE for Higher biomass productivity

33 DBT-ICT-CEB Algal Biofuel Programme: Targets Light management Cyano Micro Macro Water management Use of sewage water Recycled water Improved PE Higher biomass productivities per unit land, water, fertilizer Biomass >300tons/yr/ha Oil content > 20-25% with single stage cultivation Algal 10 c/kg

34 Grains Oils Seeds Sugar Cane Vegetables & Fruits Macroalgae Agriculture Waste & Agricultural Industry Waste Microalgae Sugars Oil Protein Minors

35 Matunga, Mumbai

36 THANK YOU