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1 Advnces in Environmentl Biology, 7(2): , 2013 ISSN This is refereed journl nd ll rticles re professlly screened nd reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Impct of vrious chemicl reclmt mterils nd predicting the ultimte slinity for sline soil Forough Allhyripour, Ebrhim Pzir, Hssn Msihbdi Deprtment of Soil Science nd reserch brnch,islmic zd university, Tehrn, Irn Forough Allhyripour, Ebrhim Pzir, Hssn Msihbdi: Impct of vrious chemicl reclmt mterils nd predicting the ultimte slinity for sline soil ABSTRACT The study re locted t prt Shoibieh lnds of Khuzistn province, Irn., it is necessry to ccomplish n opertl method in order to evlute the required wter needed to wsh out slts from the soils. this reserch is to investigte types of chemicl reformer mterils of slt nd sodiumized soils nd predict finl extent of slinity nd sodiumizt of soils for rnges under study. In this reserch, chloridric cid is used in ddit to using gypsum nd sulfuric cid s reformer mterils of soil. the new mteril hs involved chloridric cid. s one of the reformer fctors of soil nd in view of results obtined from its cts, it cted to provide new experimentl nd theoreticl model with chnge of some environmentl prmeters tht more desired results re obtined. This work presents the possibility of the slinizt s well s desodifict. Key words: leching, deslinizt, de-sodifict, reclmt Introduct From globl view, fter climte, soil is regrded s the third min prt of humn environment. Soil, in ddit to tht is bsed for desert-living cretures, especilly humn communities, nd is took into ccount s n exclusive environment for ll types of lives especilly plnts. Plnts re fctors bsorbing sunlight nd re responsible for circult of crbonic gs in nture. In ll types of life, there is room for soil in sequence nd soil is tken s n idel common thing to decompose corrupt of ded nd run off mterils. wter is necessry not only to sustin ll types of life, but soil, is pplied s the most importnt fctor to trnsfer minerls nd compounds nd hs blnced role. It prevents from ccumulting minerls before, with trnsferring nd solving slt from soil nd or conversely, soil s refiner keeps types of orgnic nd minerl compounds in itself nd depending on condits dominted on soil environment, they mke different ftes for soil (Bibordi, Mohmmd,1993. Soil physics, Tehrn university, fifth edit). Existence of dry regs hve two min resons including: A) condit dominnt on geogrphicl ordintes of 30 nd 60, northern nd southern prevent from forming rin mking clouds, nd therefore, regs locted in given ordintes re low-rined nd dry,q nd territoril deserts of the world re sprse round these geogrphicl ordintes (Dillo, 2001). B) soil deserts re due to specil condits for form of lnd inequlity nd mterils form it. It should be noted tht dry regs of Irn re influenced by two bove cses, so tht bsed on obtined evidences, Irnin climte mong 180 to 200 mill yers go, i.e. time when it plced in northern ordintes less thn 10, hs been wrm nd moist but in prllel of continentl movements, most of Irnin territory hs been locted in ordintes of 25 to 35 (desert belt of the world) tht this event with some other environmentl fctors mde field desert condits dominte on most of Irnin regs in more thn 1 to 2 mill yers go (neogene nd quternry). form of rry of chin mountins of Alborz nd Zgros like wll prevents moving riny clouds into centrl regs of Irn. (Nghvi, Hormoz, 2003, suitbility of curve models for moisture fetures nd movement of minerls in soil, effected by domestic nimls fertilizer, doctorte thesis) From view of pplict nd consumpt of wter in griculture, slt nd or slt nd sodium lnds need much vlues of wter of irrigt, in view of this fct tht in recent decdes, res of wter holder of constnt rivers in periodiclly-decresing dry nd semi-dry regs show useful wter. As result, problem of tendency for slinity of product sources is incresing. therefore, in view of shortge of wter desired for griculture, being dry of the Corresponding Author Forough Allhyripour, Deprtment of Soil Science nd reserch brnch,islmic zd university, Tehrn, Irn E-mil: forough_ums@yhoo.com

2 country nd high trnspirt, providing soluts nd troubleshooters will be necessry thing tht we could hve increse for qulity of soil nd level under cultivt. (Pzir, Ibrhim, 2001, problem of tendency for qulity of product sources (soil nd wter) to slinity nd sodiumizt nd its effects on griculture). The gol of this reserch is to investigte types of chemicl reformer mterils of slt nd sodiumized soils (cse study of lnds for Shoibieh desert of Shoushtr- Khuzestn province) nd predict finl extent of slinity nd sodiumizt of soils for rnges under study. In this reserch, chloridric cid is used in ddit to using gypsum nd sulfuric cid s reformer mterils of soil. the new mteril hs involved chloridric cid in this reserch s one of the reformer fctors of soil nd in view of results obtined from its cts, it cted to provide new experimentl nd theoreticl model with chnge of some environmentl prmeters tht more desired results re obtined. Mterils nd Methods The investigted reg is prt of centrl desert of Shoibieh for Khuzestn province with re of hectres tht is locted in distnce of 40 km in south of shoushtr city mong 48 nd 37 ' to 48 nd 50 ' for estern bsciss nd 31 nd 37 ' to 32 for northern ordinte. this reg is surrounded from north to mound hills of Shoibieh, from est to Shtit river nd from west nd south to Dez river nd contins centrl nd lrge reg of Mleki dsht for Shoibieh tht does not include lnds of mrgin for bove-mented rivers. however, the most high nd low limited points under study re 43 nd 22 m, respectively. Generl steep of lnds from north to south in northern lnds is 5 in 1000 nd in the rest, 5 in 10,000. Smpling from soil will be before running tests to depth of 1/5 m from soil level,from depths of 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, nd cm, respectively tht thereby slinity nd sodiumizt 244 clss for plces running test will be determined once gin. in this study, wter wshing method for solut slts will be from profile of soils " periodic drown" with totl (sum) of prcticl wter depth s 100 cm tht is done in four frequency of 0.25 m. It should be noted tht depths of smpling from soil (inside double cylinders) hs been tken s 1.5 m fter totl pplict of consumed wter depth similr to cse before leching. But fter pplict of 0.25,0.50 nd 0.75 m from depth of wter for leching tht re used in first, second nd third frequencies, respectively, depths of smpling is from soil profile with sid frequencies (25 cm) only to 1 m depth from soil level. The consumed wter is smpled for leching nd will be nlyzed. in ddit to it, situt of lyering different horizons of soil, depth for contct with underground wter, mesurement of hydrulic leding of soils sturt (with direct or indirect methods) will be done in study point. How loct of double cylinders is similr to doing test of permebility. in order to determine speed of penetrt of wter to soil nd effects of leching on it, leching is usully done in first nd lst opportunity to consume wter. in rectngulr nd circulr methods tht six pirs of double cylinders re usully used, fter penetrt of the first round of wter for leching nd doing smpling from given depths, pir of cylinders re removed from round of test nd dding wter of irrigt or lehingis continued to pplict of the lst round of consumed wter. but in cse of tht three or four pirs of double cylinders re used (tringulr nd or squre methods), fter pplict of ny time of wter for leching nd doing test from soil inside cylinders, the smpled plce is occupied by one PVC pipe eqully dimeter with smpling drill of soil nd spce inside it is filled nd hit by soil tht in fct, smpling plce is from soil of cylinder level tht escpe nd lekge of wter re prevented. Usully, smples re picked up in three iterts with frequency of 0.25 m nd to sid depth, from soil. Fig. 1: Smple pltes

3 For ll picked up smples (wter nd soil), fctors such s slinity (ECe), rect (ph), solut cts (Mg2+,C2+,N+) will be mesured to clculte sodium bsorpt rtio (SAR) nd solut cts, (HCO3-,SO42-,C1-) nd for soil smples before nd fter lechin of percentge vlues for clcium crbonte, gypsum rte (wtery clcium sulfte) in lbortory. the given chemicl decomposits while leching include electricl conduct for soil sturt extrct (ECe), rect (ph) nd solut cts (sodium, clcium nd mgnesium). In cse tht consumed wter 245 smple hs no chnge scope in short time of leching, picking up smple of underground wter for loct of running test (if existence) is enough to do complete decomposit. In order to obtin different mthemticl models, spss progrm is used. Net depth of irrigt wter to soil depth s x (independent vrible) nd difference of finl electricl conduct with blnced electricl conduct to difference of primry electricl conduct with blnced) s Y (dependent vrible). Totl of 11 experimentl models were extrcted by progrm. The used models re provided in tble 4. Tble 1: Type nd Rte of Consuming Modifict Mteril in Specific Itert Type nd Rte of Consuming Modifict Mteril in Specific Itert Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Plster nd Applicti on (Tone in Hectre) Purifict (Tone in ectr) Applicti on(tone in ectre) Purifict (Tone n Hectr) Applicti on(tone in Hectr) Purifict (Tone in Hectre) _ 1 st nd _ % 3.05 _ 3 rd % th _ 3.21 _ 92% 92% 92% 3.05 _ 4 th _ 33% 5 5 th Test with leching wter without employing reclmt mteril Amount of pure sulfuric cid equl to 5.0 ton pure Gypsum Amount of pure choleric cid equl to 5.0 ton pure Gypsum Itertio n No. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Test No. (Abb. ) One (L1) Two (L2) Three (L3) Four (L4) Ro w One Tw o Tble 2: Clculted regress coefficient for electricl conduct nd sodium for eleven experimentl models. L4 L3 L2 L ni Equt Liner Logrithmi c Inverse Qudrtic Cubic Compound Power S Growth Exponenti l Logistic All eleven iterts (in 4 cses tests) were used in 7 cses of it from different reformer mterils of soil nd continuity of leching for minerls ws done from their soils profiles by leching. In ddit, in four cses (test L1 nd L2- first itert, L3 nd L4 first itert), doing leching ws done by pplict of leching.

4 246 Tble 3: ssesmnt of infiltrt rtes nd different types of reclmt mterils Infiltrt (cm/h) Reclmt mterils After leching Before leching Without reclmt mteril Gypsum Sulfuric cid Choleric cid Are L1 L2 L3 L4 Tble 4: Eleven empiricl model in this ssessment Formul Y. b Y.ln b 1 Y. b 2 Y x 3 Y x b Y b Y b. Y e ( b) b c Y 1 /(1 / u ( b. Y e Y b. e b. 2 c d Results nd Discuss )) Results for different depths nd frequencies for leching of regress coefficients re clculted for eleven experimentl models. After doing leching in different cres to choose reformer mteril, speed of wter penetrt to soil ws mesured before nd fter doing leching.s tken in tble 2, permebility without reformer mteril, fter dding 100 cm of wter nd reformer mteril of gypsum hs cused tht permebility does not chnge. The reformer mterils of sulfuric cid nd chloridric cid by pplying leching hve cused improvement of soil structure nd permebility. Conclus: To leching minerls, it is necessry tht reformed depth is determined nd in the sme rte we dd wter to soil, otherwise if we dd wter less thn reformed depth wshing ct would be less nd we would hve slinity problem. When we use wter more thn reformed depth, it cuses increse of cost, without decrese of minerls significntly. By pplict of 100 m of prcticl wter in order to leching minerls, wshing sodium is not done in prllel of it nd there is need for dding reformer mterils tht the best reformer mteril in reg is sulfuric cid. References 1. Srrf, AmirPouy, simult of the sttic level chnges nd predict the qulity of wter drins in the subsurfce drins under unstedy flow condits of the input flows "cse study of the Kruon big irrigit network development project, Khouzestn Province", Liner Logrithmic Inverse Qudrtic Cubic Power Compound S Logistic Growth msters degree thesis in the mjor of irrigt nd dringe, Sciences nd Reserches Unit- Tehrn 2. Pzir, Ebrhim nd Abbs Keshvrz, survey nd determint the required wter to improve the Khouzestn Province southestern lnds sline nd sodic soils, Agriculture Technicl nd Engineering Reserches Mgzine, 4(16). 3. Pzir, Ebrhim, survey nd determint the required wter for leching of sline nd sodic soils, series of scientific nd specilty rticles, Agriculture Technicl nd Engineering Reserches Mgzine, 7: mnul of pplict the sline soils slts leching experimentl nd theoreticl models, Publict No. 359, Stte Orgnizt of Mngement nd Plnning, Wter Mngement nd Resources Orgnizt, Ministry of Energy (2006) 5. mnul of pplict the sline soils slts leching experimentl nd theoreticl models, Publict No. 359, Stte Orgnizt of Mngement nd Plnning, Wter Mngement nd Resources Orgnizt, Ministry of Energy (2006) 6. Pzir, E., Lnd Reclmt Reserch on Soil Physico Chemicl Improvement by Slt Leching in South Western Prt of Irn, Innovt of Agriculturl Engineering Technologies for The 21 st Century, P.R. Chin. 7. Pzir, E., A. Keshvrz nd K. Torii, Studies on pproprite depth of leching wter, Interntl Workshop on the Use of Sline nd Brckish Wter for Irrigt, Indonesi. 8. Jurink. J.J. nd D.L. Surez, The chemistry of slt-ffected soils nd wters. In K.K. Tnji, ed. Agriculturl slinity ssessment

5 nd mngement. ASCE No. 71. New York, the United Sttes of Americn Society of Civil Engineers. 9. Pzir, E. nd T. Kwchi, Studies on pproprite depths of leching wter Irn, A cse study. J. Integ. Agr. Wtre Use nd Fresh. Reservoir 6: Fculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University. Jpn Dielemn, P.J. Ed., Reclmt of slt ffected soils in Irq. I.L.R.L. Wgeningen, the Netherlnds. 11. Grdner, W.R. nd R.H. Brooks, A descriptive theory on leching. Soil Sci., 83: