II-I. U-l II-I II-2 II-2 II-3 II-3 II-4 II-4 Il-6 II-7 II-7 II-8 II-IO II~ 7 II-23 II-24 II-28 1I-63 2, TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Section

Transcription

1 II TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING A. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAN FRAl-JCISCOBAY ENVIRONS l. 2, Location and Extent of Area General Topography Faults and Seismicity Basic Geology General Climate and Air Quality of the Bay a. Climate b. Air Quality (1) Pollutants (2) The Effect of Climate on Air Quality (3) The Existing Air Basin a. Shipping b. Bridge traffic (4) Ships Emissions (5) Vechile Emissions San Francisco Bay Systesm a. Its Size and Tributaries b. The Bay as ~n Estuarine System c. Physical Features of San Francisco Bay (1) Tidal Characteristics (2) Currents (3) Depths (4) Submarine Geo~.ogy of the Bay (a) Geological Informations (b) Older Bay Mud (c) Sand Deposits (d) Younger Bay Mud (e) Sedimentation (f) Physical estuarine processes affecting sedimentation (g) Fate of dredged material disposal 5.n the Fay (5) Chemical Constituents in Bay Sediments (a) Sources of chemical contaminants (b) Chemical contaminants in project sediments (c) Elutriate analysis as dredge disposal criteria (6) Bay Water Quality Conditions (a) Introduction (b) Water quality parameters (c) Water quality conditions (d) Extraneous influences ' II-I U-l II-I II-2 II-2 II-3 II-3 II-4 II-4 Il-6 II~ 7 II-7 II-7 II-8 II-IO II-ll II-ll II-14 II-16 II II-21 II-21 I 1-21 II-22 II-23 II-23 II-24 II-28 II-32 II-36 II-36 II-41 II-51 II-52 II-52 II-56 II-59 1I-63 iv

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) II B. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY ENVIRONS Estuarine Ecosystem a. Introduction b. Tidal Flats (1) Primary Productivity (2) Tidal Flat Animals (3) Bivalves (4) Fishes and Birds c. Saltmarshes (1) Introduction (2) Historic Reclamation of Marshlands (a) Suisun Bay (b) San Pablo Bay (c) South San Francisco Bay (3) Marshland Flora (a) The Spartinetum (b) The Salicornietum (4) Marshland Fauna (5) Ecological Importance d. Diked Salt Ponds e. Subtidal Benthic Habitat (1) Benthic Biovolume (2) Numerical Abundance and Distribution Bottom Invertebrates (a) Redwood City Harbor (b) South Bay Disposal Site (c) Hunter's Point Disposal Site (d) Oakland Inner Harbor (e) Alcatraz Disposal Site (f) San Rafael Creek Channel (g) Pinole Shoal Channel (h) Mare Island Strait (i) Carquinez Strait Disposal Site (j) (3) Bottom Fish f. Open Bay Habitat (1) Introduction (2) Plankton (a) (b) Suisun Bay Suspended microscopic plants and animals Opossum Shrimps II-73 II-73 II-73 J.T- 74 II-76 II-76 II- 80 II- 84 II- 84 II- 8S II- 86 II- 87 II- 87 II- 87 II- 88 II II-n II-n II- 93 II- 9S of II- 9S II- 98 II-lOO II-l II-l04 II-lOS II-lOS II-l06 II-I07 II-lOP II_Ill II-lll II-Ill II_Ill II_lIS v

3 -- TABLEOF CONTENTS (Cbnt'd) II (c) Dungeness crab (3) Fish (a) 11arine species (b) Anadromous species (c) Brackish and Freshwater Species (4) Birds of the Open Bay (5) Marine Mamma1n 2. Terrestrial Environment a. Wildlife Habitat b. Wildlife Refuges a:.ld Preserves (1) Introduction (2) San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (3) San Pablo Bay National Refuge Wildlife (4) State Wildlife Areas (5) Golden Area Gate National Recreation c. (f» Military reservations Potential Land Disposal Sites 3. Endangered and Rare Species C. OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONSOUTSIDETHE GOLDENGATE II-t 11-1 II-t II-:~: Ti-ll II-U II~15 1. Physical California Oceanographic Coast Conditions Off the Central :15 a. Oceanographic Seasons II-J.,5: b. San Francisco Bay and Vicinity II..J.5: 2. Marine Central Biological California Characteristics Coast Off the U a. Plankton U-l51 b. Fish Ii~51 (1) Chinook salmon U-lS; (2) Rockfish II-l5i (3) Dover sole U-l51 (4) English sole U-lSI (5) Pet role sole II-lS( (6) Other Flatfish II-lSi (7) Other Commercially and Recreationally II-l6( Important Fishes (8) General Conc1usion; II-l6( c. Other Pelagic Species II-l6( d. Benthos of San Francisco Bar and Vicinity II-{61 e. Henthos at the loo-fathom Region 11-16; vi

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) II f. Marine Mammals ~. Farallon N;;oti0p.e.1. TArn.'Fife?efug-e h. Endangered Species II-163 II4.64 II-l65 D. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SM~ FRM~CISCO BAY - II~66 DELTA REGION 1. Marin Port Employment Napa-Solano-Sonoma PORT Personal Pinole Region History Alameda Contra Carquinez Sacramento-Yolo Main Counties Commercial Petaluma Suisun Santa San Population Assessed General Industries Income Islais 1oymen Mateo Francis Joaquin AND of Ship Clara Costa Bay Shoal Creek Richmond Redwood Oakland San TERMINAL Income Valuation tstrait Channel Ports Francisco Channel Entrance City CHARACTERISTICS Channel II-170 II...J..69 Il-170 II II II-224 II-168 II-2l8 II-166 II-18l II...l66 II...J..69 II-175 II-195 II...l69 II f L: II C II II~234

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) II i. New York Slough j. Port of Stockton k. Port of Sacramento 1. Fairfield-Suisun City m. Other Private Wharves 3. Military and Government Facilities a. Alameda Naval Air Station b. MOTBA North c. Naval Supply Center-0akland <1. MOTBA East e. Government Island" f. Point Molate g. Mare Island Naval Shipyard 11. Concord Naval Weapons Station i. Sausalito Operations Base F. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS II- 261 II-261 II-267 II-269 II-269 II-270 II_270 II-271 II-272 II-272 II-273 II-273 II-274 II-274 II-275 II Introduction Archaeology, Ethnography and Early History Demography a. Number of Inhabitants II-279 b. Composition of the Population c. Spatial Distribution II-279 d. Population Trends II-282 e. Social Status of the Population Government/Civic Activity II; Transportation a. Private Automobile II-289 b. Mass Transit c. Freight d. Corridors e. Priorities Land Use Major Development Issues a. Overview -- San Francisco as the Region'sII-296 Center b. Overview -- The Peninsula and South Bay c. Overview -- The East Bay d. Overview -- The North Bay II Community Cohesion 11_ Leisure, Recreation, Culture a. San Francisco Harbor b. South San Francisco - San Mateo 11_303 c. d. Redwood City Harbor Palo Alto - Alviso 11-3'13 II-103 e. San Leandro Marina 11...,10 viii

6 Horseshoe Other Angel Oakland Emeryville Tiburon Pittsburg Marinas Richmond Individual Vallejo Carquinez Suisun Petaluma San Scenic Rafael TABLE Water Island City Resources -along River Harbor Cove Belvedere Napa Strait OF berths -Sports Berkeley CONTENTS Sausalito River (Cont 'd) waterfront II-305 II-304 II-306 II-306 II ix

7 III TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) RELATIONSHIP OF MAINTENANCE DREDGING AND DISPOSAL TO LAND AND WATER USE PLANS A. INTRODUCTION B. COMPATIBILITY OF DREDGING AND PORT DEVELOPMENT 1. ABAG Regional Plan 2. BCDC Bay Plan 3. Port of San Francisco 4. Port of Oakland 5. City ui Alailleda 6. Port of Richmond 7. City of Petaluma 8. The Larkspur Ferry Terminal 9. Port of Redwood City 10. Port of Stockton 11. Port of Sacramento 12. City of Sonoma 13. City of Martinez 14. City of Antioch 15. City of Benicia 16. City of Vallejo 17. So~ano County 18. Contra Costa County C. COMPATIBILITY OF DREDGING &~D WATER-ORIENTED RECREATION PLANS General 2. San Rafael Creek 3. San Leandro Marina D. COMPATIBILITY OF LAND DISPOSAL AND LOCAL L)..NDUSE PLANS III-l III-l III-2 1II-2 III-2 III-4 III-4 II 1-5 II.I-6 1II-7 1II-7 III-7 1II-8 1II-8 1II-9 1II-9 1II-9 III-9 1II-9 III-9 III-lO II 1-11 Ill-ll Ill-ll Ill-ll III b. c. 1. Redwood Sherman Proposed Alternative Montezuma Petaluma San Rafael Leandro City Island River Land Area Land Sites Sites a. III-12 III-12 III-12 III-12 III-13 III-13 III-14 III-14 E. COMPATIBILITY OF AQUATIC DISPOSAL AND WATER USE CONTROLS III-IS x

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) IV ENVIRONHENTAL IHPACTS OF MAINTENANCE DREDGING AND DISPOSAL OPERATIONS IV-l A. INTRODUCTION. IV;'" 1 B. IHPACTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONHENT IV-3 1. Impact on Bay Estuarine Environment a. Sediment Disturbance (1) Introduction (2) Characterization of Bay Sediments (3) Dredging and Sediment Disturbance (4) Sediment Disposal b. Biological Response to Sediment Disturbance in the Water Column (1) Definition of Turbidity (2) Literature Review (a) Limitation of studies (b) Causes of turbidity-related problems (c) Impact mechanism (d) Impact on aesthetic aspects (e) Impact on plankton and productivity (f) Impact on mobile organisms (g) Impact on benthos (h) Current research (i) Conclusion (3) Biological Significance of Sediment Disturbance in the Water Column in San Francisco Bay (a) Introduction (b) Sediment-water interface impacts (c) Other impacts c. Biological Response to Sediment Disturbance at the Sediment-Water Interface (1) Removal of Benthic Organisms and Recovery Within Dredged Channels (2) Survival of Benthic Organisms in Transit to Aquatic Disposal Sites (3) Deposition of Sediments in the Dispos~l Area and the Potential Smothering of IV-3 IV-3 IV-3 IV-3 IV-5 IV-8 IV-lO IV-lO IV-11 IV-11 IV-ll IV-12 IV-13 IV-13 IV-15 IV-21 IV-2l IV-22 IV-22 IV-22 IV-24 IV-24 IV-25 IV-25 IV-26 Benthic Organisms IV-26 (4) Removal of Benthic Organisms and Recovery Within Dredged Channels in San Francisco Bay IV-29 (5) Deposition of Sediments in the Disposal Area and the Potential Smothering of Benthic Organisms in San Francisco Bay IV- 31 xi

9 TABLE 01 CONTENTS (Cont'd) IV d. Chemical Reaction During Sediment Disturbance IV-36 (1) Introduction IV-36 (2) Effects of Dispersion and Settling of Dredged Material on Water Quality IV-37 (a) Dissolved oxygen IV-37 (b) Temperature and ph IV-38 (c) Trace metals IV-38 (d) Nutrients IV-39 (e) Summary IV-40 e. Biological Response to Chemical Reactions During Sediment Disturbance IV-42 (1) Hetals - Literature Review IV-42 (a) Metals IV-45 (b) Nutrients IV-47 (2) Biological Responses IV-48 f. Dispersion of Dredged Sediments IV-50 (1) Carquinez Strait Disposal Site IV-50 (a) Summary of Dispersion of Dredge Material in North Bay IV-52 (b) Movement of Dredge Materialfrom North Bay into_central and South Bays IV-53 (2) Alcatraz Disposal Site IV-53 (a) Initial Dispersion of Dredge Material at Alcatraz Disposal Site IV-55 (b) Probable Long-term Dispersion of Dredge Material at Alcatraz Disposal Site IV-56 g. Summary and Conclusions of Impacts on the Bay Estuarine Environment IV Impact on Terrestrial Environment IV Impact on San Francisco Bar Environment IV-63 a. Introduction IV-63 b. Studies Conducted and Results IV-63 (1) Sediment Analysis IV-63 (2) Water Quality IV-65 (3) Material Dispersion IV-67 (4) Benthic Study IV-70 c. Conclusions IV Impact on Endangered and Rare Species IV Impact on Air Quality IV-75 C. IMPACTS ON THE REGIONAL ECONOMY 1. Introduction 2. Plant and Facilities 3. Depths of Shipping Channels and Draft of Ships a. Channel Depths (1) Original Condition (2) Existing Depth (3) Depth if Channel is not Maint~:~ed IV - 76 IV-76 IV-78 IV-83 IV-83 IV-83 IV-83 IV-83 xii

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) IV b. Vessel Trips 4. Shipping Value and Tonnages 5. Employment a. Close-to-the-Water Jobs (1) Port Administration and Marine Terminal Companies (2) Shipping Companies (3) Marine-related Services (4) Custom Brokers and Export Man~5ement Firms (a) Custom house brokers (b) Export management companies (5) Surface Transportation - Trucking and Rail Services (6) Miscellaneous Services b. Export-Related }~nufacturing Employment c. Employment at Military Bases d. Employment not Included in Estimate (1) Commercial Banks (2) Wholesale Trades (3) Manufacturing (4) Agriculture (5) Airlines e. Indirect Jobs 6. Qualitative Considerations a. Transportation Savings b. Income Generated c. Induced Investment d. Tax Revenue IV-83 IV-86 IV-89 IV-89 IV-89 IV-89 IV-89 IV -92 IV-~: IV-92 IV- 92 IV-93 IV-95 IV-97 IV-97 IV-97 IV-98 IV-98 IV-98 IV -98 IV-99 IV-99 IV-IOO IV-lOO IV-lOO IV-lOl D. IMPACTS Impact on ONHistorical Government Demography Transportation Community Scenic SOCIAL Resources CHARACTERISTICS Cohesion, and Land Archaeological Systems Use Recreation Sites and Culture 1. IV-102 IV-I02 IV_104 IV-104 IV-104 E. SUMHARY OF I;1PACTS IV-I04 IV-105 IV--IU6 v ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED V-I A. ADVERSE EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY V-I B. ADVERSE EFFECTS ON AQUATIC BIOTA V-2 C. ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT V-3 D. OTHER ADVERSE EFFECTS V-4 xiii

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) VI A; INTRODUCTION B. NO MAINTENANCE Sub; ect AL TERNATIVES 1. Complete Moratorium 2. Partial Moratorium C. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DREDGING D. ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL SITES 1. Ocean Disposal a. Introduction b. Ocean Disposal Study (1) Marine Sediment Analysis (2) Benthic and Demersal Fauna (3) Dredge Material Release (4) Impacts (5) Conclusions c. Pipeline Disposalfor Ocean Disposal 2. Land Disposal a. Introduction b. Land Disposal Study (1) Technical Considerations (2) Environmental Considerati~ns c. Site Selection (1) Petaluma River Area (2) Montezuma Area (3) Sherman Island Area d. Conclusions 3. Island Creation from Dredged Material 4. Delta Island Reclamation 5. Creation of Saltmarsh Habitat a. Justification b. Background (Corps of Engineers - Marsh Research) (1) Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) (2) Dredge Material Research Program (DMRP) (3) San Francisco Bay Marsh Development Study (MDS) c. Design and Construction Considerations VI-l VI-l VI-2 VI-2 VI-3 VI-6 VI-7 VI-7 VI-7 VI-7 VI-8 VI-8 VI-9 VI-I0 VI-14 VI-IS VI-l7 VI -17 VI-18 VI-19 VI-19 VI- 20 VI-21 VI- 22 VI-23 VI- 24 VI - 26 VI- 26 VI- 28 VI - 28 VI-29 VI-29 VI- 29 VI- 30 VI- 31 xiv

12 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) (1) Environmental Requirements of Marshland Plants (a) Tolerance to submergence (b) Salini ty (c) Soils (suitability of dredged material) (2) Engineering Considerations (a) Potential sites (b) Dike construction (c) Dredging (3) Planting Considerations d. Potential Marsh Development Sites (1) Location of Available Sites (2) Estimate of Dredging Quantities e. Problems (1) Water Quality During Disposal Operations (2) Marshes and Heavy Metal Cycling (3) Mosquito Control E. ECONOMIC COt~ARISON OF ALTERNATIVE DREDGING AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS Introduction Model Input Data a. Dredging Sites b. Disposal Sites (1) Aquatic Disposal Site (Bay) (2) Aquatic Disposal Site (Ocean) (3) Land Disposal Area (4) Delta Island Reclamation Area (5) Marshland Development Area c. Dredging/Disposal Schemes (1) Scheme I - Closest Aquatic (2) Scheme II - Closest Aquatic Disposal Site Seaward (3) Scheme III - Ocean Disposal (4) Scheme IV - Land Disposal (5) Scheme V - Delta Island Reclamation (6) Scheme VI - Marshland Development d. Dredging and Transport Equipment Results of Cost Comparison Calculations a. Scheme VI-9) I - Closest Aquatic Site (Table VI-31 VI-3l VI-33 VI-34 VI-36 VI-36 VI-37 VI-37 VI-38 VI-40 VI-40 VI-40 VI-4l VI-41 VI-42 VI-42 VI-43 VI-43 VI -ld VI-43 VI-44 VI-44 VI-44 VI-44 VI-46 VI-48 VI-49 xv