Ammonia Emissions from U.S. Broiler Houses in Kentucky and Pennsylvania

Transcription

1 Agicultual and Biosystems Engineeing Confeence Poceedings and Pesentations Agicultual and Biosystems Engineeing 8-4 Ammonia Emissions fom U.S. Boile Houses in Kentucky and Pennsylvania Eileen F. Wheele Pennsylvania State Univesity Kenneth D. Casey Univesity of Kentucky Richad S. Gates Univesity of Kentucky Jennife L. Zajaczkowski Pennsylvania State Univesity Patick A. Toppe Pennsylvania State Univesity See next page fo additional authos Follow this and additional woks at: Pat of the Bioesouce and Agicultual Engineeing Commons The complete bibliogaphic infomation fo this item can be found at abe_eng_conf/133. Fo infomation on how to cite this item, please visit howtocite.html. This Confeence Poceeding is bought to you fo fee and open access by the Agicultual and Biosystems Engineeing at Iowa State Univesity Digital Repositoy. It has been accepted fo inclusion in Agicultual and Biosystems Engineeing Confeence Poceedings and Pesentations by an authoized administato of Iowa State Univesity Digital Repositoy. Fo moe infomation, please contact

2 Ammonia Emissions fom U.S. Boile Houses in Kentucky and Pennsylvania Abstact Updated U.S. boile ammonia emissions fo PA and KY ae pesented. Keywods Emissions, ammonia, poulty, ventilation, electochemical, litte teatment Disciplines Bioesouce and Agicultual Engineeing Comments This is an ASAE Meeting Pesentation, Pape No Authos Eileen F. Wheele, Kenneth D. Casey, Richad S. Gates, Jennife L. Zajaczkowski, Patick A. Toppe, Hongwei Xin, Yi Liang, and Denise Bown This confeence poceeding is available at Iowa State Univesity Digital Repositoy:

3 An ASAE/CSAE Meeting Pesentation Pape Numbe: 4415 Ammonia Emissions fom U.S. Boile Houses in Kentucky and Pennsylvania Eileen Fabian Wheele, Associate Pofesso Agicultual and Biological Engineeing Dept., Pennsylvania State Univesity, (ABE, PSU) Univesity Pak, PA 168, United States. Phone , Kenneth D. Casey, Reseach Specialist Biosystems and Agicultual Engineeing Dept., Univesity of Kentucky (BAE, UK), Lexington, Kentucky 4546 Richad S. Gates, Pofesso and Chai, BAE, UK Jennife L. Zajaczkowski, S. Reseach Technologist ABE PSU Patick A. Toppe, Reseach Technologist, ABE PSU Hongwei Xin, Pofesso Agicultual & Biosystems Engineeing Dept., Iowa State Univesity (ABE, ISU), Ames, Iowa 511 Yi Liang, Post-doctoal Reseach Associate, ABE, ISU Denise Bown, Gaduate Assistant, ABE, PSU Witten fo pesentation at the 4 ASAE/CSAE Annual Intenational Meeting Sponsoed by ASAE/CSAE Faimont Chateau Lauie, The Westin, Govenment Cente Ottawa, Ontaio, Canada 1-4 August 4 Abstact. Updated U.S. boile ammonia emissions fo PA and KY ae pesented. Keywods. Emissions, ammonia, poulty, ventilation, electochemical, litte teatment The authos ae solely esponsible fo the content of this technical pesentation. The technical pesentation does not necessaily eflect the official position of ASAE o CSAE, and its pinting and distibution does not constitute an endosement of views which may be expessed. Technical pesentations ae not subject to the fomal pee eview pocess, theefoe, they ae not to be pesented as efeeed publications. Citation of this wok should state that it is fom an ASAE/CSAE meeting pape. EXAMPLE: Autho's Last Name, Initials. 4. Title of Pesentation. ASAE/CSAE Meeting Pape No. 4xxxx. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. Fo infomation about secuing pemission to epint o epoduce a technical pesentation, please contact ASAE at hq@asae.og o (95 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI USA).

4 Abstact Twelve commecial boile houses in the United States wee each monitoed fo thiteen 48-hou peiods ove the couse of one yea to obtain ammonia emission data. Houses on fou fams in two states included paied epetition of houses chosen to epesent the vaiety in moden constuction, litte management pactices, and climate conditions. Ammonia concentation was detemined by potable monitoing units incopoating electochemical sensos with a fesh ai puge cycle. Ventilation ate was detemined via in-situ measuement of fan capacity vesus static pessue diffeence of all fans in each house using an anemomete aay. Duing each study peiod, fan on-off times and house static pessue diffeence wee monitoed. Thee wee seasonal tends in house ammonia concentation and ventilation ates but offsetting elationships between these two factos esulted in faily unifom ammonia emission ates fom flocks ove the seasons. Emission ates wee highest duing peiods of wamest weathe, especially with lage bids. The best pedictive elationship fo emission ate was found between aveage daily emission ate pe bid and flock age. Emission ate pe floo aea vesus flock age acknowledges the ammonia emission suface aea, and offeed anothe good pedictive elationship. Emission ate in tems of animal unit (5 kg) fo built-up litte flocks indicated vey high emissions pe AU fo the youngest bids (unde about 1 days of age), afte which time the emissions wee elatively steady fo the balance of the flock cycle. Flocks that had at least thee monitoing peiods (13 of flocks studied) povided emission ates that wee vey simila among the fou study fams and acoss the seasons (egession slope aveage.31 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age; std. dev..57). When all flock data fom each fam was analyzed as a composite, fo the thee fams with built-up litte the pedicted egession slopes wee.8,.34 and.37 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of flock age; the fouth fam had new litte fo each flock esulting in the lowest emission ate of the study fams at.4 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of flock age. The intecept of these composite linea elationships was influenced by litte conditions with flocks on new litte having essentially no emissions fo about 6 days while built-up litte flocks had an intecept nea. Intoduction Reasonable estimates of ammonia emissions ae needed by the poulty industy so that they can paticipate in discussions about thei industy s impact on local and egional ai quality. Thee ae a limited amount of scientific estimates of ammonia emissions fom U.S. poulty facilities despite the inteest of agencies and concened citizen goups in mitigating ammonia emission fom livestock facilities (National Academy of Science, ). Although in many ways boile houses appea to be simila thoughout the U.S., thee ae diffeences in housing styles, management, equipment selection, bid husbandy, and maintenance that povide lage diffeences in effectiveness of the envionmental contol system pefomance in the houses, which in tun effects emission ate. Emission ate is the poduct of ammonia concentation and ventilation exhaust aiflow ate. While this calculation is simple in concept, in pactice, both concentation and ventilation ae difficult to measue accuately within commecial poulty house conditions. Mechanically (fan) ventilated facilities should in pinciple be moe easily monitoed than natually ventilated facilities fo ventilation ate by detemining fan capacity and untime. Ammonia instumentation suffes fom the challenges of high cost fo highly accuate models o inconsistent accuacy and eliability fo moe affodable senso technologies (Gates et al., 4a). Emission ate fom

5 livestock housing is often expessed in tems of mass of ammonia elease pe mass of animal housed ove a given time peiod. Boile chicks, initially weighing about 4 g each when placed in housing, gow apidly into -3 kg maket weight bids. Thus, both numbe and weight of bids need to be known in detemination of the emission ate. Methods Study Houses Oveall Envionmental conditions in twelve commecial boile houses in the United States (Kentucky, and Pennsylvania) wee monitoed duing thiteen, 48-hou peiods ove the couse of one yea. The monitoing peiods povided data to detemine ammonia emission fom the boile houses duing diffeent seasons with vaious age bids duing at least five flock gow-out cycles. In ode to economically obtain data fom as many houses as possible ove the yea, the instumentation was taken to one set of houses the fist week and anothe set of houses the second week. The inteval between 48-hou collection peiods was typically thee weeks in PA and two weeks in KY, with the thid week being spent in data oganization, instumentation checks, and time to thooughly disinfect fo biosecuity. A day of data collection stated when all the instumentation was installed in the house and ended 4-hous late. Fou of the study houses wee in PA epesenting a cold climate and eight wee in KY epesenting a mixed humid climate. Aveage 3-yea heating degee days 18.3 o C base is 35 and 65 (65 o F base is 4 and 5), KY and PA, espectively, based on the neaest available climate data (NCDC, ). Fams wee selected to epesent the vaiety in moden boile poduction pactices, including those that pacticed methods that wee pesumed to educe ammonia emissions. Cold climate houses The fou PA houses wee paied, fo epetition of conditions, on two fam sites (Fam B and H), with diffeent manages, unde contact to diffeent companies. These houses wee each 14.6 m wide x 15.4 m long (48 ft x 5 ft) and housed a nominal 3,5 o 3,7 bids duing cold weathe, Fam B and Fam H, espectively. Placement density was 14.6 o 14.7 bids m - (1.35 o 1.36 bids ft - ), Fam B and Fam H, espectively. All fou wee ecently built (-1) at the time of the study by the same constuction company and wee identical fo puposes of this study. Houses had fully-insulated suspended ceilings and insulated stud wall constuction. They had the same ventilation system design including fan model specifications (ten 17 cm (5 in. 1 hp, belt dive, GSI Goup #51) and fou o five 91 cm (36 in. ½ hp, belt dive, GSI Goup # CGBB3641) diamete fans), eave box-inlet design and placement (automatically static pessue contolled; Cumbeland Auto Ai Senso w/ Dwye Photohelic and two AiSteam Cutain Contolles fo box inlets and tunnel cutain), and envionmental compute contolle (Choe Time Supe Selecto PNT). House tightness evaluated with a static pessue test using one 91 cm exhaust fan with house doos and windows closed was 55 Pa (. in. wate) fo Fam B in winteized condition (unused fans and tunnel inlet openings sealed) and Pa (.8 in. wate) fo Fam H without winteization. Fam H pacticed whole house booding, while Fam B used patial house booding. Fam B used adiant boodes in two lines in the bood section along with space unit heates thoughout the entie house. The heates wee themostat contolled athe than being pat of the compute envionmental contolle functions. Fam H used 3

6 pancake-style boodes in a single line along the length of the entie house as the only heat souce; they wee contolled by the compute contolle. Southen climate houses Two KY sites wee monitoed, each with fou houses, fo eplications of conditions. Each site was unde contact to a diffeent integato company. Insulated, suspended ceilings wee used in all houses. Each boile house was 1. m x 15.5 m (4 x 5 ft; except House 4 at Site 1, which was 1. x m (4 x 516 ft)) and with a nominal, o 5, bids, dependent upon finished bid equiements. This poduced a placement density of bids m - at 5, bids placed and 1.75 bids m - at, bids placed. The houses at Site 1 wee built in (except House 4, which was built in 1995) while those at Site wee constucted in All houses at both Site 1 and Site had an opening along the full length of both sidewalls coveed by a single-laye cutain fo emegency ventilation (cutain vetical opening Site 1 was 1 cm, Site was 67 cm ). At Site 1, each house had eight 1 cm fans (Choetime in. Tubo Fan (BD)) and thee 9 cm fans (Choetime in. Tubo Fan). Box inlets wee located along both sidewalls and wee automatically contolled based on static pessue diffeence. The ventilation system at this site was contolled by an electonic contolle (Choetime, Milfod, IN). A single 1 cm fan in a non-bood section of each house was used fo minimum ventilation. Pancakestyle boodes wee used in the booding end and unit space heates in the non-bood end. At Site, ventilation fans included eight 1 cm diamete fans (Hied-Hand Econo-Flow 48 in. Diect Dive Panel Fan) and six 9 cm diamete fans (Hied-Hand Econo-Flow 36 Diect Dive Panel Fan) in each house. Box inlets wee located along both sidewalls and wee automatically contolled via cable based on maintenance of setpoint static pessue diffeence. The ventilation contol system at this site used individual themostats on each fan and unit space heates (six Hied-Hand Supe Save XL in the booding aea only). Each of the six 9 cm fans was equipped with a ten-minute electo-mechanical cycle time. These cycle times wee only active on the two 9 cm fans being used fo minimum ventilation, which wee located in the non-bood sections at opposite ends of the house, set to eithe 3 o 5 minutes ON duing the 1-minute cycle. The cental section of the house was used fo booding. Manue Handling New litte is typically povided once a yea in U.S. boile houses with caked litte unde feedes and dinkes emoved afte each flock. This pactice is often efeed to as built-up litte in the industy and is a combination of the oiginal litte mateial and accumulated manue; sometimes limited fesh litte is incopoated befoe each new flock is placed. Table 1 featues litte conditions at the 1 study houses ove the studied flock cycles. The pimay diffeence between the two PA study locations was that Fam H houses had concete floos and new litte each flock while Fam B had built-up litte on dit (cushed shale) floos. Fam B s second study flock was on new litte afte the annual litte cleanout. New litte fo both PA fams was kiln-died wood shavings povided at a depth of 3 cm at Fam H and 7 cm at Fam B. By the end of five flocks use at Fam B, with caked litte emoval, litte was about 8 cm deep. Fo flocks with cold-weathe stat dates, Fam B incopoated a.43 kg m - (5 lb 1 ft - ) litte teatment of eithe PLT o Poulty Guad to litte lowe ph in the bood section on both houses on the day befoe chick placement. Additional litte teatment was 4

7 applied in the non-bood section of the house, at the same application ate, the day bids ae moved into that section. All KY houses employed built-up litte; some used a litte amendment to educe ammonia volatilization. At Site 1, NaHSO 4 was applied at.44 kg m - to the litte of the booding section pio to chick placement in the peiod Novembe though Mach. At Site, PLT was applied in the booding aea pio to placement only in houses 1 and at ate of.6 kg m - (46 lb 1 ft - ). Ventilation stategies All study houses wee equipped with essentially two mechanical ventilation systems that shaed a common contolle (in the case of compute contolled houses). One ventilation system used sidewall fans and eave inlets fo cold and mild weathe envionmental contol and the second used end-to-end aiflow with lage inlets and fans fo tunnel ventilation. Endwall fans wee also used fo mild weathe ventilation pio to switching to tunnel ventilation. Duing the hottest weathe, the ventilation system switched fom using sidewall inlets and fans to the tunnel ventilation mode. Paticulaly fo the fist two flocks that wee duing cold weathe, the boile houses wee unde minimum ventilation to maintain indoo moistue level and ai quality. Minimum ventilation settings wee also used with young bids. The U.S. boile industy typically povides minimum ventilation though time-contolled fan opeation. Time on time was inceased as the bids gew in size to coincide with inceased espiatoy and exceted moistue levels. The tunnel ventilation stategy was used duing the wame potions of study peiods epoted hee. Table 1. Flock placement stat dates and litte conditions, the latte expessed as flock ank using that litte (1 being new litte). Supescipts indicate house numbe. Study yea stats in late with most flocks monitoed duing 3. Missing ealy flock dates wee duing study statup when incomplete data pevents full analysis. Asteisk indicates flock using litte teatment. Kentucky Pennsylvania Site 1 Site Fam B Fam H Flock No. Stat Litte Flock No. 4 Nov 8 4 1,3 * 3,4 * 5 Jan 7 5 1,3 * 4,4 * 6 Ma * 5,4 * 7 May 6 1 Stat Litte Flock No. Stat Litte Flock No. Stat Litte 1 Jan 1 5* 1 Dec 4 1 Nov 8 1, * 3,4 Ma 6 1* Feb Feb , * 3 3,4 3 May 1 3 Ap Ap , * 4 Jun 1,3,4 4 3, Jul Jul 1 5 1, * 5 Aug,3,4 5 3, Sep Sep ,* 6 Oct 3,3,4 1 3,4 1; Jun Aug 13 5* 6 Oct

8 Flock chaacteistics Bid weights ove the entie gowth cycle and house population wee needed fo emission estimates pe kg bid weight (housed, not capacity), pe bid, and pe 5 kg animal unit (AU) housed. Bid weights fo age wee obtained fom the integato companies in KY who had ecent field data fom electonic o manual weighing of potions of simila flocks. PA bid weights wee estimated fom field data on bids of the same stains (Cobb-Cobb, Ross Abo Ace o Cobb-Ross Abo Ace) in PA duing a pevious study (Wheele et al. 1999). PA bid weights wee obtained by weighing 1% of the total bid population in that study s fou houses evey week ove a winte flock cycle. The fou houses wee on thee diffeent boile fams. Bids wee caught as a goup by suounding a potion of the flock with a potable pen to captue a epesentative sample of lage, small, fast and slow individuals. Bids wee weighed in-house on a potable electonic scale. All data wee combined fo analysis of bid weight vesus age. Linea egession equations wee ceated to epesent the PA houses with one elationship fo young bids and anothe fo olde bids. Simila linea egessions wee ceated fo the two sets of KY bid weight data to epesent bids at each site. Actual bid population numbes wee used in PA data to eflect chick placement numbe on day 1 minus motality and culls as the flock aged. KY data ae pesented in tems of initial bid placement numbes. Instumentation Ammonia measuement Potable Monitoing Units (PMUs) wee designed to monito ammonia and cabon dioxide concentations and static pessue diffeence between inteio and exteio conditions. Detailed infomation about the design and pefomance of the PMU wee descibed by Xin et al., Xin et al. 3 and Gates et al. 4a. Biefly, the PMU was a tight-closing panel-box that held instumentation fo emissions data collection that was potable and cleanable fo use in multiple houses. It was wall-mounted nea the monitoed exhaust fan. At least one PMU was installed in each boile house duing a study peiod to monito conditions of exhaust ai and fesh outside ai. Instumentation within the PMU included two identical sensos fo edundancy of ammonia concentation (- ppm; PAC III, Daege Safety, Inc, Pittsbugh, PA) with plumbing and contols (pump, solenoid valve, flow metes fo contolled flow) fo cycling fesh, outside ai (4 minute duation) and poulty house ai (6 minute duation) past the sensos within a 3-minute inteval. The electochemical sensos wee puged with fesh ai to educe senso satuation fom continuous ammonia exposue. These sensos ead ammonia concentation evey second and wee set to ecod the time aveaged eading once pe minute. Ventilation Rate Paametes Each PMU also monitoed othe paametes needed fo ventilation ate detemination. Static pessue diffeence (-15 Pa, -.5 in. wate, Model 64, Seta Systems, Inc, Boxboough, MA) was used in calculation of ventilation ate (descibed below). Cabon dioxide concentation (infaed tansmitte, -5 +/- ppm, Model GMT, Vaisala, Inc., Wobun, MA) was used as a fesh ai indicato fo puge ai and as a second method of estimating ventilation ate (Li et al., 4). Each electochemical ammonia senso had an integal datalogge that was tempeatue coected. The othe senso outputs (solenoid switch of fesh-puge ai, CO senso, sample gas tempeatue nea the sensos, and static pessue diffeence) wee ecoded with a 4-channel battey-opeated data logge (4- ma +/-.1%, Onset Compute Copoation, Boune, MA). 6

9 Instumentation position Two PMUs wee typically installed in each house. One PMU, which was equipped with the building static pessue senso, was located nea and monitoed the pimay minimum ventilation fan. The second PMU was installed nea a second minimum ventilation fan, if that fan was located in anothe chambe of the house. On some occasions, the pimay minimum ventilation fan was in an unheated non-bood chambe of the house and in othe instances it was in the heated bood aea. Moe commonly, the second PMU was located next to one of the lage tunnel fans to ecod emissions when these fans wee in opeation and the sidewall fans wee off. PMU placement depended on fam manage s seasonal ventilation scheme duing the 48-hou study peiod. Ai samples wee dawn into the PMU though two lengths of polyvinyl-chloide 9 mm (3/8-inch) o.d. tanspaent flexible tubing (6 mm; 1/4-inch i.d.). The house ai tube was -3 m long with ai intake positioned in font of the monitoed exhaust fan (1/3 fan diamete down fom top, 15cm hoizontal offset fom fan cente, 45cm in font of fan intake) and was equipped with a micon pape filte (Whatman 41 cat. no ). The puge ai line intake was positioned outside the poulty house, at the eaves in between fesh ai inlet boxes on the house sidewall that did not have exhaust fans and was equipped with an automotive-style pleated-pape ai filte. Filtes wee used to exclude lage paticulates and insects fom clogging the ai collection lines. The static pessue equipped PMU had a detection tube that was positioned outside the poulty house, at the eaves in between inlet boxes on the house sidewall whee the PMU was hanging. At the eaves, the tube teminated inside a lite plastic bottle to minimize the effects fom wind gusts on the ecoded building static pessue. Inteio static pessue was monitoed at an open pot on the PMU. Indoo and outdoo tempeatue and elative humidity wee monitoed. A pai (fo edundancy) of combined tempeatue/elative humidity detectos (±.4 o C [±.7 o F] and ±3% RH in standad esolution mode at tempeatue ange unde study, HOBO Po Seies, Onset Compute Copoation, Boune, MA) wee placed appoximately at the house cente about 6cm above the litte suface (above bid each) with anothe pai outside unde the building eave potected fom diect sunlight and away fom exhaust fans. Fan Ventilation Rate Ventilation ate was calculated using actual fan pefomance and un-time data. Data ecoded included static pessue diffeence of the ventilation system evey minute and fan on-time using moto logges evey second (see below). Data wee aveaged into 3-minute intevals fo analysis. In addition, to coect fo standad atmospheic conditions, house tempeatue at bidlevel was aveaged into half-hou values, and site elevation (PA) and baometic pessue (KY) fom weathe station (HOBO Weathe Station with Baometic Pessue Smat Senso (±.9 kpa), Onset Compute Copoation, Boune, MA) wee used to coect to standad tempeatue ( C) and pessue (11.35 kpa). Fan un time was monitoed at each fan with on/off moto logges (HOBO on/off moto, Onset Compute Copoation, Boune, MA), installed on electic cable pigtails between the electic supply eceptacle and plug to each fan. These logges povided time of state change each second with a esolution of.5 second. The actual exhaust fan ventilation capacity was detemined in situ with a tavesing anemomete aay, the Fan Assessment Numeation System (FANS) unit (Gates et al. 4b; 7

10 Casey et al., ). In shot, the FANS consisted of five vane anemometes positioned on a ba that tavesed the entie aiflow enty aea to each fan. The FANS was used to develop pefomance cuves fo each individual fan in each house (11, 14 o 15 fans pe house) ove a ange of six typical building static pessue diffeences ( to 5 Pa, to.18 in. wate). The FANS was positioned on the intake side of the fan of inteest and sealed against ai leaks. Wheele et al () has detail of FANS use in field evaluations of fan ventilation capacity. All tests wee done when the house had no bids pesent so that any ventilation condition could be evaluated without jeopadizing bid comfot. It took about 1 hou to fully evaluate each fan ove the ange of typical opeating static pessue (SP) diffeences so seveal tips to each fam wee necessay to fully chaacteize each houses ventilation system. In PA and Site in KY, house static pessue was monitoed and contolled duing the fan capacity tials via the house envionmental contolle s static pessue instument (Photohelic, Dwye Instuments, Michigan City, IN). In PA, this Photohelic was checked and zeoed (if necessay) befoe testing began. In KY at Site, Photohelic calibations wee checked (Funess Contols Limited, Potable Pessue Calibato PPC 5) following testing and a coection applied to data as equied. The SP setpoint needles on the Photohelic instument wee set to within about 1 mm of each othe so that SP was kept in a vey naow ange by the inlet contolle. Once the SP stabilized, a FANS tavese was un and ecoded fo KY houses since ealy testing evealed negligible diffeence between eplicated uns. In PA, a second tavese was un ight away. If the diffeence between the two uns was moe than 3%, anothe pai of taveses was completed. This was done as a pecaution, especially duing conditions when wind pessues could affect fan aiflow capacity. A simila, calibated static pessue monitoing instument (Magnehelic, Dwye Instuments) was set up nea the fan being evaluated by the FANS fo additional validation of house static pessue. Fan ventilation ates wee detemined nea the beginning of the study in PA. Additional tests nea the end of the poject indicated no measuable diffeence in fan pefomance ove the yealong study peiod fo these fans that wee cleaned between each flock. At Site in KY thee wee compute contolles, so static pessue was set by manually opening vents while monitoing SP (Dwye Seies 475 Mk III Handheld Digital Manomete, -1. in. wate). Duing each test, SP was continuously logged (Seta Model 64 Diffeential Pessue Tansduce connected to a Hobo H Channel Logge sampling at 1 second intevals) with the aveage SP detemined fo each tavese peiod. Unde minimum ventilation fo ai quality duing cold weathe the fan on-off times wee known so that ventilation ate was a constant ove the evaluation time peiod. Time fan on-off time was povided by the fam manage and veified with electonic contolle settings, timed obsevation of the time fan, and with fan moto logges. Building ventilation ate was detemined by multiplying fan capacity of each individual fan at the aveage opeating static pessue ove a half-hou monitoing inteval by that fan s actual untime duing that 3-minute inteval. All fans unning duing that time inteval wee summed fo the total building ventilation ate. Each half-hou was summed ove a 4-hou peiod. Repoted ventilation data ae the aveage ate in m 3 h -1 pe 1 bids fo that 4-hou peiod. Data integity All ammonia sensos wee calibated immediately pio to each study field tip and checked fo calibation upon etun fom the field. NIST cetified gas (PA: Maste Standad Mixtue-Messe MG Industies, Moisville, PA; KY: CEM- Daily Standad Scott Specialty Gases, Plumsteadville, PA) was used fo a two-point calibation with span dependent upon anticipated 8

11 ammonia concentation at the study sites. Zeo-ammonia as nitogen gas, nominal, 5 and 1 ppm ammonia gases wee used. Any sensos that did not pass the post-field check wee futhe evaluated and eplaced if necessay fom spae senso inventoy. All sensos heads in PA wee eplaced half-way though the 16-months of use (this included stat-up months and additional months in laye hen facilities in addition to the 1-months in boile houses) in an attempt to maintain senso integity. In KY, a paticula senso was eplaced when it was identified as defective o had been used fo 6, 4-hou monitoing peiods (detemined fom expected senso life and exposue). Electochemical sensos have a limited life and eplacement cost was included in oiginal poject cost. Pennsylvania calibation gases wee cetified duing Octobe with values: 18.6 ppm, 47.9 ppm, and 13 ppm. The gases wee sent fo ecetification afte one-yea and e-cetified duing Octobe 3 fo an additional yea with values: 18.9 ppm, 48.3 ppm, & 14 ppm. The KY cylindes wee within cetification (1 months) duing poject peiod and not e-cetified. Raw data fom each state wee shaed with the othe state to check fo eos and omissions in calculations. Unifom paametes wee ageed upon as wee potocols fo gooming the data fom aw values to final emissions numbes. Even though the two eseach stations calculated emissions slightly diffeently in pocess, the end esult was vitually identical when the same data wee coss-checked using the two diffeent methods duing the quality contol evaluation. Detemination of ventilation ate: Ventilation ate included all fan on-time events, even the shot duation spikes in fan ON time fo PA data but those spikes shote than a -second duation wee not used in KY data. The diffeence was minimal between the two methods. Calculation of fan un time was checked ove two 4 hou peiods fo two cases. In the fist case, the fans an on a minimum ventilation pogam fo almost the entie 48 hou peiod; in 8 minute un time in a 4 hou peiod, the maximum diffeence between the two calculation methods was.1 minute (.5%). In the second case, the fans an almost constantly duing the 48 hou peiod; in 144 minute un time in a 4 hou peiod, the maximum diffeence between the two calculation methods was 1 minute (.7%). Ammonia concentation: Selection of a coect ammonia value fom aw data to epesent the 3-minute inteval was identical between the two stations. A epesentative ammonia value was selected fom the 6-minute inteval of house ai to epesent ammonia level in the house ove the 3-minute house-puge ai cycle. Fo each 3-minute inteval, the house ai values of both ammonia sensos wee aveaged fo each minute and the maximum aveage ammonia concentation was chosen fo use in calculation. Static pessue, house tempeatue, and outdoo tempeatue wee the calculated aveage of all data ove the 3-minute inteval. Results Ammonia Concentation and Ventilation Rate pe Flock Figues 1 to 4 povide individual flock ammonia concentation, ventilation ate (VR), and emission ate (ER) as daily aveages fo each house fo each 4-hou study peiod. Some of the seasonality and coelation of ammonia concentation and ventilation ate become appaent with lowe ammonia concentation and highe VR duing wam summe conditions while ammonia concentation tended to be highe duing cold weathe when low ventilation ates povided less fesh ai dilution of ammonia. Ammonia concentation, measued at building exhaust, inceased with flock age in all PA houses (figues 1A and A), especially in the six flocks that stated on new litte (all 5 flocks at Fam H and the second flock at Fam B) whee initial ammonia level 9

12 was vey low (< 1 ppm). Highe ammonia levels late in each flock cycle wee not anticipated fo the PA used-litte houses (Fam B) since inceased wam weathe ventilation ates should have diluted building ammonia concentation. Inteestingly, VR of the PA used-litte houses did not incease substantially as the flock aged until late summe and fall. But note that flock 3 duing May was only monitoed twice when bids wee 3-4 and -1 days old whee high VR would not be expected. (Note the VR vesus bid age fo all fou fams ae shown in figues 9 to 1.) The KY exhaust ammonia concentation (figue 3A and 4A) followed an inceasing patten with bid age fo those flocks unde winte conditions (Oct. Feb.) but was steady o deceasing duing the sping, summe and fall conditions when inceasing ventilation ates wee used late in the flock cycle (figue 3B and 4B). The esults shown in pats A and B of figues 1 to 4 ae the foundation data fom which the emission ates wee calculated. Emission Rate pe Flock Individual flock emission ates ae shown in figues 1C to 4C and povide evidence that ER can be elatively unifom flock to flock thoughout the seasons despite the lage vaiations in seasonal house exhaust ammonia concentation and ventilation ates. Highest ER was measued duing the wamest weathe. Regession equations fo each flock cuve ae offeed in tems of g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 vesus flock age in days. The magnitude of each cuve s slope can indicate the ange of daily emission vaiability among these flocks. Fo flocks with at least thee monitoing peiods (13 flocks among all fou sites) daily emission aveaged.31 g NH 3 bid -1 d - 1 pe day of age (. to.41 ange; standad deviation.57). In contast, the flocks that expeienced only two monitoing peiods (9 flocks among all fou sites, with 5 of those at Fam B) offeed moe vaiable esults with a simila emissions slope aveage of.37 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age but with a lage ange (.18 to.68) and standad deviation (.155). Moe vaiable esults wee due to a defined tajectoy of the emissions ate data that did not necessaily eflect the influences of othe phases of the flock cycle as wee seen with thee monitoing peiods. Fam B had the most vaiable flock egession slopes aveaging.4 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age with ange fom.1 to.68. Thee would appea to be benefit in monitoing a flock fo at least thee study peiods spead out ove the couse of the flock to obtain a easonable emission estimate that epesents the flock cycle. Intecept fo these egession lines showed moe vaiability than slope and wee analyzed as pat of the composite of all data fom each flock. Daily Emission Rate pe Bid vesus Flock Age Figues 5 though 8 show ammonia emission esults vesus bid age as composites of all study dates at each of the fou fams. Daily emissions ae expessed as g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 vesus bid age (days) in figues 5B to 8B. Regession values fo ER in g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 vesus age wee the highest among data elationships pesented in this pape with thee of the fou fams above.8. Slope of egessions of all collected daily ER vesus age fo each study site wee.8,.34 and.37 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age fo built-up litte flocks and.4 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age fo new litte flocks at Fam H. Fo sites with built-up litte, the intecept was nea days of age, (Site 1), equivalent of one-day ER (Site ) and.4 days fo Fam B. In contast, the new litte fam has an intecept equivalent to six-day ER. These intecept equivalents ae of inteest when evaluating the flocks duing ealy days in the cycle. Fo Site 1 the intecept of -.17 mg NH 3 bid -1 d -1 is equivalent to less than a minute of aveage daily emission (using egession slope of.34 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 ), which is insignificant ove a flock cycle. Fo Site the intecept equivalent of about 1 day is still less than % of this 55-day flock cycle. Fo these builtup litte houses, the intecept may be dopped and emissions estimated with slope alone of.8 to.34 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1. At placement of bids, consideed 1 day old, thee will be 1

13 ammonia emission on built-up litte. Futhe analysis of ou data may eveal conditions whee the highe o lowe ER slope estimates should be used. Fo the new litte houses the egession intecept is an impotant component of the emissions estimation and essentially povides fo zeo emissions duing the fist six-days of the flock cycle (since negative emission is not possible) when little manue (ammonia) accumulates unde the chicks and low VR wee used. This 6-day peiod with vitually no emissions educes the total house emission ove the 45-day flock cycle at these study houses at the beginning of the flock and oveall. Fam B also had a significant negative slope to the intecept equivalent to about.4 days of emissions. This fam manage used low ventilation ates duing cold weathe conditions and into wame weathe that may have influenced ealy flock emissions. An estimate of daily NH 3 emissions pe bid fom these data is thus: ER age, if used litte =.31( ±.57) x, whee x = b, if 1 < age < 6; age 6, (1) if newlitte whee ER b = emissions ate, g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 age = bid age, d Emission Rate pe Animal Unit An evaluation of daily ER in tems of 5 kg animal unit (g NH 3 AU -1 d -1 ) ae shown in figues 5a to 8A. Fo the PA houses, ER (g NH 3 AU -1 d -1 ) fo Fam H using new litte fo each flock inceased with inceasing bid age (fig. 5A) while at Fam B on built-up litte the opposite occued, ER pe AU deceased with advancing bid age (fig. 6A). Futhe evidence fo the stength of these tends is shown in figue 6A whee the inceasing tend in ER g NH 3 AU -1 d -1 with bid age on new litte is seen in flock, which stated on new litte while the othe flocks wee stated on built-up litte. Site 1 in KY also showed an influence of age, afte 14 days, on deceasing ER pe AU (figue 7A). Both PA and KY esults indicated that thee was geneally no stong tend of bid age on ER pe AU when bids wee olde than about 14 days of age. Site houses had vey high ER pe AU ealy in the flock cycle afte which time the tend settled into a patten that did not vay with flock age (figue 8A). Othe than at Site 1, afte 14 days of age the egession elationship of ER expessed as g NH 3 AU -1 d -1 vesus bid age was below.1 on built-up litte. An estimate of daily NH 3 emissions pe animal unit fom these data is: On built-up litte afte 14 days bid age: ER = 4 ( ± ) () AU On new litte afte 14 days bid age: ER = 5 ( ± 5) (3) AU whee, ER AU = emissions ate, g NH 3 AU -1 d -1 11

14 Floo-Based Emissions Ammonia emissions oiginate fom the manue deposited on the litte of the boile house floo. Anothe way of expessing emission is in tems of the emitting suface, o floo aea. Pat C of figues 5 to 8 indicate that floo-based expession of emission ate pe unit aea is vey simila in patten to that expessed on a pe bid basis vesus flock age, with a simila. Ventilation Rate Effects One would expect that steadily inceasing ventilation ates would esult in steadily inceasing emission ates (figues 9A to 1A) and this elationship was seen at all but one fam, Site 1. Fo all fams, low, fixed VR ealy in the flock (unde about 1 day flock age) was pedictable with the use of time fans (figues 9B to 1B) and esulted in low ER fom 1 to about 1 days (all fams but Site ). Beyond about 1 days of age, highe VR geneally esulted in highe ER at thee of the fou fams (not Site 1). All fams and flocks expeienced inceasing VR with bid age (fig. 9B to 1B) with much highe VR used in the wame climate (KY) houses than in the cold climate (PA) houses. Emission Regulation Figue 13 allows a quick convesion fom daily ER as pesented in this pape in g NH 3 pe bid to pounds pe house based on selection of bid population in that house. The emission ates found duing this study indicate that a boile house containing, to 3, bids managed using built-up litte is likely to be above the CERCLA ammonia theshold nea the end of each flock cycle (4 to 6 days of age). 3 ER lb/day , bid house 3K 3K 5K K 5 1, bid house ER g/bid/day Figue 13. Daily ammonia emission ate convesion fom gams pe bid to pounds pe house based on diffeent house sizes, and associated bid populations, and ER estimate of that house. 1 lb/day CERCLA ammonia emission theshold is shown. 1

15 Conclusions The data pesented hee epesent a significant advancement in chaacteizing baseline ammonia emissions fom U.S. boile facilities. Thee wee seasonal tends in house ammonia concentation with geneally highe values duing cold weathe peiods that wee times of elatively low ventilation ate. In contast, the highe ventilation ates used duing wame seasons and with olde bids geneally esulted in lowe house ammonia level. These offsetting elationships esulted in faily unifom ammonia emission ates fom flocks ove the seasons, but with highe emission ate obseved duing hottest weathe. The best pedictive elationship was found between aveage daily emission ate pe bid and flock age. Anothe good elationship was found between emission ate pe floo aea vesus flock age, which acknowledges the ammonia emission suface aea. Emission ate in tems of animal unit was usually independent of bid age afte about 1 days of age. The elationship fo built-up litte flocks indicated vey high emissions pe AU fo the youngest bids (unde about 1 days of age), afte which time the emissions wee lowe and elatively steady fo the balance of the flock cycle. Fo new litte houses the emission ate pe AU was vey low fo the youngest bids and then highe and steady afte 1 days of age. Flocks that had at least thee monitoing peiods (13 of the flocks used in this study) povided emission ates that wee simila among the fou study fams and acoss the seasons (egession slope aveage.31 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age; std. dev..57). This is used to povide a pedictive equation fo daily emission (equation 1). Flocks with only two monitoing peiods (9 flocks) had less unifomity among the pedictive emission elationships (egession slope aveage.37 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of age; std. dev..155). When all flock data fom each fam wee analyzed as a composite, the thee fams with built-up litte had a pedicted egession slope of.8,.34 and.37 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of flock age; fo the fouth fam using new litte fo each flock the slope was the lowest at.4 g NH 3 bid -1 d -1 pe day of flock age. The intecept of these composite linea elationships was influenced by litte conditions with flocks on new litte having essentially no emissions fo about 6 days while built-up litte flocks had an intecept nea. Hence, emissions can be estimated as a simple function of bid age fo these houses. Futhe analysis is needed that includes evaluation all new litte flocks, egadless of fam site, and evaluation of litte teatment effect on emissions. Acknowledgements This multi-state eseach effot was geneously suppoted by the IFAFS pogam (Initiative fo Futue Agicultue and Food Systems, U.S. Depatment of Agicultue) and the paticipation of coopeating poduces and thei contact companies. Thei suppot is geatly appeciated. Refeences Casey, K.D., E.F. Wheele, R.S. Gates, H. Xin, P. Toppe, J.S. Zajaczkowski., Y. Liang, L.D. Jacobson and A.H. Hebe.. Quality Assued Measuements of Livestock Building Emissions: Pat 4. Building Ventilation Rate. Poceedings of the Ai and Waste Management Confeence, San Fancisco Califonia, USA. AWMA. Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, H. Xin and E.F. Wheele. 4a. Method fo measuing ammonia emissions fom poulty houses. PSA Ai Emissions and Poulty Poduction Symposium, ADSA ASAS PSA Annual Meeting, 5-9 July. St. Louis. 13

16 Gates, R.S., K.D. Casey, H. Xin and E.F. Wheele. 4b. Fan Assessment Numeation System (FANS) design and calibation specifications. Tansactions of the ASAE. 47(5) Li, H., H. Xin, Y. Liang, R.S. Gates, E.F. Wheele, and A.J. Hebe. 4. Compaison of diect vs. indiect ventilation ate deteminations in laye bans using manue belts. Tansactions of the ASAE: 48(1):367-37, National Academy of Science.. Ai Emissions fom Animal Feeding Opeations: Cuent Knowledge, Futue Needs, Final Repot. NCDC.. National Climatic Data Cente, National Vitual Data System, Asheville, NC. Wheele, E. F., R.S. Gates, H. Xin, J.S. Zajaczkowski, P.A. Toppe and K.D. Casey.. Field estimation of ventilation capacity using FANS. Pape No Meeting of Ameican Society of Agicultual Enginees. St. Joseph, MI. 11 pp. Wheele, E. F., K. D. Casey, J. S. Zajaczkowski, P. A. Toppe, R. S. Gates, H. Xin, Y. Liang, A. Tanaka. 3. Ammonia emission fom U. S. poulty houses: Pat III boile houses. Poceedings of the Thid Intenational Symposium Ai Pollution fom Agicultual Opeations III. ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan. pp Wheele, E.F., R.W.J. Weiss, J.L. Smith and D.E. Buffington and R.M. Hulet Ammonia Contol Stategy Cost-Benefit: A study duing winte Repot to Pennsylvania Boile Reseach Pogam. Poulty Science Depatment, The Pennsylvania State Univesity. 65 pp. Xin, H., A. Tanaka, T. Wang, R.S. Gates, E. F. Wheele, K. D. Casey, A. J. Hebe, J. Ni, and T. Lim.. A potable system fo continuous ammonia measuement in the field. ASAE pape No St. Joseph, Michigan: ASAE Xin, H., A. Tanaka, R. S. Gates, E. F. Wheele, K. D. Casey, A. J. Hebe, J. Q. Ni & H. Li. 3. Ammonia emissions fom U.S. poulty houses: Pat 1 measuement system and techniques. Poceedings of the Thid Intenational Symposium Ai Pollution fom Agicultual Opeations III. ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan. pp

17 Exhaust NH 3 Concentation, ppm Flock Flock 3 Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval 95% Pediction Inteval A Ventilation Rate, m 3 h -1 1 bids B Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock : Flock 3: Flock 4: Flock 5: Flock 6: 5 Age 148., Age. 8, 6 Age 133., 6 Age. 18, 18 Age 15., = 91% = 85% = 93% = 87% = 83% C. Dec Jan Feb Ma Ap May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figue 1. Individual flock pesentation vesus date fo Fam H managed with new litte evey flock. Aveage daily ammonia concentation (A) and ventilation ate (B) fo each flock cycle ove the one-yea study peiod. Aveage daily emission ate pe bid is shown in C with individual flock egession equations. 15

18 Exhaust NH 3 Concentation, ppm A Ventilation Rate, m 3 h -1 1 bids Flock 1 Flock Flock 3 Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval 95% Pediction Inteval B Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock 1: Flock : Flock 3: Flock 4: Flock 5: Flock 6: 6 Age. 8, 38 Age. 15, 1 Age , 68 Age. 65, 35 Age 18., 49 Age. 31, = 89% = 99% = 93% = 97% = 97% = 96% C. Dec Jan Feb Ma Ap May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Figue. Individual flock pesentation vesus date fo Fam B managed with built-up litte, except flock on new litte. Aveage daily ammonia concentation (A) and ventilation ate (B) fo each flock cycle ove the one-yea study peiod. Aveage daily emission ate pe bid is shown in C with individual flock egession equations. 16

19 Exhaust NH 3 Concentation, ppm Ventilation Rate, m 3 h -1 1 bids Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Flock 7 Flock 8 Flock 9 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval 95% Pediction Inteval A B Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock 4: Flock 5: Flock 6: Flock 7: 3 Age. 38, = 89% 34 Age 17., = 96% 33 Age , = 87% 37 Age +. 6, = 91% Flock 8: Flock 9: 45 Age. 54, 34 Age. 48, = 7% = 89% C. Dec Jan Feb Ma Ap May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Figue 3. Individual flock pesentation vesus date fo Site 1 managed with built-up litte, except flock 7 on new litte (in thee of fou houses). Aveage daily ammonia concentation (A) and ventilation ate (B) fo each flock cycle ove the one-yea study peiod. Aveage daily emission ate pe bid is shown in C with individual flock egession equations. 17

20 Exhaust NH 3 Concentation, ppm A Flock Flock 3 Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval 95% Pediction Inteval Ventilation Rate, m 3 h -1 1 bids Flock Flock 3 Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval 95% Pediction Inteval B Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock : Flock 3: Flock 4: Flock 5: Flock 6: 6 Age. 334, = 89% C 3 Age. 34, 41 Age +., 33 Age , 35 Age. 416, = 85% = 8% = 74% = 89%. Dec Jan Feb Ma Ap May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Figue 4. Individual flock pesentation vesus date fo Site managed on built-up litte, except flock 6 on new litte. Aveage daily ammonia concentation (A) and ventilation ate (B) fo each flock cycle ove the one-yea study peiod. Aveage daily emission ate pe bid is shown in C with individual flock egession equations. 18

21 Emission Rate, g NH 3 AU -1 d all data, ER = 5.78 age + 1.6, = 74% afte 14 days, ER = 1.7 age + 155, = 66% ER aveage (std. dev.) afte 1 days: (61) ER aveage (std. dev.) afte 14 days: 31 (45) A Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock Flock 3 Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Limit 95% Pediction Limit 4 Age.146, = 88% B Age 1.83, = 89% C Emission Rate, g NH 3 m - d Bid Age, days Figue 5. Composite of all flocks emission ate fo Fam H: Daily aveage emission ate expessed pe 5 kg AU (A), pe bid (B), and pe floo aea (C) fo all study flocks. 19

22 Emission Rate, g NH 3 AU -1 d all data, ER = age + 953, = 3% afte 14 days, ER = -1.5 age + 463, = 1% ER aveage (std.dev.) afte 1 days: 418 (1) ER aveage (std.dev.) afte 14 days: 415 (11) A Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock 1 Flock Flock 3 Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Limit 95% Pediction Limit 38 Age.98, = 8% B. Emission Rate, g NH 3 m - d Age.799, = 8% C Bid Age, days Figue 6. Composite of all flocks ER fo Fam B: Daily aveage emission ate expessed pe 5 kg AU (A), pe bid (B), and pe floo aea (C) fo all study flocks.

23 Emission Rate, g NH 3 AU -1 d all data, ER = age + 761, = 5% afte 14 days, ER = age + 75, = 39% ER aveage (std. dev.) afte 1 days: 44 (196) ER aveage (std. dev.) afte 14 days: 437 (189) Flock 4 Flock 5 Flock 6 Flock 7 Flock 8 Flock 9 Linea Regession 95% Confidence Limit 95% Pediction Limit A Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Age. 17, = 8% B. Emission Rate, g NH 3 m - d Age +. 56, = 81% C Bid Age, days Figue 7. Composite of all flocks ER fo Site 1: Daily aveage emission ate expessed pe 5 kg AU (A), pe bid (B), and pe floo aea (C) fo all study flocks. 1

24 Emission Rate, g NH 3 AU -1 d all data, ER = -4.3 age , = 33% afte 14 days, ER = age + 51, = 9% ER aveage (std. dev.) afte 1 days: 351 (1) ER aveage (std. dev.) afte 14 days: 353 (3) A Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock Flock 3 Flock 4.5 Flock 5 Flock 6 8 Age +. 31, = 5%. Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval % Pediction Inteval 1..5 B. Emission Rate, g NH 3 m - d Age +. 75, = 47% C Bid Age, days Figue 8. Composite of all flocks ER fo Site : Daily aveage emission ate expessed pe 5 kg AU (A), pe bid (B), and pe floo aea (C) fo all study flocks.

25 Emission Rate, g NH 3 bid -1 d Flock 4 ER =.51x1 VR, = 85% Flock 3 Flock 4.5 Flock 5 Flock 6. Linea Regession 95% Confidence Inteval 95% Pediction Inteval A AA Ventilation Rate, m 3 h -1 1 bids -1 Ventilation Rate, m 3 h -1 1 bids -1 8 VR = 77.5 Age - 338, = 66% B B Bid Age, days Figue 9. Emission ate composite of all study flocks at Fam H in tems of aveage daily house ventilation ate (A) and ventilation ate vesus flock age (B). 3