Life Cycle Assessment of PVC bloodbag

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Assessment of PVC bloodbag for Jegrelius Institute for Applied Green Chemistry Study performed by Raul Carlson, eco2win, Sweden with CORALIA environmental, Argentina

2 Practitioner of the LCA Raul Carlson PhD Environmental Science Author of Swedish standards institute handbook on the ISO Life cycle assessment standards Experienced educater of ISO standards Support industry with applications of LCA for business strategic operations, e.g. product development and procurement eco2win is spin-off company from the Swedish national LCA competence center CPM. Commercializes competence developed within the center between 1996 and CORALIA is a consultant agency based in Argentina, with wich eco2win share business and work.

3 Contents Blood bag, the good with the bad LCAs, PVC studies and and DEHP: Much done Introducing the methodology of LCA Following the blood bag LCA: Application Interpretation Goal & Scope Inventory Impact assessment Interpretation Recommendation Conclusion

4 Blood bags The good with the bad Made of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) PVC with DEHP combines to a technically good blood bag cold/hot/flexible DEHP helps with preventing deterioration of red blood cells PVC is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, hence potentially a source for dioxine DEHP is classified as toxic (carcinogenic, reproductive system)

5 LCA established on previous LCA-work Much work done already Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and of principal competing materials, Commissioned by the European Commission, July 2004 The association of Plastics Manufacturers, Plastics Europe provide detailed studies on plastics production, such as PVC and HDPE. The studies are made by renowned LCA experts. Eco-Profile of high volume commodity phthalate esters (DEHP/DINP/DIDP), prepared for The European Council of Plasticiers and Intermediates (ECPI), prepared by ECOBILAN, PricewaterhouseCoppers, January 2001 Manufacturing and application data still based on assumption (to be improved before reporting) DEHP exposure in blood transfusion studied 2008 Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management, A report produced for European Commission Environment Directorate, June 2000 The influence of PVC on the quantity and hazardousness of flue gas residues from incineration, BERTIN, Bernard JACQUINOT Draft impact assessment data used: EcoIndicator 99 and USETtox

6 Introduction the methodology of LCA

7 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener:? Environmental impact

8 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Function

9 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Function

10 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Energy use Raw material use Transports Function

11 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Energy use Raw material use Transports Emissions Function

12 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Energy use Raw material use Transports Emissions Function Environmental impact

13 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Energy use Raw material use Transports Emissions Function Environmental impact

14 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Energy use Raw material use Transports Emissions Function Environmental impact

15 Life cycle assessment (LCA) The eye-opener: Supplier Energy use Raw material use Transports Emissions Function Environmental impact

16 Life cycle assessment (LCA) What to assess: Process/product system Suppliers Gate to gate Use and end of life Function of product system Resource extraction Emissions and waste Emissions and waste Emissions and waste Copyright Raul Carlson

17 The standard of LCA How to assess: ISO Life Cycle Assessment An LCA is divided into four iteratively related phases ISO 2006 From ISO 14040:2006 (E) Environmental management -Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework

18 Principles of LCA Life cycle perspective Environmental focus Relative approach and functional unit Iterative approach Transparency Comprehensiveness Priority of scientific approach

19 LCA of bloodbag Goal and Scope Identify life cycle significant aspects Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Application Demand and produce blood bags with better than current life cycle environmental performance and no lesser than current technical performance

20 Identify life cycle significant aspects PVC DEHP Additives? CaZn HDPE Use of fossil fuels Emissions of organochlorides Compounding Emissions of organochlorides Calendering Exposure to DEHP during handling Manufacturing Exposure to DEHP during handling Exposure to DEHP during handling Blood exposed to DEHP EOL PVC No recycling because hazardous waste Dioxine emissions Emission treatment chemicals

21 LCA of bloodbag Goal and Scope Identify Decide life on data cycle sources, significant system boundaries aspectsetc. Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Quantify current performance Application Demand and produce blood bags with better than current life cycle environmental performance and no lesser than current technical performance

22 Identify life cycle significant aspects PVC DEHP Additives? CaZn HDPE PlasticsEurope Compounding PlasticsEurope Calendering PlasticsEurope Manufacturing Based on PVC welding equipment and estimations EOL PVC The Blood Cold Chain. Guide to the selection and procurement of equipment and accessories. November Department of Blood Safety and Clinical Technology. World Health Organization. Geneva SCENIHR, Opinion on the safety of medical devices containing DEHP plasticized PVC or other plasticizers on neonates and other groups possibly at risk, 2008 ELCD waste incineration Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management, A report produced for European Commission Environment Directorate, June 2000 The influence of PVC on the quantity and hazardousness of flue gas residues from incineration, BERTIN, Bernard Jacquinot For worst case: An estimation of dioxin emissions in the United States, 1999

23 LCA of bloodbag Goal and Scope Decide on data categories to focus at Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Quantify current performance Application Demand and produce blood bags with better than current life cycle environmental performance and no lesser than current technical performance

24 Data categories and impact areas Climate change CO2 Fossil fuels Waste management Health hazards Dioxines General organochlorides DEHP toxicity in use

25 LCA of bloodbag Inventory Work transparently, allow iterations of data manipulations and decisions during study. Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Quantify current performance Application Demand and produce blood bags with better than current life cycle environmental performance and no lesser than current technical performance

26 Establish a transparent LCA calculation PVC DEHP Additives? CaZn HDPE Compounding Calendering Manufacturing Estimation: 87,5 grams Inventory database EOL PVC

27 Comments about the inventory Focus on currently highlighted issues of PVC and DEHP Much high quality data has been made available about material production by Plastics Europe The role of PVC and DEHP i waste incineration is much discussed, resulting in a wide set of likely data Data for manufacturing, use and electricity will be improved before final report.

28 LCA of bloodbag Impact assessment Calculate impact on Climate change, Toxicity/Health and on Resource use Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Quantify current performance Application Demand and produce blood bags with better than current life cycle environmental performance and no lesser than current technical performance

29 Purpose of impact assessment Inventory list of resource use, emissions and waste are difficult to interpret Impact assessment: Assess which impact is made on the environment from the total resource use and emissions Each resource use and emission is assessed individually, to enhance understanding.

30 Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) Process/product system Suppliers Gate to gate Use and end of life Resource extraction Emissions and waste Emissions and waste Emissions and waste Function of product system Environmental impact Impact categories/category indicators

31 amount of emission Characterization Health impact Quantify impact assessment Impact = amount of emission*characterisation*weight Characterization Resource loss Impact Characterization= = amount of emission*characterisation Bio diversity*weight diversity bio diversity + & amount of emission*health impact*weight Health impact + & Resource use*characterization Resource loss loss*weight Resource conservation Health impact Loss of Resources Characterization Bio diversity weight Resource conservation weight Health impact weight Bio diversity Loss of Bio diversity

32 Impact assessment LCA Impact assessment characterization factors are ready-made, such as: EDIP, Denmark Eco-indicator 99, Netherlands EPS 2000, Sweden For toxic substances, new USEtox

33 A transparent Impact assessment PVC DEHP Additives? CaZn HDPE Compounding Calendering Manufacturing Worst case EOL PVC Ideal EOL Focus on DEHP USEtox TM

34 Comments about the impact assessment The impact assessment dependent strongly on choices of data categories, therefore the results are not intended for comparisons with any other material but to get a picture of PVC/DEHP blood bags To make use of impact assessment results in comparisons with alternative concepts, comparable data categories need to be developed The inclusion of DEHP from a risk perspective during use is unorthodox, introduced to encourage interpretation A condensed impact assessment will be part of the report

35 LCA of bloodbag Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Quantify current performance

36 Interpretation The PVC DEHP blood bag is part of a big and wellanalysed industrial system The stabilizer of blood bags are identified CaZn, i.e. not the heavy metals sometimes associated with PVC The matters concerning the the chloride content in PVC and DEHP mainly concerns: Exposure during blood transfusion Waste incineration (requires good standard on technology) Emissions from high volume production steps and general spreading of the material (not the case for blood bags, which may be expected to be well-handled as hazardous materials)

37 Limitations of the study The study is not based on a product category, hence should not be used for comparison of other materials Data for manufacturing, use and electricity are weak but will be improved to final report Separation of resources and emissions onto fuel stock and production steps vs transport and energy

38 LCA of bloodbag Interpretation Identify environmental improvement potentials Quantify current performance Application Demand and produce blood bags with better than current life cycle environmental performance and no lesser than current technical performance

39 Recommendations Encourage innovations that substantially decrease: Toxic exposure during transfusion Dioxin from waste incineration Spreading of organochlorides Use of fossil material General recommendation: Establish a product category for holistic environmental comparison of blood bags

40 Conclusion This study extracts much of what had been done before, and sets the PVC/DEHP blood bag in a life cycle perspective Much of the work has been to acquire a picture that acknowledges current state of the art Report will be available after 29th of February

41 Thank you for the attention! Questions? Raul Carlson, eco2win, Sweden contact: