Index. acute effect see under effects (biological) adverse effects see under effects (biological)

Transcription

1 Index NOTE: information contained in figures is referenced in italics; reference to information contained in Tables is prefixed with the word 'Table'. Both figures and tables have notation which includes the chapter and item number within the chapter, eg., 4.2 refers to chapter 4, second table or figure. acute effect see under effects (biological) adverse effects see under effects (biological) air chemical transport in 21-5, emissions 16G-1 phototransformation in 27-8, 2.1 asbestos and occupational health 182 regulation risk assessment 281 banned substances 239, 240 baseline studies 94-6 Bhopal,. India (methyl isocyanate - gas release) Table 1.1, 250 system failure 11 biodegradation aerobic 26-7 anaerobic 27 as a control technology 166-7, Table 6.7 defined 25 rate of 38-9 biological degradation see biodegradation Canadian Environmental Contaminants Act 23G-1 Canadian Environmental Protection Act 231-8, 289 Canning, N. S. (chemical fire) chemical degradation 167, Table 6.7 chemical exposure see exposure (chemical) chemical stress (to organisms) 82-3 see also toxicity and effects chemicals, toxic see toxic chemicals chronic effect see under effects (biological) citizens' concerns see public concerns citizens' perspectives see public perspectives common law see torts community index, properties of85-6 computer models see models and modelling concentration-response relationship see dose-response relationship control strategies Table 1.3, 1G-11, contamination clean-up discharge control legislation Table 6.1 methods for control limits regulation of production and use selecting waste minimization 153-5, Table Waste Minimization Assessment Table 6.4 waste treatment control technologies limitations 11-12, 172 types of 10, biodegradation 166-7, Table 6.7 chemical degradation 167, Table 6.7 containment 168, Table 6.7 separation processes 167-8, Table 6.7 costs (economic) see economic valuation of environmental effects degradation see biodegradation, chemical degradation dose-response relationship defined 49, in ecotoxicology 8G-l, 4.1 in toxicology in risk assessment 283 EC50 (median effect concentration) see ti,ldet ecological toxicology see ecotoxicology ecology, defined 79 economic growth 198, 8.1 economic instruments for environmental protection deposit-refund system 207 pollution charges pigovian 204-5, 8.5 redistributional 205 regulatory 205 regulatory subsidies trading pollution rights treatment services 207

2 INDEX 307 economic valuation of environmental effects 1-2 cost-benefit analysis (socio-economic) cost-effectiveness analysis evaluating non-financial effects contingent valuation shadow pricing 211 Netherlands example 207-9, Table valuing human life Table 8.4 capital approach 213 cost of prevention approach wage differential approach 213 economics (environmental) defined 199 and environmental interrelationship ,8.3 input-output analysis 202-3, 8.4 'polluter pays principle' 200, 205, 206, 286 price mechanism , 8.2, ecosystem characteristics for monitoring studies defined 87 dynamics of Table 4.2,87-9 response to chemicals 87-91, Table ,4.2 variability 94-<> ecotoxicological tests see toxicity tests and testing ecotoxicology see also dose-response relationship, ecosystem, monitoring, toxicity, compared with mammalian Table 3.1 defined 47, 79 principles of response variables 81-9, Table , 4.1 ED50 (median effective dose) see under EEC see European Economic Community effects (biological) see also toxicity acute, defined 56 adverse 50-3, 5&-9 chronic, defined 5&-7 direct vs. indirect 91 ecosystem 81-91, Table ,4.1 local, defined 58 quantal, defined 56 risk assessment 127-9, 133, Table 5.7 sublethal, defined 57 systemic, defined 58-9 time-response 90-1, Table 4.2 types of 5&-9 environmental economics see econo111ics, environmental environmental impact assessment defined 218 Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) 218 ethical/moral considerations 15, 239, European Economic Community 198,241 EXAMS (mathematical model) 39 experimental design (for monitoring studies) exposure analysis 8, 10 exposure assessment 297 global 29-30, 2.3 localized 30-2, 2.5 physico-chemical data 35-9 at source 32-5 aqueous effiuent 34 gaseous emissions leaching from waste disposal sites 24-5 exposure (chemical) 56-65, 81, 127 acute, defined 51 chronic, defined 51 factors affecting toxicity 50-2 length/frequency 51-2 route 50-1 to humans 2.6 predictability prevention of 12, 18&-7 and risk assessment 127-9, Table 5.8, 134 subacute, defined 51 sub chronic, defined 51 fate analysis Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (U.S.) 240 hazard see also toxicity compared with risk and toxicity 125-7, Table 5.5, 254 defined 49 hazard assessment ranking schemes 8 hazardous chemicals see toxic chemicals hazardous materials see toxic chemicals hazardous substances see toxic chemicals hazardous wastes Table 6.6 see also toxic chemicals control of 159 types 126 Henry's law constant 25 human health effects 12-13, Table 1.4, 248, 253 see also occupational health protection hydrolysis 26, 29 information concealment of importance in managing chemicals international co-operation for regulation ,290-1, barriers to 238

3 308 INDEX influencing factors priorities of 15 International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals 239 labour-management health and safety committees LC50 (median lethal concentration) see IInder LD50 (median lethal dose) see under toxicity tests and testing lead in the environment 8, 1.2 regulation in gasoline 152 legal issues see also torts, legislation, regulatory process legislation (environmental) American Table 6.1 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act 240 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 229,240 Toxic Substances Control Act 229, 240 Canadian 270, 302 Canadian Environmental Contaminants Act Canadian Environmental Protection Act 231-8, 289 'Spills Bill' 242 for controlling toxic chemicals 14, Table 6.1, 151-3, , 270 for occupational health and safety litigation see torts local effect see under effects (biological) Love Canal, N. Y. (toxic waste dump) management (of toxic chemicals) see specific topic, eg., risk management median effective concentration (or dose) (EC50/ED50) see under toxicity tests and testing median lethal concentration ( or dose) (LC50/LD50) see under toxicity tests and testing Mississauga, Onto (chlorine train derailment) 249 models and modelling fate analysis hazard assessment risk assessment 121-5, Table 5.3 monitoring approaches to design 92, , Table 4.5 and natural variability 94-6 rationale for 97 replication 93-4, 96, Table variables selection occupational health policy, history of occupational health protection approaches command and control system evaluation of internal responsibility system (IRS) 187,190-5 costs 285 and environmental hazards 12-13, Table 1.4, 181-7, Table 7.1 inaction special susceptibility Occupational Health and Safety Administration (U.S.) ocean disposal control of regulation of238, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 15, 200, 240-1, 286 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) and occupational health 181 phototransformation defined 26 direct 27-8 indirect 28-9 physico-chemical properties molecular structure 55 octanol water partition coefficient 36-7 ph 54 required for exposure assessment 35-9 solubility in water 38 vapour pressure 37-8, 54-5 political economy see also legislation, regulatory process interdepartmental relations , 302 intergovernmental relations 268-9, 302 mass media and public opinion 'polluter pays principle' see under economics (environmental) pollution prevention see control strategies priority substances public concerns 3,13-14, see also ethical/moral considerations human health 129,253, 281 litigation occupational health , 281 public consultation 235-6, public perspectives 251-4, 260-1, 270-1, public policy see regulatory process, legislation regulation 221-3, see also legislation regulatory methods see also control strategies

4 INDEX 309 regulatory process see also legislation compliance cycle economic self-interest guidelines 288 information concealment Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (U.S.) 229,240 restricted substances see banned substances risk acceptance 49-50, compared with toxicity and hazard 125-7, Table 5.5, 254 comparison , Table defined 49, 254 and exposure analysis public perception , risk assessment Table 5.4 biostatistics, use of defined of effects and exposure 127-9, environmental Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) policy for 122 examples of history of and human health models 121-5, 12.2 fugacity 123 LMS (linearized multi-stage model) 121 'one-hit' model 121 principles of 131 ranking schemes 122-5, Table risk -benefi t analysis risk management , ,29G-1, Table 5.9 economic options educational approach 286 models 277-9, 12.2 regulatory strategies and risk assessment 125, Table 5.4 safety 49, 75, 77 science see also specific topic, eg., toxicology role in chemical management 273, role in occupational health protection sensitivity (to chemicals) 85-7 sewage effluent, control of 156-9, Table 6.5 societal concerns 3,13-14,251-4 socio-economic impact analysis 285 soil anaerobic biodegradation in 27 chemical transport in 21, 23-5 hydrol ysis in 29 statutes see legislation sublethal effect see under effects (biological) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Seveso, Italy (dioxin contamination) strategies controi1g-11, management Sydney, Nova Scotia (coke ovens) systemic effect see WIder effects (biological) Times Beach, Missouri (hazardous wastes site) tolerance, defined 52-3 torts actions negligence nuisance 228 occupier's liability 227 trespass barriers to recovery causation requirement procedural hurdles 225 transaction costs 225 statutory authority toxic chemical problems see also specific related topic, eg., economics (environmental) categories and sources of Table 1.2, ecological damage 2 examples of Bhopal, India Table 1.1, 2, 11,250 Canning, N. S Love Canal, N. Y. 2 Mississauga, Ont. 249 Seveso, Italy 2 Sydney, N. S. 2 Times Beach, Missouri 2 factors to consider multi-disciplinary aspect 15-17, , scope of 1-3 toxic chemicals banned, defined 239, 240 characteristics of 221 defined 5--6, 222 life cycle of 302 priority substance list (Canadian) Table 9.1 sources of Table 1.2 toxicity of toxic substances see toxic chemicals Toxic Substances Control Act (U.S.) 229, 240 toxicant, defined 48 see also toxic chemicals

5 310 INDEX toxicity affected by en vironmental factors 53 exposure as an influence on 50-2 organism characteristics 52-3 compared with hazard and risk defined 48-9 direct vs. indirect effects 91 acute 63 applications 73, 75, 77 aquatic Table 3.1, Table 3.3 avian 72, Table 3.1, Table 3.3 and control strategies 157-8, 164 defined 49 dose-response relationships 59-65, 80-1, 4.1 EC50/ED50 (median effective concentration/dose) LC50/LD50 (median lethal concentration/dose) 63-5 limitations of 4, 128 mammalian 60-1, Table 3.2 multispecies aquatic mesocosm community level generic aquatic microcosm for pretreatment of wastes principles of types of 1.1,7-8,70-3 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) toxicological tests see toxicity tests toxicology 47, 77-8 see also ecotoxicology, toxicity tests and testing clinical toxicology, defined 48 environmental toxicology, defined 47 forensic toxicology, defined 48 mammalian toxicology compared to ecotoxicology Table 3.1 defined 48 transformation processes see biodegradation, phototransformation, hydrolysis transport processes (in the environment) 20-1 heterogeneous 24-5, 2.2 defined 21 homogeneous defined 21 in air and water 22, 2.2 in soil 23 types of advection 22-3 dispersion 22-3; initial dilution process 23; modelling 34 treatment technologies see control technologies waste disposal sites leaching from 34 waste treatment technologies see control technologies water biodegradation in 26 chemical transport in 21-2, 24-5 hydrolysis in 29 phototransformation in 24-5, 27-8 WHMIS see Workplace Hazardous Material Information System workplace health and safety protection see occupational health protection Workplace Hazardous Material Information System 290