Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST R1 appalasamy

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1 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Physico-Chemical Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Distribution Along Sungai Asah In Pulau Tioman, Johor, Malaysia. Journal: Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology Manuscript ID SJST-0-0.R Manuscript Type: Original Article Date Submitted by the Author: 0-Jul-0 Complete List of Authors: appalasamy, suganthi; Natural Resources and Sustainability Arumugam, Nivaarani; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability Sukri, Nor Sayzwani; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability Eh Rak, Aweng; Universiti Malaysia Kelantan - Kampus Jeli, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability Keyword: Macroinvertebrate, River health, EPT, BMWP, Pulau Tioman

2 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Original Article Physico-Chemical Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Distribution Along Sungai Asah In Pulau Tioman, Johor, Malaysia. Suganthi Appalasamy*, Nivaarani Arumugam, Sayzwani Sukri, & Aweng Eh Rak Fakulti Sains Bumi, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, Beg Berkunci No. 00, 00, Jeli, Kelantan. * Corresponding author, address: suganthi.a@umk.edu.my Abstract To gauge the quality of river in terms of biological health, an investigation on the distribution of macroinvertebrate along Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia at three main stations i.e. downstream, midstream and upstream was conducted. The river macroinvertebrates were represented by nine orders, families and individuals in all the three sampling stations. The most commonly found family is Diptera contributing individuals to the total macroinvertebrates followed by Trichoptera (0 individuals) and the least found order is Haplotaxida with only two individuals. Pollution intolerant taxa, Ephemeroptera was found at all the sampling stations. The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) score at the midstream of the river indicated the area was not impacted by pollution but the EPT index fall in the Poor (.) category. The low number Odonata aquatic macroinvertebrates in Sungai Asah indicate that Sungai Asah was disturbed and impacted by the human recreational activity.

3 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Keywords: Macroinvertebrate, Pulau Tioman, River health, EPT, BMWP. Introduction Aquatic macroinvertebrate are organisms that dwell in water ecosystem, visible to naked eyes and lacks internal skeleton (Goodnight, ). Some of these aquatic macroinvertebrates that can be found in streams and other water ecosystem are insects, worms, snails and crustaceans. Many of the insect species found are closely interrelated to the freshwater ecosystem. Aquatic insects live on or near the freshwater surface and some can be found emerging to water surface for oxygen before diving into the water. These aquatic macroinvertebrates group spend the juvenile stage underwater, which they leave as adults and usually can be found near the freshwater even as adults (Doughty, ). Such insects include mayfly (Order: Ephemeroptera), dragonfly (Order: Odonata), stonefly (Order: Plecoptera), water strider (Order: Hemiptera), mosquito (Order: Diptera), caddisfly (Order: Trichoptera), and predaceous diving beetle (Order: Coleoptera) are common inhabitants of freshwater bodies (Richardson, 00). These aquatic macroinvertebrate according to Watson-Ferguson et al. (00) are crucial in nutrient cycling, decomposition and translocation of materials. Strayer (00) has reported that aquatic freshwater invertebrates are able to survive mostly in any freshwater with the exception of very highly polluted or deep ground water bodies. Study on river habitat type could be used to predict the taxonomic composition present in that specific habitat. The distribution of aquatic insect present in a specific habitat is shaped by factors such as ph, elevation, substrate type and water depth (Demars et al., 0). The correlation of taxonomic representation of aquatic insects to an environment

4 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy enabled these insects to be used as bioindicator to assess the environmental health. Currently in Malaysia, researchers have reported the use of this bioindicator to investigate the effect of aquatic macroinvertebrates on the environment. This includes Aweng et al. (0, 0, 0, 0), Ishadi et al. (0), and Omar et al. (0) who explores the potential and justify the role of aquatic insects as bioindicator at local scale. The Pulau Tioman (Tioman Island) is part of the state of Pahang, Malaysia. The island is situated km off the coast of Pahang, covering 0 sq. km between the longitude 0 0'.'' E and latitude '.'' N. The geology of Pulau Tioman is overlooked by rocky structures dominated by exposed granitoid boulder-beds found on the coast of Kampung Paya, Batu Sirau (m), Nenek Si Mukut ( m) and thin layer of soil (Latiff et al., ). The island is covered by very little flat lands and is limited to the coasts, especially around Teluk Juara and Kampung Tekek. The very limited flat land and domination of steep slopes on the island further encourages the development of ecotourism as the primary economic activity. There are several rivers and few other small streams found in the island including Sungai Asah, Sungai Benuang and Sungai Elin (Jaman & Latiff, ). Sungai Asah is a well-known tourist attraction spot for its cascading waterfall, the Asah Waterfalls or locally known as the Mukut Waterfalls as it is located near the Mukut village. The investigations of fauna of Pulau Tioman dated back to by Bullock on the terrestrial arthropods of the island and then much later by Hendrich and Yang () on water beetle (Order: Coleoptera). However, till recently there is no published report on the distribution pattern of aquatic insects and the water quality of Asah Waterfall of which this study would provide the insights into the ecological requirements of water insects that affects the diversity of water insect.

5 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Materials and Method Study Site The study site was located in Pulau Tioman and the focus catchment is along Sungai Asah [(Latitude: '." Longitude: 0 '0.") (Figure )]. The study was conducted on th April 0 until th April 0 in the Wildlife Inventory Program organized by Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN). Three sampling stations with two replicate spots at each stations were chosen for water quality analysis. The data for two replicates at each station was reported as composite sample. The three sampling stations (Station, Station and Station ) were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS) with each station located at upper stream, midstream and downstream of the Sungai Asah, divided based on elevation from sea level. The sampling was started at the downstream, followed by midstream station and ended in upstream station. Table shows the geo-reference of the sampling stations. Water Quality Data in Asah River, Pulau Tioman. Seven in-situ parameters were selected for water quality analysis namely ph, temperature, salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and total dissolved solid as stated in the Table together with the equipment used for the reading. The sampling stations along the river were observed to have different coverage of substrate compositions and their water surfaces along the river are shaded by varying percentage of canopy cover. In the upstream of the river, station substrate consists primarily of

6 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy boulder and cobbles rocks. The water surface is covered with canopy of almost % and riparian coverage on both sides of the river were observed to be at 0%. At station, the majority of rocks observed were boulders, canopy covering the water surface at % and riparian growth at 0% were also seen at the site. At the final station on the downstream of the river, station, the substrate composition were made of boulders and cobbles of varying sizes, canopy covering the water surface at only 0% while the riparian growth at the river side was about 0%. Macroinvertebrate Sampling and Analysis For macroinvertebrate sampling in Sungai Asah, a quadrat of 0 cm x 0 cm (0.0 m ) was placed at the three stations (Station, Station, Station ) and sampled using a Surber Net with 00 micron mesh size (00 µm). As the Sungai Asah was covered with > 0% boulders and cobbles rocks, the two sampling points (A and B) at each station were chosen randomly. Macroinvertebrate samples collected were preserved in 0% ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich) for identification in laboratory. The identification using stereomicroscope of each macroinvertebrate was done up to family level using the morphological characters and keys described by Fiene-Severns et al. (00) and Che Salmah et al. (0) and deposited in the Natural Resources Museum, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. Data Analysis The following ecological indices were determined to analyse the data on benthic macroinvertebrate; Shannon Diversity Index () for diversity calculation,

7 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Margalef Index () for richness index, Hill Index () for evenness and Simpson Index () for taxa dominance. Biotic indices such as EPT Index was based on Wallace et al. () and Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP; Tasneem & Abbasi, 0).. Results and Discussion The reading of in situ parameters collected at each sampling station along Sungai Asah was summarised in Table. The physico-chemical water quality assessment at the Sungai Asah showed that the minimum ph of the river was.0 and maximum was recorded at.. The surface water dissolved oxygen content of the river ranged from. mg/l to. mg/l whereas the temperature range recorded to be at.00 C to. C. Salinity and conductivity along the Sungai Asah were recorded to be constant at the three sampling stations ie. 0.0 PSU and 0.0 ms/cm respectively. Turbidity of the river was recorded to fall in the range of. and. NTU. The macroinvertebrates in Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman was represented by orders, families and individuals from all the three sampling stations (Table ). The most common family found at this river is Diptera contributing individuals of the total macroinvertebrates followed by Trichoptera (0 individuals) and the least found in Sungai Asah is order Haplotaxida with only two individuals from the midstream station (Figure ). Among the sampling sites, the midstream sampling station has the highest abundance of macroinvertebrate individuals (. %) followed by the upstream stations and the downstream station has the lowest abundance of macroinvertebrate recorded (Table ). Out of the families that were collected at

8 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy midstream station, Leptophlebiidae, Hydropsychidae, and Philopotamidae were recorded to be present at high abundance (Table ) which reflects the suitability of the river habitat to these macroinvertebrates. Chironomidae, Simulidae, Ceratopagonidae, Leptophlebiidae and Palaemonidae were distributed at all the three sampling stations and Platysticidae, Stenopsychidae, Chloroperlidae, Peltoperlidae, Lumbricidae, Turridae, and Buccinidae are families found at only one site of sampling. Pollution intolerant taxa, Ephemeroptera was found at all the sampling stations. However the macroinvertebrates from this order was abundant only at upstream and midstream. At downstream of the river, there was only one family of Ephemeroptera that is Leptophlebiidae with four individuals recorded. Plecoptera is another water pollution intolerant taxa which was also present in both upstream and midstream with only family of Perlidae ( individuals) at upstream compared to three families (Perlidae, Chloroperlidae, Peltoperlidae) with individuals found at midstream. All the three pollution intolerant macroinvertebrate taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) with individuals count of was present at the midstream of the Sungai Asah River compared to other two sampling stations. At downstream, high density of larvae from Chironomidae () which is an excellent bioindicator denotes the poor quality of water in Sungai Asah as shown by similar study done by Marques & Barbosa (00) in Brazil. Hooper et al. (00) suggested that high abundance of this particular macroinvertebrate in a water ecosystem could be due to its response to organic contents build up by anthropic actions which ultimately reduces other macroinvertebrate organism from residing in the same water system. However, in Sungai Asah, organic content accumulation in downstream could be mainly due to the leaf litters contributed by the tree forming the thick canopy and

9 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page 0 of riparian landscape at upstream and midstream. A study done along River Ferreira, Portugal to evaluate the decomposition of organic matter using the benthic macroinvertebrate colonization revealed high abundance of Chironomidae especially the filtering collectors identified in decomposing leaves (Ribeiro & Vieira, 0). The data obtained through this study in Pulau Tioman also confirms the works done in Canadian Lake (Pope et al., ) and in Brazilian shallow lake by Goncalves et al. (000) which suggests chironomids may use leaf litters as an alternative energy source other than algae and detritus. Other contributing factor to organic matter accumulation in Asah waterfall was as suggested by Hooper et al. (00) which was from the human activity along the stream. Asah waterfall is known as the main attraction of this river and situated at 00 m upstream of the river downstream station. Much of the recreational activity involve bathing using detergent which contains organic substance will be flowing down to amass in downstream station. These factors contributed to the organic matter accumulation in downstream of Sungai Asah which eventually influences the BMWP score as shown in Table. Table shows the taxonomic diversity, richness, dominance, evenness, and tolerance index for aquatic macroinvertebrates at Sungai Asah together with two biotic indices; BMWP (Tasneem & Abbasi, 0) and EPT (Wallace et al., ). The BMWP score at upstream of the river is which was categorised as moderate water quality whereas the BMWP score at midstream sampling station is which was regarded as good based on Mason (00). At the downstream of the Sungai Asah, the BMWP score recorded is which was categorised as poor. On the other hand, the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) Index score for upstream of Sungai Asah was recorded to be at. which falls into the poor category. Similar findings

10 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy were also recorded for both midstream and downstream samplings stations of the river,. and 0. respectively, which in general the EPT index at all the three points fall in poor category. The BMWP score for upstream and downstream of Sungai Asah is in line with the EPT Index except for midstream. At the midstream of this river although the BMWP score indicated the area was not impacted with pollution, the EPT index fall in Poor (.) category which could be due to the usage of the area for recreational and human activity such as swimming and bathing as was observed throughout the sampling duration. There are also very low number of aquatic macroinvertebrates from Odonata recorded in Sungai Asah. It was also observed during the sampling, very few adult Odonata were spotted around this river. The relatively low abundance of its larvae in this stream could be due to a few factors. Odonata are reported by Che Salmah et al. (0) as organisms that prefer pristine, undisturbed and lowland streams which could also indicate Sungai Asah was disturbed and impacted by the human recreational activity or in other words, it is unhealthy. The visual observation affirms the index obtained using Shannon-Wiener diversity; the index value of Sungai Asah is between. and., which indicates it is a moderately polluted river (Mason, 00). However, the visual observation contradicts with the report published by Kalkman (0) which described twelve species of dragonflies in Pulau Tioman. Hence, future studies should include comparison of the abundance of Odonata in this Sungai Asah with other rivers in Pulau Tioman to confirm the effect of human recreational activity on Odonata larvae abundance. In Pulau Tioman, there are nine rivers distributed in this island and function as an important water and food source for wildlife in the island. The maintenance of river water quality is thus essential since it largely contributes to the biodiversity conservation.

11 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Conclusion Overall, the quality of Sungai Asah could be considered as partially polluted and the ecosystem is not healthy as shown by the diversity, abundance and biological indices of aquatic macroinvertebrates. BMWP score and EPT index both indicate the water quality is impacted by the human activity around the upstream and midstream of the river area. The highest diversity and richness of macroinvertebrate was at the midstream of Sungai Asah and the lowest was at downstream. Diptera recorded as the most abundant individuals at Sungai Asah (0. %) followed by Trichoptera (. %) found mainly in downstream and upstream respectively. As one the most frequented river for its waterfall in Pulau Tioman, Sungai Asah need to be restored and monitored continuously to preserve one of the island s natural water source. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) for organization of the documentation expedition in Pulau Tioman. Not forgetting Faculty of Earth Science for the laboratory facilities provided throughout the data collection and identification. References Aweng, E. R., Ismid-Said, M., Maketab-Mohamed, & Ahmad-Abas, K. (0). Effect of logging activities on water quality and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages 0

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13 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Fiene-Severns, P., Severns, M., & Dyerly, R. (00). Tropical Seashells. Hong Kong: Periplus. Gonçalves, Jr. J. F., Esteves, F. A., & Callisto, M. (000). Succession and diversity of Chironomidae in detritus of Typha domingensis in a coastal lagoon (Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie,, -. Goodnight, C. J. (). The use of aquatic macroinvertebrates as indicators of stream pollution. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, -. Hendrich, L., & Yang, C. M. (). A contribution to the knowledge of the water beetle fauna of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia (Coleoptera: Noteridae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae, Hydraenidae, Scirtidae, Limnichidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,, -. Hill, M. O. (). Diversity and evenness: a unifying notion and its consequences. Ecology,,. Hooper, H. L., Sibly, R. M., Hutchinson, T. M., & Maund, S. J. (00). The influence of larval density, food availability and habitat longevity on the life history and population growth rate of the midge Chironomus riparius. Oikos, 0,. doi:0.0/j x Ishadi, N. M. A., Che Salmah, M. R., Abu, H. A., & Nurul Huda, A. (0). The influence of heavy metals and water parameters on the composition and abundance of water bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera) In the Kerian River Basin, Perak, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, (), -.

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15 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Richardson, J. S. (00). Aquatic Arthropods and Forestry: Effects of large-scale land use on aquatic systems in nearctic temperate regions. The Canadian Entomologist, 0, 0. doi:0.0/n0-ls0 Ribeiro, A., & Vieira, N. (0). Spacial and temporal variation of degradation of organic matter by benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of Environmental Protection, (A), -. doi:0./jep.0.a00 Shannon, C. E., & Wiener, W.. The Mathematical Theory Of Communication. University Illinois Press, Urbana, p.. Simpson, E. H. (). Measurement of diversity. Nature,,. Tasneem, A., & Abbasi, S. A. (0). Water Quality Indices. Part II: Water Quality Indices Based on Bioassessment. Publication Elsevier. UK. Wallace, J. B., Grubaugh, J. W., & Whiles, M. R. (). Biotic indices and stream ecosystem processes: results from an experimental study. Ecological Applications,, 0-. Watson-Ferguson, K., Han, C., McGarvey, J., Miller, L., & Izaak Walton League, A. (00). A Guide to Aquatic Insects and Crustaceans. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.

16 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Sampling Station Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Water Body 0.' 0.0' Upstream 0.0' 0.00' Midstream 0.' 0. Downstream Parameter ph Temperature Salinity Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Total Dissolved Solid Turbidity Table Geo-reference of sampling location Equipment Multi Paramater Probe Model YSI 0 with 0 MDS Display/Logger Thermo Orion AQ00 Turbidity Meter Table Parameter and material for water quality analysis Sampling Station ph Temperatur e ( C) Salinity (PSU) Conductivity (ms/cm) Dissolved Oxygen Total Dissolved Turbidity (NTU) (%) (mg/ L) Solid (mg/l) A B A B Minimum Maxsimum Average

17 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page of Table : Physical chemical water quality data collected at three main sampling stations of Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman, Johor. No Of Individuals Order Family (Subfamily) Upstrea m Midstrea m Downstrea m Odonata Platysticidae 0 0 Chironomidae (Chironominae) Diptera Tipulidae 0 0 Simulidae Chironomidae (Tanypodinae) 0 Ceratopagonidae Heptageniidae 0 Ephemeropter Leptophlebiidae a Caenidae 0 0 Polycentropodidae 0 Trichoptera Hydropsychidae 0 0 Philopotamidae 0 Stenopsychidae 0 0 Perlidae 0 Plecoptera Chloroperlidae 0 0 Peltoperlidae 0 0 Coleoptera Unknown 0 Unknown 0 0 Haplotaxida Naididae 0 0 Lumbricidae 0 0 Decapoda Palaemonidae Amphipoda Gammaridae 0 0 Turridae 0 0 Unranked Buccinidae 0 0 order Snail 0 0 Tricladida Dugesiidae 0 0 Total Individuals 0 Percentage Abundance (%) Number of Taxa 0

18 Page of 0 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Table : Abundance and richness of aquatic insects at three sampling points along Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman. Index/Sampling Points Upstream Midstream Downstream Shannon- Wiener Index... Hill Index Margalef Index... Simpson Index EPT Index Score.. 0. BMWP score Table : Biotic and ecology index at three sampling points along Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman.

19 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-0-0.R appalasamy Page 0 of Figure : A map of the study area in the Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman, Johor. Order level Amphipoda Decapoda Haplotaxida Gnathobdellida Coleoptera Trichoptera Plecoptera Ephemeroptera Diptera Odonota PENINSULAR MALAYSIA JOHOR Modified from Hendrich & Yang (). Aquatic Insect Taxa Distribution in Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman Number of individual Figure : Abundance of taxa at Sungai Asah, Pulau Tioman. PULAU TIOMAN Study site