Energy Audit: A Case Study of Hostel Building

Transcription

1 Energy Audit: A Case Study of Hostel Building Malik Sameeullah #1, Jitendra Kumar *2, Kanhaiya Lal #3, Jagdish Chander #4 # School of Renewable Energy and Efficiency, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Kurukshetra, Haryana, India malik_sameeullah@rediffmail.com 2 jkmahawer786@gmail.com 3 kanhaiyaskit@gmail.com 4 jagdishchander715@gmail.com Abstract Energy conservation is an increasingly important issue for all developing countries. In India, Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has number of schemes to promote energy efficiency and also make mandatory to do energy auditing in industries. Energy auditing helps in energy cost optimization and also helps in to conserving environment. It is a method to observe the existing system and their energy consumption trends and finding out the best alternative which reduces the energy consumption pattern and at the same time, estimates the financial benefit associated with that. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyze the energy consumption pattern in hostel buildings (National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra) with major focus on lighting and fan load. The detail energy auditing data is used to find out the major areas of efficiency improvement. Financial and carbon emission reduction analysis is performed to check the feasibility of energy efficiency suggestion. Keywords Energy Audit, Energy Efficiency Measures, Energy Management, Carbon Emission, Energy Conservation, NIT Kurukshetra I. INTRODUCTION The need to reduce carbon dioxide emission has now everybody concerned. This is because of its adverse impact on environment and cause global warming. One of the important ways to fight against environmental pollution and continuously depleted fossil fuel resources is to employ energy efficiency and conservation method. Energy efficiency is often looked as a resource option, like coal and natural gas. It provides an additional economic value by preserving raw resource reducing pollution. Energy efficiency can be achieved by proper energy management in power industries [1]. In India, it is not mandatory to perform energy auditing in educational institution as it is not in the list of designated (power) consumer. A review of energy auditing report of various national and international institutions show that, 1-2% of energy can be saved[2][3]. At present 8-1% of the total electricity generation in India is consumed by commercial building. And the annual demand of electricity in commercial sector is growing annually by 11-12%. This presents a challenge to ensure that energy growth in commercial sector does not become unmanageable, but at the same time provides an opportunity to address energy management issues in commercial sector. At present, there are 1 boy s and 3 girl s hostel in National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. There are total 3435 resident rooms in hostels with current resident strength of The energy audit was conducted at the hostels building of institution, to identify the major areas of energy wastage because of inefficient equipment and faulty designs. The energy auditing was conducted within a span of 3 days. II. ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY The term Energy management can be defined in better way as The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems". Energy auditing is an effective tool to take decision making in the area of energy management. As per Energy Conservation Act, 21 (India), energy audit is defined as the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendation for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and action plan to reduce energy consumption [3][4]. Energy audit of hostel buildings was performed in two phases: 1) The first phase of auditing also known as preliminary auditing was performed to collect the basic information like collecting electricity bill, detail information of hostels, type of load connected and pattern of electricity uses by different loads. 2) The second phase of auditing also known as detail auditing was performed to collect details of equipment rating, actual rating and faulty design practice in buildings. III. MEASUREMENT AND DATA COLLECTION Annual electricity consumption pattern of hostel is shown in fig. 1. The total yearly energy consumption is 21 MWh /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August

2 HN1 HN2 HN3 HN4 HN5 HN6 HN7 HN8 HN9 HN1 GH1 GH2 GH3 Jan-13 Feb-13 Mar-13 Apr-13 May-13 Jun-13 Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 HN1 HN2 HN3 HN4 HN5 HN6 HN7 HN8 HN9 HN1 GH1 GH2 GH3 International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology (E-ISSN: ) with average per capita energy consumption is 575 KWh. Fig. 2, Show the energy consumption pattern in different hostel buildings and average per capita energy consumption in each hostel is shown in fig. 3. From fig. 3 it is observed that there is a variation in per capita energy consumption in different hostel building. In comparison to hostel no (6-1), hostel no (1-5) is very old and there is number of inefficient equipment use. The pattern shows that there is still a scope of energy auditing in new hostel block despite the fact that most of the equipment used there, are energy efficient with 4-5 star rating (BEE) Per capita consumption KWh MWh A. Audit of Lighting Load Fig. 3 Yearly per capita energy consumption The lighting system used in buildings utilizes mix of T12, T8 and T5 electronic Fluorescent Tube light (FTL) of rating 28W, 4W and 44W respectively. The lux level in different portion of hostel was measured and checked it with standard recommended lux value. It is found that there is excess lighting in certain washrooms and corridor area. Fig. 1 Energy consumption in (MWh) from Jan-Dec MWh % 4% 12% 5% Lighting Fan Cooling 38% Water Cooling Laptop Heating 28% other 2 Fig. 4 Yearly energy utilization for various loads 1 TABLE I DETAIL OF LIGHTING LOAD Rated Type of Lighting No Power (W) Lumens T5 FTL 24/4W W 195 Fig. 2 Energy consumption pattern in hostels T5 FTL 14/2W W 115 T8 FTL 36/4W W 225 The audit revealed electrical energy utilized mainly for lighting, fan cooling, water cooling, laptop and other electrical equipment (illegal heating load) for a total yearly energy utilization of 1.5 MWh as shown in fig. 4. T12 FTL 4/4 W W 225 Incandescent Lamp 99 1W 15 Night Lamp W /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August

3 B. Audit of Fan and Cooling Load According to the rating and size, fan load was categorized into four part, i.e. new, semi old (7mm), semi old (12mm) and old. Further it is found that there are number of inefficient exhaust fans used in canteen/washroom area. TABLE II DETAIL OF FAN/COOLING LOAD Type of load Energy Efficient ceiling fan (12 mm) Semi efficient ceiling fan (7 mm) Semi efficient ceiling fan (12 mm) Inefficient ceiling fan (12 mm) No Rated Power Actual Power 376 5W 5W W 65W W 67W 55 83W 83W Desert cooler W 22W Efficient exhaust fan 417 5W 55W Inefficient exhaust fan 61 88W 88W C. Audit of Gadgets and Laptop Load After taking the sample of 1% rooms it is found that approximate 69% student used laptop and at least 1% student use electric cattle, oven for cooking purpose. Approximate hour of using laptop comes out to be in between 6-7 hours/day, but most of them don t switch off the laptop when there is no need. D. Audit of Heating Load At present, most of the hostel don t have geyser in washroom. During intense cold climatic condition between December to January, students use emersion rods and electric heater for heating water. It is restricted to use such power equipment in hostel buildings, but due to lack of proper checking and no other alternative arrangement, there is huge loss of electrical energy in heating of water and warming room. E. Measurement Results At discuss above, there are number of equipment used in hostels building. They are categorized into group according to their similarity of operation and energy consumption pattern and listed in table III. Number of readings were taken, so that error in calculating actual rating of equipment can be minimized. By observation and survey, actual operation hour of different load are calculated and listed in table IV. TABLE III LISTS OF LOAD WITH THEIR RATED AVERAGE MEASURE POWER RATING Rated Actual Load Type power Power T5 28W FTL 28W 26W T8 4W FTL 4W 41W T12 44W FTL 44W 46W Old Fan (12 mm) -- 83W Semi-old Fan (12 mm) 55W 67W Semi-old Fan (7 mm) 44W 61W Efficient Fan (12 mm) 55W 55W Efficient Exhaust Fan 55w 55w Inefficient Exhaust Fan -- 88W Laptop (on charging mode) 9W 63W Laptop (fully charged mode 9W 41W Desert Cooler -- 22W Electric Geyser 2W 193W IV ENERGY AUDIT RECOMMENDATION After collecting data and analysing it, energy efficient recommendation is given on the basis of cost of implementation and life cycle of equipment. Number of possible recommendation with detail analysis is discussed in this section. A. Recommendation for Lighting Load Interior lighting primarily dependent up on mix of incandescent lamps, fluorescent tube lights of rating 28 W, 4 W and 44 W. For improving the energy efficiency low cost measures of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are proposed. EEM measures are (1) de lamping (2) re lamping by replacing T8, T12 with T5 FTL and T5 LED and (3) signage s and automatic control system in corridor and washroom. 1) De lamping: In a HN 1, there are washrooms with excess lighting. By removing 5 excess T5 FTL from each washroom, counting 24 FTL operating approximately 2 hours per year could save 911KWh energy per year. Total no of washroom with excess lighting= 48 Total no of T5 FTL fitting in one washroom = 1 De lamping in one washroom= 5 no Actual power rating of T5 FTL= 26 W Yearly hours of operation: 146 hrs Total no of de lamping FTL = 24 no Total energy saving after de lamping = 911 KWh Unit Energy cost Rs/KWh = INR 8/KWh Total yearly saving = INR /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August

4 Similarly, there is excess lighting in corridor of hostel 9 & 1. After analysis, it is found that at least 35 lamp need to be de lamp. Total no. of lamp, need to be de lamp in corridor= 35 Rating of T5 FTL= 28 W Yearly hours of operation of one lamp= 219 hrs Total energy saving after de lamping corridor light= (28*35*219)/1 = KWh Net saving of energy due to de lamping= 3572 KWh Payback Period = Instant TABLE IV APPROXIMATE HOUR OF OPERATION OF DIFFERENT LOADS Load Type Hours per day Total no of days Corridor FTL 9 34 Resident FTL 11 3 Resident Fan Desert Cooler 1 12 Laptop 7 3 Lawn Lighting 1 34 Water Cooler ) inefficient lamps with T5 or LED lamps will reduce the electricity level of consumption. Application of this measures will involve the replacement of T8 and T12 fitting with T5 and LED lamp. Also, there is ample opportunity of energy improvement scope in lawn and street lighting. Energy replacement measure of lamps with details of associated payback period is shown in table V. Energy efficiency measures Incandescent lamp (1W) with T5 (28W) FTL T8 FTL (4W) with T5 FTL (28W) or T8 FTL (4W) with LED lamp (18W) TABLE V EEMs IN LIGHTING LOAD Annual Annual Invest energy cost ment No savings savings costs (KWh) (INR) (INR) Payback period (Years) T12 FTL (44 W) with T5 FTL (28 W) or T12 FTL (44W) with LED lamp (18W) street and lawn lighting (2W) with existing solar street lamp by proper maintaining it ) Use of signage s and automatic lighting control system such as sensors for common rooms, washrooms and corridor to detect the actual requirement of lighting and to control it when there is no requirement. By installing signage s, it is easy to create awareness and remind users to switch of lights. Automatic sensors and control system switch off the lights in unused area and sustainable amount of energy can be saved. The cost of automatic switching off of lighting load is still costly and it is not preferable to install such automatic devices in hostel buildings until there is some incentive offered from government. B. Recommendation for Gadgets and Laptop Load Energy consumption by gadgets and laptop can be reduced by spreading energy conservation awareness programs. Regular checking of hostel buildings and imposing a fine, if anyone catch with use of prohibited power equipment, is one of the effective ways to discourage users to use illegal heating equipment. EEM for gadgets and laptop is shown in table VI. TABLE VI EEMs FOR GADGETS AND LAPTOP Annual Annual Energy Cost No Savings Savings (KWh) (INR) Energy Efficiency measures Energy conservation program to encourage users to shut down laptop and gadgets when it is not in use Cost of implement ation (INR) C. Recommendation for Fan/Cooling Load At present, there are 124 inefficient and 376 efficient fans used in hostels. Most of the fans are installed with /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August

5 resistance regulators. After observation it was found that at low speed power consumption while using resistance regulator is higher as compared to electronic regulator. Energy efficiency can be improved by replacing the existing ceiling fan (6-9 W) with 4-5 star rating (BEE) energy efficient ceiling fan (5 W). Also, old exhaust fans can be replaced by efficient exhaust fans. The efficiency of Desert cooler can be improved by cleaning water and replacing the pump with more efficient pump (5 W). For calculation purpose, energy efficient fan (Khaitan 5W) and efficient exhaust fan (Khaitan 5W) are used whose market prices are INR 1235 and INR 115 respectively. Detail of EEMs for fan/cooling load is listed in table VII. Energy efficiency measures TABLE VII EEMs FOR FAN AND COOLING LOAD No Annual Annual Investm energy cost ent cost savings savings (INR) (KWh) (INR) resistance regulator with electronic regulator old Fan 83W and 67W (12mm) with energy efficient fan (6W) semi old fan 6 W (7 mm) with EE fan 45W inefficient exhaust fan with efficient exhaust fan (5W) the pump of desert cooler and proper cleaning of interior Payback period Financially not acceptable D. Recommendation for Heating Load At present there are 7 hostels in which there is no central heating equipment (geyser) installed and have a total strength of 21 residents. After survey, it is found that 4-45 % residents used immersion rod for heating water. There is wastage of energy during heating because of inefficient design of immersion rod. The trend of energy consumption in the month of December and January indicated as shown in fig. 1 is larger in comparison to other months despite the fact that number of connected load operation are less during winter time. Cost of one FPC (5 LPD) = INR 144 Average warm water required for resident per day = 2 liters Total no of residents =21 No. Total warm water required per day = 42liters Energy consumption to warm 2 liters water = 1 KWh/2 litters or.5 KWh/liter Duration of winter in north India = 7 days Net energy consumption in a year = 147 KWh Cost of Energy consumption= (147*8) = INR Solar water heater can be one of the effective ways to heat water and also helps institution to contribute in the field of renewable energy. For solar water heating, Flat Plate Collector (FPC) of 5 liter per day capacity, manufactured by Vijay Solar Pvt. Ltd. is taken as reference for calculation purpose. It provides average 5 liters water at 6 in one day. Total number of FPC = = 8 Nos. Total cost of flat plate collector= INR 8352 Subsidy (7% from government of India for installation of solar heater in hostel buildings) = INR Net cost of FPC system = INR (cost of FPC + 1% of FPC cost for installation charge) =INR 275 Payback Period = = 2.5 years V FİNANCİAL AND CARBON EMİSSİON ANALYSİS OF EEM There are number of financial tools available to check the acceptability of any project, i.e. Payback period, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit cost ratio (B/C). Payback period is the simplest financial analysis tool but it can t show the exact financial benefit associated with the project. But for energy auditing project it is a powerful tool to give quick financial analysis results. For renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, Carbon emission reduction analysis is also performed to find out the reduction in carbon emission after implementing the project. The annual emitted by energy consumption is obtained as given in [5]. (1) (2) /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August 214 4

6 HN1 HN2 HN3 HN4 HN5 HN6 HN7 HN8 HN9 HN1 GH1 GH2 GH3 International Journal of Research in Management, Science & Technology (E-ISSN: ) (3) Where CF is an conversion Factor and it value is 1.25 * (taken from BP statical review of World Energy 21). The detail analysis of EEMs is listed in the table VIII. TABLE VIII FINANCIAL AND CARBON EMISSION ANALYSIS TO IMPLEMENT EEMs Estimation of energy consumption Items Quantity Units Annual energy consumption KWh Proposed energy consumption estimation Annual carbon emission in existing system Annual carbon emission in proposed system KWh 2626 t 247 t Net carbon emission 579 t Cost of implementing EEMs INR Annual cost of energy saving INR Payback Period Approx. 2 years Most of the cases, EEMs is base on the financial strength of the organisation and payback period of the investment. Sometime, energy efficiency is compromise in order to limit the amount of investment. In above case, it is recommended to replace inefficient FTLs with T5 (28W) not by LED lamp 18W), despite the fact there is more saving associated with LED which is costly and payback period of 5years. If above EEMs recommendation are implemented than average percapita energy consumption in hostel building is come out to be 449KWh. 1 Per capita consumption Fig. 5 Proposed per capita energy consumption pattern in different hostel buildings VI CONCLUSIONS Fossile fuel resources are limited and depleted with very fast rate. It is essential to conserve energy by employing energy efficiency. Electrical audit of hostel buildings show that electrical load in institution is significant and there is good potential to save energy. If above recommendations are employed than there will be a average saving of 463 MWh, which would be about 21% energy saving. Above recommendation helps to reduce carbon emission by 579 t which is equivalent to taking over 96 car off road. Energy 788 KWh audit of building helps to find out the possible way to save energy. It helps to conserve environment by reducing carbon emission and at the same time helps to save money. In India, it is not essential to do energy audit of public building like residential area, house, office and university etc. But above study shows, that there is ample opportunity to save energy if it makes essential to do energy audit in public buildings. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors express their appreciation to Prof. A. Swarup and Prof. Ashwani Kumar, Department of Electrical Enginnering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra for their support and courage. Also, the authors would like to thank M.Tech (Renewable Energy System) colleagues for their efforts in collecting data. Also, the first author would like to thank Ms. Seema (M.Tech Instrumentation) for her support in collecting girl s hostel data. REFERENCES [1] Wayne C. Turner, Steve Doty, Energy Management Handbook, 6 th ed., The Fairmont Press, 26, pp [2] Long Tian-yu, Zhou Zhi-yong, Zhao Juan, Energy Saving Potential of Public Building in Jiangbei District of Chongqing, International Conference on Management and Service Science, Wuhan, p.p. 1-6, Septmber 29. [3] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India, Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide, USAID ECO- III Project, July 29 [4] Kamlapur G.D, Udaykumar R Y, Electrical Energy Conservation in India- Challanges and Achivements, International Conference on Control, Automation, Communication and Energy Conservation, Tamilnadu, pp. 1-5, June 29 [5] Sogo Mayokun Abolarin, Adegbenro Oluwole, Eguma Charles, Yussuf Abdulmutalib, Shitta Babale Manasseh, Gbadegesin Sola, Louis Ehwerhemuepha, A collective approach to reducing carbon-dioxide emission: A case study of four University of Lagos halls of residence, 3 rd IEEE International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology, Abuja, pp , Nov [6] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India, Hand Book on Energy Efficiency Annexure-I DETAIL OF HOSTEL CAPACITY AND PRESENT STRENGTH Total No of Total Current Hostel Name Category Resident Strength Strength Room Hostel No 1 Three Seater Hostel No 2 Three Seater Hostel no 3 Three Seater Hostel No 4 Single Seater Hostel No 5 Single Seater Hostel No 6 Single Seater Hostel No 7 Single Seater Hostel No 8 Single Seater Hostel No 9 Single Seater /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August

7 Hostel No 1 Single Seater Girls Hostel 1 Three Seater Girls Hostel 2 Single Seater Girls Hostel 3 Single Seater Annexure II Detail of Energy Efficient Electrical Equipment S.No Equipment Make Rating Specification 1 T5 Fluorescent Tube light Crompton Greaves 28W Nom. Lumen 276, Length 1163 mm Cost INR 825* 2 LT8-16W LED Crompton 18W LED 29* Tube light Greaves 3 Fan (12 mm) Khaitan 5W BEE 4 Star 1235* 4 Fan (7 mm) Khaitan 43W BEE 4 Star 1185* 5 BEE 4 star Exhaust Fan Khaitan 5W 115* 486m3/min *Price of energy efficient equipment is based on current whole sale market price (April 214) /Copyright 214, IJRMST, August