TO STUDY THE PARAMETERS OF FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTICS

Transcription

1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_04_095 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed TO STUDY THE PARAMETERS OF FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTICS Sanjeev Kumar Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, SRM IST, Delhi-NCR campus Sushant Saklani Harshendra Singh Shubham Tripathi ABSTRACT: Plastic have great demand in market, despite knowing its effects on the environment. They are Non-Biodegradable waste which cannot be replenished easily. About tons of plastic waste is produced every day in our surroundings. These wastes causes pollution to the environment, choking problems to the animals & diseases to the human being. These wastes cannot be degraded easily so other measures can be taken to curb its effects. Here plastic wastes is converted into usable plastic fuel with the help of pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is defined as the heating of any substance in absence of oxygen at about C C. The plastic wastes are subjected to depolymerisation pyrolysis, thermal cracking & distillation to obtain usable fuel. This process will relieve some stress from the environment & also fulfil the need of the society. The main aim of this work of this work is to convert plastic waste into plastic fuel & compare its properties with petrol & diesel. Key words: Pyrolysis, Catalytic conversion, Physical & Chemical properties. Cite this Article: Sanjeev Kumar, Sushant Saklani, Harshendra Singh and Shubham Tripathi, To Study the Parameters of Fuel from Waste Plastics, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION: Today, plastic materials are increasing day by day and providing a fundamental contribution to our society. Increasing in quantity of plastics leads to the increment of plastic waste. Thus plastic recycling has been a focus for many researchers in past few decades, many alternative editor@iaeme.com

2 Sanjeev Kumar, Sushant Saklani, Harshendra Singh and Shubham Tripathi methods of recycling of plastics are implemented such as landfilling, dumping, deep sea dumping, incineration etc. but the most efficient method for recycling of plastic waste is thermal degradation (Pyrolysis of waste plastics). Plastics are synthetic organic material produced by polymerisation. They are long chains of hydrocarbons & consist of other chemical substances to improve the quality, performance of plastic & reduce the manufacturing cost. There are two main types of plastics Thermoplastics Thermosetting Thermoplastics can repeatedly soften and melt if enough heat is applied & hardened on cooling so they can be made into new plastic products. Examples: Polyethylene, Polystyrene & PVC (Poly-Vinyl Chloride) Thermosets can melt & take shapes only once. They are not suitable for repeated heat treatments. Waste plastics are the most resourceful object to be converted into fuel because of its high heat of combustion & due to the increases in the quantity of plastic waste. It is not like paper & wood which absorbs much water & moisture, plastic is far lower than the water content of bio-mass such as crops and kitchen waste. The conversion method of waste plastic to fuel depends upon the type of plastics used in the process. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS Plastics are classified into two types: Polyamides (PA) or (nylons) A synthetic polymer of a type made by the linkage of amino groups of one molecule and a carboxylic acid of another. Examples: fibres, toothbrush bristles, tubing, fishing line and low-strength machine parts such as engine parts or gun frames Polycarbonate (PC) polycarbonates are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates use in engineering are strong, tough materials and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, molded and thermos formed. Example-compact discs, eyeglasses, riot shields, security windows, traffic lights and lenses Polyester (PES) polyester is the category of polymers that contains the ester functional group in their main chain depending on chemical structure they can possess a dual behaviour of thermoplastic or thermosets. Example-fibres and textiles Polyethylene (PE) polyethylene is the most common plastic. The usefulness of polyethylene is limited due to its melting point of 80 0 C. It consist of non-polar, saturated, high molecular weight hydrocarbons therefore its chemical behaviour is similar to paraffin. Example-a wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags and plastic bottles High-density polyethylene (HDPE) detergent bottles, milk jugs and moulded plastic cases Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains and clamshell packaging Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) PET is the most common thermos plastic polymer resin of the polyester family and used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquid and food. Example- carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film and microwavable packaging editor@iaeme.com

3 To Study the Parameters of Fuel from Waste Plastics Polypropylene (PP) polypropylene is the thermos plastic polymer which widely used the methyl improves mechanical properties and thermal resistance, although the chemical resistance decreases the properties polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion co monomer and isotacticity. Example- bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers, appliances, car fenders (bumpers) and plastic pressure pipe systems Polystyrene (PS) polymer made from the monomer styrene can be solid or foamed. Uses include protective packaging. It can be naturally transparent but can be coloured with colorant Example-foam peanuts, food containers, plastic tableware, imposable cups, plates, cutlery, compact-disc (CD) and cassette boxes Polyurethanes (PU) it is a polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate links. There are traditionally and most commonly formed by reacting a poly isocyanate with a polyol Example-cushioning foams, thermal insulation foams, surface coatings and printing rollers: currently the sixth or seventh most commonly-used plastic, for instance the most commonly used plastic in cars Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) PVC comes in two form flexible and rigid. PVC is used in construction of pipe. Example- plumbing pipes and guttering, shower curtains, window frames and flooring. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The plastic waste used in this process is polyethylene and polystyrene. The sample gathers contains plastic bottles, waste packets, carry bags etc. Firstly the collected waste plastics are shredded into small pieces and then it is weighted as per the capacity of the reactor. After this pyrolysis plant is used to feed the plastic waste. The sample is not burned but heated in the absence of oxygen. The pyrolysis plant consist of reactor, condenser, catalyst room, cooling tube and fuel tank. In this process the waste plastics is converted into renewable resource carbon smoke and combustible gas. The renewable resource after refining can be used as fuel. The carbon smoke and combustible gas can again be used to heat the sample. The catalyst uses for the conversion of waste plastics are CaC 2, Al 2 O 3 and ZSM5. The catalyst not only increases the rate of reaction but also increases the need of the product. The temperature required for this process ranges from 350 o C- 500 o C. Heating is done in two steps first in the presence of catalyst. Figure 1 Poly-fuel (refined), residue Maximum mass loss of volatilization of hydrocarbon occurred at 673K. when plastic waste is burn and converted into the fumes occurred at maximum temperature of 673K editor@iaeme.com

4 Sanjeev Kumar, Sushant Saklani, Harshendra Singh and Shubham Tripathi The gas obtained from the plastics waste is 99.8%.Mass change percentage 99.8% (448.5K to 673K). The Residue gained after the conversion of plastic wastes into vapour is 0.2%. Without catalyst 10% conversion rate. If we will not add the catalyst then the conversion rate of plastic waste to plastic fuel is 10% (ZSM5) With catalyst 69.73%. if we will add the catalyst then the conversion rate of plastic waste to plastic fuel 69.73% (CaC 2, Al 2 O 3 ). Optimum conversion time 1 hour: To convert the plastic waste to plastic fuel the time conversion taken is 1 hour. When the waste plastics are converted into fumes /gas it passes thorough the condenser where the fumes are condensed to come into liquid phase. Now the plastic fuel is obtained further we will go for the refining process to gain the properties of petrol and diesel to our plastic fuel. Figure 2 Refining of Poly-fuel In refining process we will take the equal amount of water and plastic fuel. We will shake the solution of water and plastic fuel then we will kept it to get stable. Keep it for 5-7 hours to get settle in the mean time we will check the P H value of the plastic fuel which must approximately 7. If the fuel is acidic we will remove the acidic nature of the fuel so that it will not corrode the engine. Now it will goes for further purification we will remove the water and sulphur components. To remove water fuel is passed through the highly charged electrode, to remove the sulphur fuel is reacted with copper oxide so it will react with sulphur and form copper sulphate. The last process of refining id fractionalization, in this oil is heated for about C in presence of iron. We will gain the plastic fuel whose properties will be compared with the properties of petrol and diesel. 4. RESULTS: Properties Petrol Diesel Plastic Fuel Density (gm/ml) Specific Gravity API Gravity Kinematic Viscosity (centistokes) Dynamic Viscosity (centipoise) Aniline Point (K) Flash Point (K) Fire Point (K) editor@iaeme.com

5 To Study the Parameters of Fuel from Waste Plastics 5. FUTURE SCOPE: It exhibit the property same as petrol and diesel so its demand can be fulfilled. It s a renewable resource which is eco-friendly, can be a great source of degradation of plastic waste. Energy source of different form can be obtained i.e., mechanical and electrical. As the plastic wastes are abundant so the fuel cost is low. 6. CONCLUSION: Due to rise in the population the rate of consumption of petrol and diesel is increasing simultaneously so as the rate of fuel day by day. The conversion of plastic waste into usable 500ltr to 600ltrs fuel. On the other hand this method will also help to decrease the pollution caused by the incineration of plastic waste. Based on our research we compared the properties of plastic fuel with petrol and diesel. Plastic fuel is basically used diesel electric generators, boilers, hot air generators, hot water generators etc. This method is superior ecologically and economically. REFERENCE: [1] John Scheirs, Walter Kaminsky: Feedstock recycling and pyrolysis of waste plastic: converting waste plastics into diesel and other fuels. [2] A. Adrados, I. de Marco, B.M. Caballero, A. Lopez, M. F. Laresgoiti, A. Torres (et al):- Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste: A comparison of plastic residuals from material recovery facilities with simulated plastic waste.2007 [3] AlkaZadagaonkar (et al):- Conversion of waste plastic into liquid fuels. A major breakthrough in the arena of non-conventional sources of energy. Information Brochure and Technical. Write [4] S. Navya Sree, A.V. Krishna Chaitanya, B.L.N. Krishna Sai, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine Fuelled with Waste Plastic Oil and Dimethyl Carbonate, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(7), 2017, pp [5] V.Rushendrareddy, T.Surendra and B.Rahul Use of Waste Plastic In Flexible Pavements. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 8(5), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com