BIOLOGY: GLOBAL WARMING. 22. Q1.) What is global dimming? Why is it dangerous? (3)

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1 BIOLOGY: GLOBAL WARMING 22. Q1.) What is global dimming? Why is it dangerous? (3) A1.) Air pollution increases the number of tiny solid particles in the air. The sulphur products from the burning of fossils fuels are part of this problem. So is smoke from any type of burning. These particles reflect sunlight so less light hits the surface of the Earth. This causes a dimming effect. Global dimming could lead to a cooling of the temperatures at the surface of the Earth. 18. Q2.) Which pair of gases contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect? (1) A = Oxygen and carbon dioxide; B = Carbon dioxide and methane; C = Water vapour and carbon dioxide; D = Sulfur dioxide and water vapour. A2.) B 22. Q3.) Why is methane a harmful gas for the environment? (1) A3.) It is also a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. 22. Q4.) Why is the concentration of methane increasing? (2) A4.) More rice fields and cattle have led to increased levels of methane in the atmosphere because rice and cattle both produce cattle as they grow. 22. Q5.) What are peat bogs? Where are they found? What is their role? (3) A5.) Peat bogs form over thousands of years, usually in marshy areas. They are made of plants material that cannot decay completely because the conditions are very acidic and lack oxygen. Peat acts as a massive carbon store. 22. Q6.) Where is peat mostly used? Why is it a problem? What is the government doing to reduce the amount of peat being used? (4) A6.) Peat is mostly burned as a fuel and is also widely used by gardeners because it helps to improve the properties of the soil. When peat is burned or used in gardens, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide store is lost. The UK government is trying to persuade gardeners to use alternative peat free composts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. 22. Q7.) What others sources can compost be made from- other than peat? (2) A7.) Compost can be made from bark, garden waste, from coconut husks. 23. Q8.) Using the following words, complete the sentences below: warms; absorbed; air; energy; space; radiates; infra-red; atmosphere. (5)

2 Solar energy passes through the. and.. the Earth s surface. The Earth. heat energy back into the atmosphere. This is mainly radiation. Some of the heat energy is by the greenhouse gases. This causes the atmosphere to warm up. A8.) Air; warms; radiates; infra-red; absorbed. 22. Q9.) Briefly explain global warming? (2) A9.) Increasing levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere give an increased greenhouse effect, leading to global warming- an increase in the temperature of the surface of the Earth. 22. Q10.) Why is the destruction of plants, rainforests helping to increase global warming? (2) A10.) Carbon dioxide is sequestered in plants and water, so cutting down plants or rainforests releases all this carbon dioxide in the environment. And more carbon dioxide means more global warming. 22. Q11.) In detail, explain the greenhouse effect. (5) A11.) Energy from the Sun reaches the Earth and much of it is radiated back into the space. However, gases such as carbon dioxide and methane absorb some of this energy, so it can t escape. As a result, the Earth and its surrounding atmosphere are kept warm and ideal for life. Because carbon dioxide and methane act like a greenhouse around the Earth, they are known as greenhouse gases. The way they keep the surface of the Earth warm is known as the greenhouse effect and is vital for life on Earth. 22. Q12.) In detail, explain the consequences of global warming. (10) A12.) Changes in Earth s climate: there will be an increase in sever and unpredictable weather conditions, along with an increase in temperature. Very high winds, tornados, extensive floods are seen around the world as early examples of the effects of global warming. A rise in sea levels: when the Earth warms up, the ice caps at the North and South Pole glaciers will melt. This will cause sea levels to rise. This will eventually cause parts of countries, or even whole low-lying countries (e.g. Bangladesh) to disappear beneath the seas. Reduced biodiversity: as the climates changes, many organisms will be unable to survive and will become extinct. Changes in migration patterns: as climates become colder or hotter, and the seasons change, the migration patterns of birds, insects and mammals may change.

3 Changes in distribution: some animals may extend their range as climate changes makes conditions more favourable. Others may find their range shrinks. Some will disappear completely from an area or a country. 01. Q13.) Using the following words, complete the sentences below: climate; carbon dioxide; temperature; atmosphere; biodiversity; methane; global warming. (4). and levels in the atmosphere are increasing and contributing to... An increase in temperature of only a few degrees could cause climate change and affect. A13.) Carbon dioxide; methane; global warming; biodiversity. 22. Q14.) Apart from methane and carbon dioxide, what are the other greenhouse gases? (2) A14.) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) & Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). 22. Q15.) Which gas do catalytic converters convert into carbon dioxide? Which gas goes into a catalytic converter, and which comes out? (2) A15.) Carbon monoxide goes into a catalytic converter, and carbon dioxide comes out. 22. Q16.) List the three main origin sites of methane? (3) A16.) Decomposition of waste in landfill sites by microorganisms, Fermentation by microorganisms in the rumen of cattle and other ruminants, Fermentation by bacteria in rice paddy fields. 02. Q17.) Complete the table below to show how the effects of pollution can be reduced. (18) PROBLEM POSSIBLE INDIVIDUAL ACTION POSSIBLE GOVERNMENT/INDUSTRIAL ACTION Global warming greenhouse gases, (CO 2, CH 4 ) Acid rain (SO 2, NO X )

4 Ozone depletion (overuse of CFC s). Organic pollution of water Nitrate pollution of water Pesticide pollution of soils. A17.) PROBLEM POSSIBLE INDIVIDUAL ACTION POSSIBLE GOVERNMENT/INDUSTRIAL ACTION Global warming greenhouse gases, (CO 2, CH 4 ) Use as little energy as possibleless than needs to be generated; reduce use of private transport as far as possible. International agreements to set acceptable levels of CO 2 emissions; reduce deforestation; encourage sustainable felling and

5 Acid rain (SO 2, NO X ) Ozone depletion (overuse of CFC s). Organic pollution of water Nitrate pollution of water Pesticide pollution of soils. Reduce use of private transport as far as possible: reduce use of electricity where possible. Reduce use of any aerosol containing CFC s. Individual farmers can ensure safe storage and use of organic fertiliser (manure). Individual farmers can make more use of organic farming practises- use of crop rotations and organic manure; we can encourage organic farming by buying more organic produce. Individual farmers can reduce use of pesticides and use biological control and crop rotation to limit pests build up. replanting schemes; encourage use of more recycled metals. Legislation to enforce desulfurisation of emission from powers stations; encourage use of cleaner fuels such as natural gas and low sulphur petrol. International legislation to restrict the use of CFC s. Legislation to enforce treatment of sewage before discharge into waterways. Increase monitoring of waterways; legislation to limit levels of nitrates in water. Encourage development of safer pesticides. 23. Q18.) Complete the table below. (24) POLLUTANT SOURCES EFFECTS OF POLLUTANT ON ENVIRONMENT Sulphur Dioxide Carbon Dioxide

6 Methane Nitrogen oxides Sewage Industrial chemical waste, includes variety of toxic substances including lead, mercury and cyanide. Fertilisers Pesticides for killing pests and diseases Solid waste (bio degradable and non-bio degradable rubbish) Non-biodegradable plastics

7 Nuclear fall out A18.) POLLUTANT SOURCES EFFECTS OF POLLUTANT ON ENVIRONMENT Sulphur Dioxide Burning fossil fuels. Cause of acid rain. Carbon Dioxide Burning fossils fuels. Enhances greenhouse effect Methane Cattle and paddy fields for Enhances greenhouse effect growing rice, coal and oil extraction. Nitrogen oxides Motor vehicles, fertilisers. Cause of acid rain. Sewage Industrial chemical waste, includes variety of toxic substances including lead, mercury and cyanide. Human and livestock waste contains urea, ammonia, protein, carbohydrates, fats and pathogens. Factories. Reduces oxygen concentration in rivers, destruction of freshwater communities. Can be fatal to wildlife and humans; can accumulate in organisms. Fertilisers (mainly N and P) Arable agriculture. Eutrophication in fresh water lakes (Rivers, lakes). Pesticides for killing pests and diseases Arable agriculture & livestock agriculture. Accumulates in food chains, kills harmless species. Herbicides for killing weeds Solid waste (bio degradable and non-bio degradable rubbish) Arable agriculture Domestic and industrial waste Spray drift kills harmless plants, persist in the environment. Buried in ground or left on rubbish tips. Health hazard, leakage of toxic liquids and release of methane. Non-biodegradable plastics Packing Buried in ground, does not decay so takes up space. Nuclear fall out Atomic bomb, accidents at nuclear power stations, nuclear tests. Death with high exposure, cancers in humans, mutations in non human species.

8 18. Q19.) Which source of energy does not lead to additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? (1) A = Hydroelectric; B = Oil; C = Coal; D = Wood. A19.) A 18. Q20.) Which of the following is not a result of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere? (1) A = Rising sea levels; B = Global warming; C = Melting polar ice caps; D = Hole in ozone layer. A20.) D 22. Q21.) What is the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials? (2) A21.) Biodegradable materials are the ones that are broken down in the environment by decomposers. Non bio-degradable materials are the ones that are not broken down in the environment by decomposers.