1 Background 2 The situation in Indonesia 3 Experiences from waste management in Germany 4 Requirements for waste incineration plants 5 Acceptance of

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1 The importance of pollution control for the acceptance of waste treatment plants recommendations for the waste management sector in Indonesia based on experiences in Germany Prof. Dr. habil. Uwe Lahl, Technical University (TU) of Darmstadt, Adjunct Professor at Universitas Indonesia Dr. Barbara Zeschmar-Lahl, BZL Kommunikation und Projektsteuerung GmbH, Oyten (D) 1

2 1 Background 2 The situation in Indonesia 3 Experiences from waste management in Germany 4 Requirements for waste incineration plants 5 Acceptance of waste treatment facilities 6 Conclusions 7 How can countries in transition benefit from these experiences? 8 International solutions needed 2

3 Focus of Global Waste Management Outlook: Shortterm: elimination of open burning of municipal solid wastes and similar wastes & closing of large open dumps, replacing them with controlled disposal facilities by Midterm: waste avoidance and 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) by 2030 Needed: a change of awareness and the habits of people is a long process. Technical waste treatment plants are still needed. 3

4 Government has tried to accelerate the application of WtE in seven cities (Jakarta, Tangerang, Bandung, Surabaya, Surakarta, Makassar and Semarang) by Presidential Regulation (Perpres) However, this regulation was annulled by the Supreme Court a few weeks ago, following a request by various civic groups stating that incinerators were dangerous for health and the environment. It is actually a known fact that incinerator can cause serious damage due to their hazardous residue and toxic fumes, if not managed properly. (thejakartapost.com, February 1, 2017 ) 4

5 Focus of waste management in the 1990ies: Pollutant emission reduction of dump sites by turning waste itself into an effective barrier by pretreatment Termination of the deposition of untreated waste in mid-2005: Great decrease of CO 2 emissions (GWP methane = 28) Recycling and incineration of waste saved about 1% of primary energy consumption in Germany Germany's success in reducing its greenhouse gas balance by more than 20 % is mainly associated with a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the waste sector. 5

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7 Development of disposal of organic waste on landfills, of methane formation on and emission of methane from landfills in the years 1990 to 2050, in million Mg CH 4 ; forecast (2009) Prognos AG & Öko-Institut e.v. (2010) 7

8 Waste management in Germany relieves the national greenhouse gas balance IFEU, Öko-Institut

9 Range of operating values of German MSWI plants 2014: dust Each bar represents one incinerator and represents the mean of all measured daily average values for one year. Some plants have indicated the average values of their lines. The average values are based on the number of lines and are therefore not averaged with the waste throughput. 9

10 Range of operating values of German MSWI plants 2014: NOx Each bar represents one incinerator and represents the mean of all measured daily average values for one year. Some plants have indicated the average values of their lines. The average values are based on the number of lines and are therefore not averaged with the waste throughput. 10

11 Range of operating values of German MSWI plants 2014: PCDD/F (TE) Each bar represents one incinerator and represents the mean of all measured daily average values for one year. Some plants have indicated the average values of their lines. The average values are based on the number of lines and are therefore not averaged with the waste throughput. 11

12 Dioxin emissions by source groups in Germany 1990 to 2007 Löschau, M

13 WtE: Residual wastes generated Ashes and slags: Strong limits for ashes and slags from waste incineration plants serving as controlled secondary mineral construction materials Air pollution control (APC) residues: no recycling, but disposal on safe and controlled landfills (because of high contents of u.o. POPs and heavy metals) Input-output-balances: Determination of transfer factors for POPs of individual plants can prove reduction effect. 13

14 Credibility: Results of online-measurement made public in real time, e.g. in the internet, here by MSWI Spittelau (Vienna, Austria) Source: Screenshot, h"ps:// 14

15 Credibility: Electronic display boards in the entrance area of MSWI Duesseldorf 15

16 Modern incinerators, designed, built and operated with state of the art, only contribute to a very small amount to the total load of pollutants on site. Early and transparent information can help to keep the resistance to a low threshold. Other motives can influence the acceptance (e.g. as fear of accidents, noise, loss of value of property). A high air pollution control standard is indispensable for acceptance. Operating values should be noticeably below the legally fixed or individually set sharper limit values by warranty of the system manufacturers. 16

17 WtE is an established and well recognized technology for waste treatment and energy recovery in industrialized countries. Should countries in transition like Indonesia get closer to this technological standard? Under health and environmental aspects, the destruction of organic pollutants (and pathogens) by a state-of-the-art waste incineration plant is likely to be less problematic than the deposition on an unsecured landfill or an open combustion. Social problems such as the loss of jobs for waste pickers are to be taken seriously and solved with social programs. 17

18 Solid waste in Jakarta Source: Own graph, using data published by Damanhur et al.,

19 One important cause of the problem are chemicals in products (CiP), like e.g. flame retardants, several POPs or heavy metals (mercury, cadmium). For recycling, this is even a bigger problem than for waste incineration. Non-BAT recycling often leads to site contamination. CiP information is a key component in achieving safe recycling and high quality recycled materials. Currently there is no relevant chemical content information exchange along the life cycle of CiP. 3R-programs (reduce, reuse, recycle) can only be realized successfully if the problem of CiP is addressed, too, in particular by policy. 19

20 Besides (hazardous) chemicals in products, the problem of lacking recyclability of many products has to be solved. Example: Cross-section of a chip bag Complex products like these need to be re-designed to become recyclable and therefore available as (secondary) raw material for the manufacture of new products. SOURCE: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1991, cited by Richards and Frosch,

21 International standards are needed making design for recycling or design for recyclability (or design for sustainability) obligatory in product design. The legal basis for these systems lies in the extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR has been introduced in numerous EU directives and national regulations. Existing regulations are not sufficient, especially as they concern only selected product groups (cars, batteries, electronic devices, packages) and do not apply in all markets worldwide. This problem can only be solved on an international level, too. 21

22 Problem: hazardous chemicals like heavy metals (e.g. mercury, cadmium) and/or POPs (PCBs, PBDPE, PFOS, pesticides...) in products or selected waste streams (e.g. waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), accumulators and batteries,...) Recycling has to face the problem of hazardous chemicals in products (CiP), too. Incineration of hazardous waste streams or nonrecyclable waste treatment residues represents an important building block for problem solving. Recycling or Incineration not a contradiction! 22

23 Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl Technische Universität Darmstadt Fachbereich 13 Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften Franziska-Braun-Straße Darmstadt uwe.lahl@mv.bwl.de 23

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25 Immission control The concerned citizens part expects that the better or best systems for pollution control should be installed see techniques for dust removal or HCl-deposition. 25

26 Recycling and incineration of waste saves about 1% of primary energy consumption in Germany (BMU 2007) BMU

27 Selected emission limits for WtE-plants in Germany (100%, purple) vs. emission values measured until 2005 (green), in 2014 (red) and for a model plant in 2017 (blue) 27

28 Preload and additional load for toxicologically relevant pollutants calculated for a planned MSWI, SPM = suspended particulate matter, DD = Dust deposition The authors comment (original text in German, translated by the authors of this lecture): For both the organic substances as well as the (dust-bound) metals it is clear that the measured preload is virtually unchanged by the calculated additonal burden. For the organic substances, the proporton of the additonal burden on the total load is between 0.32% to 0.007%. For the metals, the proporton in the suspended partculate maver is in a slightly higher range between 6.63% and 0.04%, but in the dust depositon, however, only between 0.31% and 0.04%. 28

29 Classes: UNEP (2013): Toolkit for IdenTficaTon and QuanTficaTon of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other UnintenTonal POPs under ArTcle 5 of the Stockholm ConvenTon. h"p://toolkit.pops.int/publish/downloads/unep-pops-toolkit-2012-en.pdf and h"p://toolkit.pops.int/publish/downloads/unep-pops-toolkit-pcdd-pcdf-efs.en.xls A B including dust from boiler and dedusting, residues from flue gas cleaning without filter dust, residues from flue gas cleaning and filter dust including slag 29

30 Comparison of different methods for dust removal Quicker P. et al

31 Comparison of different methods for HCl-deposition Quicker P. et al