Nuclear Application in Asia

Transcription

1 The 32 nd IAEE International Conference June 21-24,2009 Energy,Economy, Environment The Global View Nuclear Application in Asia Tuesday, JUNE 23,2009 Makoto Takada Senior Coordinator, Nuclear energy Group The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

2 Nuclear application in Asia how to utilize nuclear Power in Developing countries of Asia (except Super populous Countries and Nuclear advanced countries ) (1) Present situation a. Power Generation b. Advantages of nuclear Power c. Nuclear power development program (IEEJ Estimation) (2) Problems for introduction of Nuclear Power in Asia a. Alternative power sources b. power grid c. Training & Education d. NPT (3) Solution a. small & Middle size Nuclear reactor b. Nuclear/Magnesium Cycle (4) Recommendation

3 (1) Present Situation a.power Generation Electric power generation(2006) and Nuclear power development program Nuclear Developing Countries in Asia nation Coal Oil Gas Hydro Others Total Nuclear Devlp. Program (GW) IEEJ Estim. (GW) (2030) Philippne 15,294 4, ,939 10,466 56, Indonesia 58,643 38,717 19, , , Vietnam 9,691 2,289 20,915 23, , Thailand 24,927 8,521 94,026 8,125 3, ,742 2 (2020) 2 (2021) 2 Malaysia 23,135 2,735 58,622 7, ,563 2(2025) 0 singapore 0 8,677 30, , Myanmar ,480 3, , Cambodia 0 1, , Mongolia 3, , Electric power generation : IEA Energy Balance of Non-OECD Countries(2008) Nuclear power Program/IEEJ EST.:IEEJ 2008 Mar. Survey One GW reactor generate about 7,000GWh ( 7TWh) electricity, a year

4 Electric Power Generation (2006) and Nuclear development program Nuclear Major Countries in Asia nation Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Others Total Nuclear Power Gen. Capacity (GW) (2006) IEEJ Estim. (GW) (2030) China 2,301,403 51,469 14,217 54, ,786 6,487 2,864, Taiwan 125,815 20,369 38,102 39,870 4,088 3, , India 508,362 31,475 62,092 18, ,599 9, , Korea 152,910 23,800 72, ,750 3, , Japan 298, , , ,430 85,760 27,230 1,090, Electric power generation : IEA Energy balance of OECD countries (2008) Nuclear power generation capacity and Estimation. : IEEJ Survey, Mar.,2008

5 b. Advantage of Nuclear Power (i) small influence by volatile fuel price and less influence by world oil price fluctuation (ii) Less environment pollution c. Nuclear Power Development Program A number of countries have their own Nuclear development program,but realistic programs are by only 3 countries, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand. Nuclear major countries are China, India, Korea, Taiwan, Japan. Meanwhile, Taiwan has a nuclear phase-out policy, but the phase-out program would be delayed. China has announced more aggressive program.

6 (2) Problems in the introduction of Nuclear Power in Asia The latest designed large nuclear power rector are too big for nuclear developing countries and causes problems as follows, a. Alternative power sources Operation outage is essential for reactor s refueling and maintenance, then Nuclear power needs alternative power generation capacity or power grid from other power generation centre. Double investment b. Power grid Big nuclear power station needs well developed grid for efficient use of the Nuclear power station. C. Training & Education difficult to employ well trained and educated operator d. NPT Strict IAEA inspections are required

7 (3) Solutions a. Small & Middle size Nuclear Reactors Recently safe small modular type nuclear reactors are designed and proposed, which has advantages as follows; (i) inherent safety (ii) Scalable modular design (iii) Passive safety (iv) Factory made and barged or railed to site (shop manufactured and no on-site construction), which means short construction period and stable quality (v) Sequential partial plant outage (vi) close location to the power demand center, and no need of long grid Recommended small and middle size of nuclear reactors are as follows, because their licensing procedure are advanced and developing projects are realistic. (i) 4S (Super-safe, Small and Simple) (ii) PBMR (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor) (iii) NuScale (iv) B&W mpower

8 Recommended type of Small & Middle Size Nuclear Reactors Developing company name Output (MWe) Rector type NRC licensing situation Estimated additional developing Cost ($USMillion) Remarks Japan Toshiba 4S 10~50 Na cooling Fast reactor Preapplication done Design Certificate been supported by Oil sand industry South Africa PBMR Ltd. PBMR 165 High temperature Gas reactor resuming 1,000 gas turbine is to be changed To steam turbine design USA NuScale Power NuScale 45 Integrated small scalable modular PWR Preapplication Design Certificate Not clear Scalable up to 24 Units USA B&W B&W mpower 125 Integrated modular PWR Preapplication Design certificate Not clear Have been announced In June, 2009

9 Toshiba / 4S (Super-Safe, Small and Simple) Design/developing : Toshiba Reactor type: sodium cooled fast reactor Output : 10MWe(30MWt),/50MWe(135MWt) Size : 3m(d), 18.0m(h) Fuel : metal fuel Features: 1. no refueling over years 2. simple core burn-up without control rods 3. factory fabrication of the reactor unit 4.short construction period 5. minimum maintenance and inspection of reactor components 6. negative reactivity coefficient 7.safety system independent on the emergency power Heat exchanger Electromagnetc pump core reflector

10 PBMR (pty) ltd./ PBMR(Pebble Bed Modular Reactor) compressors Design/Developer : PBMR (pty) Ltd., ESCOM Reactor type : helium cooled high temperature gas reactor Output : 165MWe(400MWt) 400MWt Size : 6.2m(d) X27m(h) Features : 1. about 450,000 fuelspheres (pebble) 2. graphite moderator 3. Passive safety 4. consist of triple coated particle isotropic particles contained in molded graphite sphere 5. high temperature (900 ) 6. high efficiency 7. module building 8. process heat application Remarks: Originally planned to use direct gas turbine generator, but now changed to use steam generator. He circulators Steam generator Gas turbin e

11 NuScale Design/ developing : NuScale Power, Inc. INEEL Oregon State University Reactor type : Modular integrated PWR Output : 40MWe Size : 4.53m(d) X 18.29m(h) Fuel : half length of PWR Features : 1.passive safety 2. Primary coolant moved by natural circulation 3.single pressure vessel contains reactor core and steam generator 4.scalable, 1 to 24 units 5. coolant pressure and steam pressure are half of typical PWR

12 B & W / mpower Design/Developing: Babcock & Wilcox Reactor type: Integrated Modular PWR Output : 125MWe Size : 4.5m(d) x 23m(h) Fuel : conventional standard PWR fuel Features: 1. passive safety 2. scalable 3. factory-made and railed to site 4. 5 year operating cycle 5. sequential partial- plant outage 6. spent fuel pool for the life of the reactor 7.secure underground containment

13 b. Nuclear -Magnesium Cycle (Indirect use of Nuclear Power) Proposition (1) produce magnesium by Molten salt electrolysis of magnesium chloride by nuclear power generation (2) magnesium generate power by burning or by fuel cell (3) magnesium oxide is to be recovered and recycled to above (1) Advantages (1) Nuclear-magnesium cycle does not produce CO2 (2) the magnesium is a kind of battery, or storage of Electric Power (3) the magnesium can be stored for long time and can be transported by vessel (4) the magnesium can generate electric power by Fuel cell or burning as a substitute for coal. (5) Nuclear developing countries can indirectly use nuclear power without the difficulties as above mentioned problems instead of introduction of nuclear power (6) Magnesium produce hydrogen and drive fuel cell vehicle efficiently which does not emit CO2

14 Magnesium production by international nuclear joint venture (1) concentrated production by nuclear power under the strict IAEA inspections (2) nuclear power generation center is to be located at unpopulated and isolated safe area, (3) easy to protect against terrorism by international safe guards Nature of Magnesium (1) Affinity for plants and animals (2) No ignition under 650 (3) Very abundant on the earth (Clark number:1.93) Others (1) This cycle can be used for other energy alternatives,such as solar power, wind power,bio energy or any other energy as far as electric power is generated. It means common products are magnesium and could be deemed energy currency, which is common media for any kind of energy (2) A simple example calculation shows that a fuel cell vehicle can run 500Km by 40cm 3 magnesium(70kg) and 50Kg water, which can be smaller for the fuel cell produces water.

15 (4) Recommendation [I].Invest to the developing Project and secure the equity of the reactor project. For the huge investment is required for the development of new type nuclear reactors there should be a chance to secure some equity of the projects. merits equity of the most advanced nuclear power reactor project, and profits from the project bring up domestic nuclear industries advantageous position to secure nuclear power reactors, not only small-middle size reactor but also a large reactors for most of them are also involve in the developing large reactors, opportunities of training and education for citizens, which is the important for future of the industries [II] Indirect Nuclear use through Nuclear-Magnesium Cycle, the safest way in the NPT point of view Although, no one is promoting this concept at present. Remark: this concept is investigated by Dr. Yabe of Tokyo Institute of technology, but he is only studying for the use of the Solar power. But in order to commercialize the concept we should be based on nuclear power and expand it to other alternative energies.

16 CONTACT Makoto Takada Senior Coordinator The Institute of energy Economics, Japan Address: Inui Bldg., Kachidoki,13-1 Kachidoki 1Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo Phone : 81-(0) FAX : 81-(0) takada@tky.ieej.or.jp