Contents. Tribute to a great thermodynamicist Professor Lucien Borel

Transcription

1 Contents Preface Tribute to a great thermodynamicist Professor Lucien Borel v vii CHAPTER 1 Generalities and fundamental laws 1 l.a Cooling of a copper piece 1 l.b Shock of a container against a wall 3 l.c Work transfer relative to a closed system 6 l.d Mechanical power of a steam turbine 7 l.e Water power brake 9 l.f Irreversibility in a cooled compressor 10 l.g Irreversibility in a heat transmitter (heat exchanger). 12 l.h Cooling at constant pressure Oxidation of glucose 15 l.j Work and heat transfer relative to a closed system 16 l.k Car battery 17 l.l Slowing down of a car 17 1.M Irreversibility during heating 18 CHAPTER 2 Closed systems and general thermodynamic relations A Poly tropic compression B Thermal factors 23 2.C Polytropic factor 24 2.D Isochoric specific heat 26 2.E Entropy change of a gas 27 2.F Enthalpy and entropy changes of a liquid 29 2.G Shock of a sphere in freefall 31 2.H Fundamental relations between state functions Compression of oxygen according to different paths J Compression of air under different conditions 39 2.K Filling of a bottle 45 2.L Expansion without dissipation 46 2.M Experiment of Torricelli N Relations of Maxwell Isothermal compression 49 CHAPTER 3 Balances of extensive entities 51 3.A Water dispenser 51

2 xii CONTENTS 3.B Weighing of a receiver with flows C Mixture of two liquid jets 54 3.D Emptying of a reservoir 56 3.E Propulsion of a boat 59 3.F Launch of a rocket 60 3.G Pipe link 62 3.H Reaction force on a bent pipeline Thrust of a turboreactor 65 CHAPTER 4 Open systems in steady-state operation A Stack of a thermal power plant 67 4.B Central heating plant of a building 70 4.C Inflating the tube of a tire 74 4.D Supercharging system of a Diesel engine 77 4.E Radial compressor 79 4.F Inlet diffuser of a turboreactor 84 4.G Pitot tube 86 4.H Flow in a channel of constant section Flow in a simple nozzle J Flow in a Laval nozzle 93 4.K Curtis turbine 95 4.L Single- or multi-stage compression M Expansion in a turbine N Compression system Prandtl tube P Dimensioning of a Laval nozzle Q Mass flow measurement with an orifice 109 CHAPTER 5 Thermodynamic properties of matter A State function of a perfect gas Ill 5.B Experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule C Joule-Thomson expansion D Irreversible expansion of a perfect gas E Reversible expansions of a perfect gas F Work relative to an isothermal expansion G Isochoric heating of water H Equations of state Fusion by compression J Calorific measurements K Ejector L Joule-Thomson expansion of water (in liquid phase) M Kinetic theory of gases N Earth atmosphere Equilibrium of a balloon P Isobaric heating and partial vaporisation of water

3 CONTENTS xi 5.Q Isochoric heating and isobaric cooling of a perfect gas R Heat of vaporisation 155 CHAPTER 6 Mixture of ideal or perfect gases A Characteristics of a town gas B Compression of a mixture of nitrogen and of argon C Heating and compression of combustion gas D Mixture of gas flowing in a thermal energy transmitter (heat exchanger) E Mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, in a hermetic enclosure F Fabrication of synthetic air G Expansions and mixing of gases H Change of the concentrations of a mixture of nitrogen and of carbon dioxide Mixing of air and of methane, in steady-state operation J Characteristics of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen K Characteristics of a gas of a blast furnace L Compression of a mixture of ethane and air M Change of the composition and compression of a mixture of ethane and propane N Introduction of nitrogen in a reservoir of hydrogen Conditioning of fumes for drying 186 CHAPTER 7 Mixtures of a gas with a condensable substance A Mixture of two mixtures B Wet cooling tower C Humidification of the air of a room D Condensation on a wall E Paraisothermal compressor F Drying of a product G Air conditioning of an indoor swimming pool H Air conditioning of an office in summer State of the air in a room J Characteristics of atmospheric air K Cooling of air by humidification L Cold room M Air conditioning of an office in winter 227 CHAPTER 8 Thermodynamic processes and diagrams A Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas B Emptying of a compressed air tank C Feeding a start-up turbine D Expansion of steam in a turbine 238

4 xii CONTENTS 8.E Phase change of water F Displacement of a piston by expansion of a gas G Processes relative to the expansion of helium H Theoretical cycle of a hot air engine Theoretical cycle of a Diesel engine J Typical thermodynamic processes K Condensation of a refrigerant L Phase change of carbon dioxide M Production of compressed air N Processes during a cycle 268 CHAPTER 9 Simple examples of application of the First and Second Laws A Process of conversion from mechanical energy to internal energy (experiment of Joule) B Expansion without transfer of mechanical energy (experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule) C Expansion with transfer of mechanical energy D Energy conversion processes E Evolution of a heterogeneous system F Heat transfer between two bodies 274 CHAPTER 10 Energy and exergy analyses (thermomechanical processes) A Reheater of a nuclear power plant B Cold room of a refrigeration plant C Condenser of a steam power plant D Open and closed feedwater reheaters E High pressure turbine of the power plant of Leibstadt F Paraisothermal compressor of a refrigeration plant G Cooled compressor H Liquid air production plant Cost of energy relative to a cogeneration plant J Ejector K Expansion without work transfer (Experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule) L Flow in an orifice M Heat transfer between two parts N Isochoric mixture of two gases Mixing of several gases, in steady-state conditions P Isochoric heating Q Isobaric heating R Heating under steady-state conditions S Thermal energy storage 316

5 CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER 11 Combustion A Combustion of a light oil 319 ll.b Incomplete combustion of heavy oil 321 ll.c Combustion of natural gas 327 ll.d Dewpoint of combustion gases 333 ll.e Combustion chamber of a thermal power plant F Industrial steam boiler G Cooling and diffusion of a plume of combustion gas in the atmosphere H Gasoline engine Incomplete combustion J Turboreactor of a airplane 357 ll.k Liquid fuel for a steam boiler 362 ll.l Bomb calorimeter M Influence of the reference conditions on the heating value 365 ll.n Characteristics of a liquid fuel Combustion of hexane 367 ll.p Combustion chamber of a gas plant Q Thermal losses of a combustion chamber 368 CHAPTER 12 Examples of application of chapter 10 and A Combustion chamber B Steam boiler C Internal combustion engine 376 CHAPTER 13 Thermodynamic cycles A Beau-de-Rochas or Otto cycle B Stirling cycle C Ericsson's pseudo-cycle D Cycle of a hot air engine E Simple Diesel cycle F Brayton cycle G Rankine cycle H Turboreactor cycle Reversed Brayton cycle J Carnot cycle K Improved Diesel cycle L Statoreactor cycle M Superposed thermopump cycles N Reversed pseudo-stirling cycle Reversed pseudo-ericsson cycle P Comparative study of theoretical power cycles Q Comparative study of theoretical thermopump cycles R Comparative study of theoretical frigopump cycles.. 426

6 xii CONTENTS 13. S Study of theoretical cogeneration cycles 428 CHAPTER 14 Applications: Examples from Chapters 10 to A Atmospheric cooling of a condenser B Industrial open cycle gas turbine C Gas-steam combined cycle plant D Closed cycle gas turbine, with two shaft lines E System of compression thermopump (heating heat pump system) F Compression frigopump system (cooling heat-pump system) G Liquid helium production plant H Turbocompression frigopump system Simple steam power plant J Steam cycle with reheat K Steam power plant, with extraction L Steam power plant, in quasi-steady-state operation, M Cogeneration steam power plant N Open cycle gas turbine Thermopump plant with a semi-hermetic compressor P Frigopump system with subcooler 490 CHAPTER 15 Linear thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena A Source of entropy in a bar B Thermocouple C Thermoelectric generator D Thermoelectric module E Thermoelectric thermopump 512