Bioplastics. in the context of the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy. Prof. Pavol ALEXY, PhD.

Transcription

1 Bioplastics in the context of the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy Prof. Pavol ALEXY, PhD. pavol.alexy@stuba.sk Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers

2 OUTLINE

3 1. Introduction OUTLINE

4 1. Introduction OUTLINE 2. Terminology and classification of plastics

5 OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and classification of plastics 3. Plastics and environment

6 OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and classification of plastics 3. Plastics and environment 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management

7 OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and classification of plastics 3. Plastics and environment 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution?

8 OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and classification of plastics 3. Plastics and environment 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

9 OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and classification of plastics 3. Plastics and environment 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 7. Actual solutions and possibilities

10 OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and classification of plastics 3. Plastics and environment 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 7. Actual solutions and possibilities 8. Future development in ecological plastics

11 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

12 1. Introduction Two faces of plastics:

13 1. Introduction Two faces of plastics:

14 1. Introduction Plastic statistic: Global plastic production: >300 million tonnes/year

15 million tonnes 1. Introduction Plastic statistic: Global plastic production: >300 million tonnes/year European demand of plastics : 49 million tonnes/year Total Packaging Bilding and contruction Automotive Electronics

16 1. Introduction Plastic waste statistic: Plastics waste Quantity Total amount in EU 26 mil. tonnes/year Packaging part 59%=15 mil. tonnes/year Collected for recycling 30% Landfilling 31% Incineration 39%

17 1. Introduction Plastic waste statistic: Plastics waste Quantity Total amount in EU 26 mil. tonnes/year Packaging part 59%=15 mil. tonnes/year Collected for recycling 30% Landfilling 31% Incineration 39% tonnes of plastic waste enter the oceans in the EU

18 1. Introduction Substitution of plastic packaging by traditional materials : Is it real ecological solution or not?

19 1. Introduction Substitution of plastic packaging by traditional materials : Is it real ecological solution or not? If all plastic packaging materials will be substitute by glass, wood and metal, then:

20 1. Introduction Substitution of plastic packaging by traditional materials : Is it real ecological solution or not? If all plastic packaging materials will be substitute by glass, wood and metal, then: Weight of packaging materials will increase 4x Consumption of : - paper products will increase by 52% - glass products will increase by 21% - metal products will increase by 51%

21 1. Introduction Substitution of plastic packaging by traditional materials : Is it real ecological solution or not? If all plastic packaging materials will be substitute by glass, wood and metal, then: Weight of packaging materials will increase 4x Consumption of : - paper products will increase by 52% - glass products will increase by 21% - metal products will increase by 51% In means consequently : - transport expenses and energy consumption will increase to 201% - waste volume will increase to 256%

22 1. Introduction Substitution of plastic packaging by traditional materials : Is it real ecological solution or not? Exclusion of plastics from packaging is not real ecological solution

23 2. Terminology and classification of plastics

24 2. Terminology and classification of plastics Basic criteria for plastic classification:

25 2. Terminology and classification of plastics Basic criteria for plastic classification: A) According to origin of raw material which were used for plastic production

26 2. Terminology and classification of plastics Basic criteria for plastic classification: A) According to origin of raw material which were used for plastic production B) According to ability to degradation in the microbial environment

27 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material

28 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material FOSSIL BASE Crude oil, coal, natural gas RENEWABLE BASE Products of living organisms (plants and animals)

29 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material FOSSIL BASE Crude oil, coal, natural gas RENEWABLE BASE Products of living organisms (plants and animals) They undergo to decomposition in microbial environment BIODEGRADABLE They are resistant to biological decomposition NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS classification according to biodegradability

30 bioplastic 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material FOSSIL BASE Crude oil, coal, natural gas RENEWABLE BASE Products of living organisms (plants and animals) They undergo to decomposition in microbial environment BIODEGRADABLE They are resistant to biological decomposition NON-BIODEGRADADBE POLYMERS classification according to biodegradability

31 bioplastic bioplastic 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material FOSSIL BASE Crude oil, coal, natural gas RENEWABLE BASE Products of living organisms (plants and animals) They undergo to decomposition in microbial environment BIODEGRADABLE They are resistant to biological decomposition NON-BIODEGRADADBE POLYMERS classification according to biodegradability

32 bioplastic bioplastic 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material FOSSIL BASE Crude oil, coal, natural gas RENEWABLE BASE Products of living organisms (plants and animals) They undergo to decomposition in microbial environment BIODEGRADABLE They are resistant to biological decomposition NON-BIODEGRADADBE POLYMERS classification according to biodegradability

33 bioplastic bioplastic 2. Terminology and classification of plastics POLYMERS classification according to raw material FOSSIL BASE Crude oil, coal, natural gas RENEWABLE BASE Products of living organisms (plants and animals) They undergo to decomposition in microbial environment BIODEGRADABLE They are resistant to biological decomposition NON-BIODEGRADADBE POLYMERS classification according to biodegradability

34 3. Plastics and environment 3. Plastics and environment

35 3. Plastics and environment 1.problem Plastics are resistant against the biodegradation, remain in the nature for many years, reduce the living space of organisms, cause extinction of animals...

36 3. Plastics and environment Green house effect, global warming effect 2. problem CO 2 Produced plastics which are based on fossil raw materials cause global warming effect after their decomposition

37 3. Plastics and environment According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market:

38 3. Plastics and environment According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market: RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic NON-BIODEGRADADBE Bio-PE Bio-PP Bio-PET 1. Problem is not solved: Plastics remain in nature many years

39 3. Plastics and environment According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market: RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic NON-BIODEGRADADBE FOSSIL BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE Bio-PE Bio-PP Bio-PET 1. Problem is not solved: Plastics remain in nature many years PVA PCL PBAT 2. Problem is not solved: Degradation causes green house effect

40 3. Plastics and environment According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market: RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic NON-BIODEGRADADBE FOSSIL BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE Bio-PE Bio-PP Bio-PET 1. Problem is not solved: Plastics remain in nature many years PVA PCL PBAT 2. Problem is not solved: Degradation causes green house effect TPS PLA PHA

41 3. Plastics and environment According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market: RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic NON-BIODEGRADADBE FOSSIL BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE Bio-PE Bio-PP Bio-PET 1. Problem is not solved: Plastics remain in nature many years PVA PCL PBAT 2. Problem is not solved: Degradation causes green house effect TPS PLA PHA Both problems are solved

42 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management

43 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Definition of main sources of plastic pollution:

44 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Definition of main sources of plastic pollution: - Single-used plastics represent main source of plastic waste - Small packaging, cups, lids, straws, cutlery. etc.

45 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Definition of main sources of plastic pollution: - Single-used plastics represent main source of plastic waste - Small packaging, cups, lids, straws, cutlery. etc. - Microplastics - it represents new growing phenomenon which causes introducing of plastics also in food chain - Up to tonnes/year are released in EU

46 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Definition of main sources of plastic pollution: - Single-used plastics represent main source of plastic waste - Small packaging, cups, lids, straws, cutlery. etc. - Microplastics - it represents new growing phenomenon which causes introducing of plastics also in food chain - Up to tonnes/year are released in EU - Incineration of plastics waste give rise globally 400 million tonnes of CO 2 a year

47 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management EU vision for new plastics economy :

48 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management EU vision for new plastics economy : - Plastic products have to be designed for greater durability

49 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management EU vision for new plastics economy : - Plastic products have to be designed for greater durability - By 2030 more than half of plastic waste in EU will be recycled

50 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management EU vision for new plastics economy : - Plastic products have to be designed for greater durability - By 2030 more than half of plastic waste in EU will be recycled - By 2030 all plastic packaging on EU market will be either recycled or reusable

51 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management EU vision for new plastics economy : - Plastic products have to be designed for greater durability - By 2030 more than half of plastic waste in EU will be recycled - By 2030 all plastic packaging on EU market will be either recycled or reusable - Plastic waste have to be more integrated with chemical industry - Plastic waste should be the raw material for chemical processes

52 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management EU vision for new plastics economy : - Plastic products have to be designed for greater durability - By 2030 more than half of plastic waste in EU will be recycled - By 2030 all plastic packaging on EU market will be either recycled or reusable - Plastic waste have to be more integrated with chemical industry - Plastic waste should be the raw material for chemical processes - Plastic recycling helps reduce EU dependence on fossil fuels and reduce CO 2 emission

53 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality:

54 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality: - Collection and separation of plastic waste

55 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality: - Collection and separation of plastic waste - Recycling of plastic waste

56 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality: - Collection and separation of plastic waste - Recycling of plastic waste - Improving of plastic products design

57 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality: - Collection and separation of plastic waste - Recycling of plastic waste - Improving of plastic products design - Creation of market for recycled plastics

58 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality: - Collection and separation of plastic waste - Recycling of plastic waste - Improving of plastic products design - Creation of market for recycled plastics - Development of plastics based on renewable sources

59 4. EU strategy in plastic waste management Main tools for turning vison into reality: - Collection and separation of plastic waste - Recycling of plastic waste - Improving of plastic products design - Creation of market for recycled plastics - Development of plastics based on renewable sources - Establishing a clear regulatory framework for biodegradable plastics

60 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution?

61 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastics, wide family of materials with wide spectrum of properties:

62 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastics, wide family of materials with wide spectrum of properties: - Processing (rheological) properties processing temperatures, viscosity

63 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastics, wide family of materials with wide spectrum of properties: - Processing (rheological) properties processing temperatures, viscosity - Mechanical properties - Density - From rigid to flexible - From hard to soft - From fragile to tough, etc.

64 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastics, wide family of materials with wide spectrum of properties: - Processing (rheological) properties processing temperatures, viscosity - Mechanical properties - Chemical properties - Density - From rigid to flexible - From hard to soft - From fragile to tough, etc. - Degradation stability - Resistance to chemicals - etc.

65 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastics, wide family of materials with wide spectrum of properties: - Processing (rheological) properties processing temperatures, viscosity - Mechanical properties - Chemical properties - Hygienic properties - Density - From rigid to flexible - From hard to soft - From fragile to tough, etc. - Degradation stability - Resistance to chemicals - etc. - Food contact - Microbial stability - Toxicity properties, etc.

66 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastics, wide family of materials with wide spectrum of properties: - Processing (rheological) properties processing temperatures, viscosity - Mechanical properties - Chemical properties - Hygienic properties - Special properties - Density - From rigid to flexible - From hard to soft - From fragile to tough, etc. - Degradation stability - Resistance to chemicals - etc. - Food contact - Microbial stability - Toxicity properties, etc.

67 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Basic classes of polymers which are frequently used: Chemical synthesis based on crude oil Polyethylene

68 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Basic classes of polymers which are frequently used: Chemical synthesis based on crude oil Polypropylene

69 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Basic classes of polymers which are frequently used: Chemical synthesis based on crude oil PET

70 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Basic classes of polymers which are frequently used: Chemical synthesis based on crude oil PVC

71 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Basic classes of polymers which are frequently used: Chemical synthesis based on crude oil Polystyrene

72 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Basic classes of polymers which are frequently used: Polymer (plastic) Characterization PE Non-polar, medium viscosity, processing temp C 240 C Relatively stable during processing PP PVC PS Non-polar, low- medium viscosity, processing temp C Slightly sensitive during processing Polar, wide range of viscosities, processing temp C Highly sensitive to degradation during processing Low polar, medium viscosity, processing temp C PET Low viscosity, processing temp C Highly sensitive to degradation by hydrolysis

73 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Changes in properties during processing and recycling: Polymer (plastic) Changes PE PP PVC PS PET Degradation, changes in viscosity, melt elasticity, mechanical properties Degradation, decreasing of melt viscosity, mechanical properties Strong degradation, increasing of viscosity, HCl deliberation, effective stabilization is necessary Degradation, changes in viscosity, color, mechanical properties Decreasing of viscosity, mechanical properties

74 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Changes in properties during processing and recycling: Polymer (plastic) Changes PE PP PVC PS PET Degradation, changes in viscosity, melt elasticity, mechanical properties Degradation, decreasing of melt viscosity, mechanical properties Strong degradation, increasing of viscosity, HCl deliberation, effective stabilization is necessary Degradation, changes in viscosity, color, mechanical properties Decreasing of viscosity, mechanical properties - well separated waste is required - limited repeatability, usually no more than 2-3 times - virgin material usually is necessary to applied - usually additionally stabilization is required - food contact is problematic if recycled plastic is applied

75 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing 1. cycle

76 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing Plastic waste 1. cycle 1. cycle

77 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing Plastic waste 1. cycle 1. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation

78 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing Plastic waste 1. cycle 1. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 2. cycle

79 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing Plastic waste 1. cycle 1. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 2. cycle

80 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing Plastic waste 1. cycle 1. cycle 2. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 2. cycle

81 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Virgin plastic Products Processing Plastic waste 1. cycle 1. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation

82 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Plastic waste 3. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 3. cycle

83 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Plastic waste 3. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 3. cycle

84 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Plastic waste?after usage 3. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 3. cycle

85 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Plastic waste?after usage 3. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 3. cycle

86 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Plastic waste?after usage 3. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 3. cycle

87 5. Plastic recycling final or temporary solution? Plastic s life cycle and recycling Plastic waste From this point of view, recycling is temporary solution?after usage 3. cycle Collection, separation, cleaning, melting and pelletisation 3. cycle

88 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

89 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy LINEAR ECONOMY MODEL

90 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy LINEAR ECONOMY MODEL CIRCULAR ECONOMY MODEL

91 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

92 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

93 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1.

94 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1.

95 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1.

96 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1.

97 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1.

98 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1.

99 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1. 2.

100 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1. 2.

101 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1. 2.

102 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1. 2.

103 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 1. 2.

104 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

105 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

106 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

107 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy

108 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy 2. 3.? 1.

109 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy CO Petrol-based

110 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy CO Petrol-based NON-biodegradable

111 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy CO 2 Petrol-based NON-biodegradable Real recycling of synthetic plastics: IS IT CIRCULAR OR SPIRAL ECONOMY?

112 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

113 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio H 2 O bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

114 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio CO 2 H 2 O bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

115 Biomass 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio CO 2 H 2 O bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

116 Biomass 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio CO 2 H 2 O bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

117 Biomass 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio CO 2 H 2 O bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

118 Biomass 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio CO 2 H 2 O bio biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

119 Biomass 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy bio 3. bio 2. Recycling of bio-plastics 1. CAN BE REAL CIRCULAR bio ECONOMY CO 2 H 2 O WITH CLOSED LOOP!!! biodegradation Bio - degradable Bio - based

120 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy History of bioplastics: 1. Water soluble PVA packaging (fossil based, biodegradable)

121 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy History of bioplastics: 1. Water soluble PVA packaging (fossil based, biodegradable) 2. PE/starch blends (fossil/bio based, partially biodegradable)

122 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy History of bioplastics: 1. Water soluble PVA packaging (fossil based, biodegradable) 2. PE/starch blends (fossil/bio based, partially biodegradable) 3. Oxobiodegradable plastics (fossil based, no biodegradation, )

123 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy History of bioplastics: 1. Water soluble PVA packaging (fossil based, biodegradable) 2. PE/starch blends (fossil/bio based, partially biodegradable) 3. Oxobiodegradable plastics (fossil based, no biodegradation, ) 4. PCL/starch blends (fossil/bio based, biodegradable)

124 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy History of bioplastics: 1. Water soluble PVA packaging (fossil based, biodegradable) 2. PE/starch blends (fossil/bio based, partially biodegradable) 3. Oxobiodegradable plastics (fossil based, no biodegradation, ) 4. PCL/starch blends (fossil/bio based, biodegradable) 5. PLA, PHB (bio based, biodegradable)

125 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy History of bioplastics: 1. Water soluble PVA packaging (fossil based, biodegradable) 2. PE/starch blends (fossil/bio based, partially biodegradable) 3. Oxobiodegradable plastics (fossil based, no biodegradation, ) 4. PCL/starch blends (fossil/bio based, biodegradable) 5. PLA, PHB (bio based, biodegradable) 6. PBAT and its blends, mainly with PLA and TPS (fossil based, partially bio based, biodegradable with potential harmful residuals)

126 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market: RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic NON-BIODEGRADADBE FOSSIL BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE The most frequently applied bioplastics on the market TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET

127 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy According to present commonly used terminology, 3 classes of bioplastics exist on the market: RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic NON-BIODEGRADADBE FOSSIL BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE RENEWABLE BASE bioplastic BIODEGRADABLE The most frequently applied bioplastics on the market TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET

128 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET

129 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET Full bio-based and biodegradable, but low mechanical and barrier properties, high moisture sensitivity

130 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET Full bio-based and biodegradable, but low mechanical and barrier properties, high moisture sensitivity Full biodegradable, good flexibility but petrol-based, poor shape stability at higher temperature

131 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET Full bio-based and biodegradable, but low mechanical and barrier properties, high moisture sensitivity Full biodegradable, good flexibility but petrol-based, poor shape stability at higher temperature Compostable (industrial), good mech. properties but petrol-based, biodeg. is problematic

132 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET Full bio-based and biodegradable, but low mechanical and barrier properties, high moisture sensitivity Full biodegradable, good flexibility but petrol-based, poor shape stability at higher temperature Compostable (industrial), good mech. properties but petrol-based, biodeg. is problematic Full bio-based, compostable (ind.), high strength but very brittle, poor shape stability at higher temperature, physical ageing

133 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET Full bio-based and biodegradable, but low mechanical and barrier properties, high moisture sensitivity Full biodegradable, good flexibility but petrol-based, poor shape stability at higher temperature Compostable (industrial), good mech. properties but petrol-based, biodeg. is problematic Full bio-based, compostable (ind.), high strength but very brittle, poor shape stability at higher temperature, physical ageing Full bio-based and biodegradable, good barrier properties but very brittle, poor processing

134 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Why these bioplastics does not meet full ecological requirements: TPS PCL PBAT PLA PHB Bio PE, PET Full bio-based and biodegradable, but low mechanical and barrier properties, high moisture sensitivity Full biodegradable, good flexibility but petrol-based, poor shape stability at higher temperature Compostable (industrial), good mech. properties but petrol-based, biodeg. is problematic Full bio-based, compostable (ind.), high strength but very brittle, poor shape stability at higher temperature, physical ageing Full bio-based and biodegradable, good barrier properties but very brittle, poor processing Full or partially bio-based, properties like synthetic plastics but partially petrol based, no biodegradability

135 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Solutions of problems : TPS Blending with other polymers PCL, PBAT, PLA for mechanical properties improvement

136 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Solutions of problems : TPS Blending with other polymers PCL, PBAT, PLA for mechanical properties improvement These modification solve the main problems of TPS only partially. PCL and PBAT introduce into blend petrol based polymers, PLA does not solve brittleness, all applied polymers cannot improve shape stability at elevated temperatures

137 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Solutions of problems : TPS PBAT PLA Blending with other polymers PCL, PBAT, PLA for mechanical properties improvement These modification solve the main problems of TPS only partially. PCL and PBAT introduce into blend petrol based polymers, PLA does not solve brittleness, all applied polymers cannot improve shape stability at elevated temperatures Blending together for mechanical properties of PLA improvement (flexibility mainly), for introducing of bio-based material into petrol based PBAT, blending with starch for biodegradation improvement and price decreasing

138 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Solutions of problems : TPS PBAT PLA Blending with other polymers PCL, PBAT, PLA for mechanical properties improvement These modification solve the main problems of TPS only partially. PCL and PBAT introduce into blend petrol based polymers, PLA does not solve brittleness, all applied polymers cannot improve shape stability at elevated temperatures Blending together for mechanical properties of PLA improvement (flexibility mainly), for introducing of bio-based material into petrol based PBAT, blending with starch for biodegradation improvement and price decreasing The same problems with shape stability at elevated temperatures, due to PBAT problems with potential aromatic intermediates during the biodegradation process, biodegradation only in industrial compost conditions

139 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Solutions of problems : TPS PBAT PLA Blending with other polymers PCL, PBAT, PLA for mechanical properties improvement These modification solve the main problems of TPS only partially. PCL and PBAT introduce into blend petrol based polymers, PLA does not solve brittleness, all applied polymers cannot improve shape stability at elevated temperatures Blending together for mechanical properties of PLA improvement (flexibility mainly), for introducing of bio-based material into petrol based PBAT, blending with starch for biodegradation improvement and price decreasing The same problems with shape stability at elevated temperatures, due to PBAT problems with potential aromatic intermediates during the biodegradation process, biodegradation only in industrial compost conditions PHB No real solution exist presently for solving of very poor processability of PHB. It is used only in small quantities as modifier. Other PHAs exhibit higher potential, but due to high price they are no applicable in wider range.

140 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy What is the current position of bioplastics in recycling system? - It have to be defined what kind of bioplastics is going on - Question is if bioplastics will be recycled separately or together with other plastics in one stream

141 6. Position of plastics and bioplastics in circular economy Are bioplastics consistent with conventional plastics recycling? -The most dangerous are oxobiodegradable plastics They act as prodegradant, cause strong decreasing of processing as well as mechanical properties of recycled plastics - Others according to type and origin, but in principle cause: - changes in rheological properties - changes in degradation stability - changes in mechanical properties Therefore, bio-based biodegradable plastics are not recommended for mixing with conventional plastics in recycling stream

142 7. Actual solutions and possibilities

143 7. Actual solutions and possibilities All modern solutions should accept following principles: o The best ecological solution in plastics production represents renewable raw materials (bio-based) regardless of biodegradability o The best ecological plastic waste elimination is biodegradation, but only in case of bio-based plastics. Biodegradation of petrol based plastics is not safe for global environment protection o Regardless of biodegradability, recycling of all plastics is highly needed for all plastics o Plastic applications which cannot be effectively separated from waste stream and they create a litter, have to be designed based on bio-based and biodegradable plastics as much as possible with ability to degrade in marine water, fresh water as well as in soil and home compost BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY: o Not all petrol based plastics can be substituted by bio-based ones in this time o Not all non-biodegradable plastics can be substituted by biodegradable ones

144 7. Actual solutions and possibilities Based on previous principles : o Acceleration of bio-based plastics development is necessary in the both alternatives : o Non-biodegradable ( presently BioPP, BioPE already exist, partially bio-bases is BioPET ) o Biodegradable ( presently PLA, PHA, TPS ) o Biodegradable bio-based plastics have to be separated from other plastic waste with high efficiency (on every places where it can be possible) o Labeling system have to be improved o Legislation and policies have to be modified (created) o Composting of these plastics must be readily available o Recycling level of all recyclable plastics should be as high as possible o Recycling of petrol based plastics (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) o Recycling of bio-based plastics non-biodegradable (like BioPP, BiOPE.) o Recycling of bio-based biodegradable plastics

145 7. Actual solutions and possibilities In the present (transition) period For faster acceleration of bio-based biodegradable plastics applications in daily life should be done: o Improving of application properties of such materials o Finding of more economical way for production of them o Finding suitable application system how to utilize ecological benefits of bioplastics as high as possible o Application of bioplastics system in closed communities (hotels, hospitals, schools, administrative buildings etc.) according to smart cities concept

146 8. Future development in ecological plastics

147 8. Future development in ecological plastics The task is finding of renewable raw materials for plastic production out of food chain: o Organic waste, mainly from food industry (waste vegetable oil, animal fats for example) o Cellulose based on agriculture waste ( straw for example) o Cellulose from fast growing woody plants o Lignin as wood industry waste for aromatic plastics production Improving efficiency for plastic recycling Development of material recycling for bio- based biodegradable plastics for more effective utilization of natural sources of raw materials

148 Thank you