Water Footprint of Energy Production Dr Philippe A. Tanguy, Total

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1 Water Footprint of Energy Production Dr Philippe A. Tanguy, Total

2 Opening the faucet to wash hands or drink is a common gesture taken for granted - However, in 2013, M people have no access to potable water M people have no decent sanitation services

3 World Population Megatrends - 1 Urbanization (city size) Nature (June 23, 2011) 500 cities of 1+ million in Asia in United Nations 2012

4 Megatrends - 2 Mobility Daily Calorie Intake Nature (June 23, 2011) Prinn & Reilly : 1 billion vehicles on the road 2040: 2 billion vehicles (up to 2.6b)

5 Water Demand Deadlock BAU Scenarios will not meet demand for raw water 5

6 6 Water Scarcity Map

7 The relation between GDP and energy use is well established but Energy Use, GJ per capita Global Trend EU-15 North America China $0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 GDP per capita, US$ 1995 ppp IEA data 7

8 The relation between GDP and water use is much more complex 8

9 Energy-Water-Food Nexus Carbon footprint Water footprint Land footprint 9

10 Water Needs in Cooling Systems EPRI 2002 The consumptive use is strongly affected by the selection of the cooling system 10

11 Water Footprint in Power Generation Power Generation Life Cycle Water Consumption (Wind and Dums 2012) 11

12 Water Footprint in the Oil Industry Water production in the world oil industry: 75% 250 M barrels water / day Average worldwide Water Oil Ratio is 3 A ratio that increases as fields become mature Regulations are more and more stringent Sources: Argonne National Laboratory 2009 IFPEN

13 Unconventional Hydrocarbons GAS COAL BED SHALES METHANE OIL SHALES OIL SANDS Porous Reservoir Coal seam Oil Sands Tight reservoir Clay formation 13

14 Athabasca Oil Sands 14% - Fines (clay, minerals) 71% - Sand particle 10% - Bitumen film 5% - Water envelope 14

15 Mining and In-situ Extraction Methods 20 m 100 m Currently Mined Pit Mining Mining Established resources = 34 Bb 20% of resources Depth In-situ Established resources = 136 Bb 80% of resources In-situ / Thermal / SAGD 15 Source Natural Resource Canada

16 Mining Extraction Method - 1 Ore crushing at edge of mine pit Hydrotransport from mine to plant 16

17 Mining Extraction Method m 24m Separation of bitumen from sand 17

18 Mining Extraction Method - 3 Belt filter for dry tailings Thickening (removal of water) Fine tailings pond 18

19 Mining Extraction - Water Flows MINING Crusher ORE PREPARATION Slurry Preparation Surge Reject Slurry Hydrotransport SRU Settlers, FSU Froth Dry bitumen Solvent Water make-up from River PSC Middli ngs Flotati on Secon dary Flotatio n Froth Treatment Tailings LEGEND DDA; dedicated disposal area TT: thickened tailings FTT: froth treatment tailings MFT: mature fine tailings TFT: thin fine tailings SRU: solvent recovery unit TSRU: tailings SRU PSC: primary separation cell ore & tailings bitumen-rich stream water solvent 19 TSRU FROTH TREATMENT Thickener Thickened Tailings DDA MFT Water management Water recycle TFT/MFT TFT Pond TAILINGS MANAGEMENT EXTRACTION FROTH PRODUCTION Centrifuge Cake Sand Beach Hydrocyclone Coarse Tailings Fine Tailings

20 20 SAGD Extraction Method

21 21 SAGD Extraction Water Flows

22 Water Footprint in Oil Sands Mining 80% of water needs from recycled water Significant use of site run off Withdrawal of make-up water from Athabasca river In-Situ 95% of water needs from recycled water Withdrawal of make-up water from groundwater wells Net Water Withdrawal Intensity (bbl water per bbl bitumen) In-Situ Mining bl/bl bl/bl 22

23 Shale Gas Resources Technically recoverable resources and 2009 Consumption (Tcf) Source: MIT 23

24 What is Gas Shale? A very simple petroleum system: A continuous gas accumulation across a basin that is at the same time: A source rock A reservoir with conventional porosit A trap GAS SHALE 24

25 Hydraulic Fracturing Water Footprint Hydraulic Fracturing 1,000+ m horizontal 5-20 fracs per well km 3 water/well 30-70% water flowback Water processing Water reuse Use of well clusters 25

26 Impact on Water, Land and Community Implementing Management Best Practices! 26

27 Biotechnology Pathways Organic Waste Lignocellulose Forest Residues Lignocellulose Energy Crops Oil Crops Starch Crops Sugar Crops Adapted from Murphy et al In principle, biomass can provide all our needs: energy, molecules, fuels

28 Biofuels: Many Questions Many countries (Europe, USA, Brazil, etc.) have developed policies to Support agricultural sector Improve security of energy supply Reduce greenhouse gas emissions In Europe, correct the diesel/gasoline unbalance G1 (ethanol and FAME from food crops) Availability of suitable land for crops Deforestation Competition with other uses (DLUC, ILUC) Impact on food prices Water consumption Net energy balance Costs G2 (residues and non-food crop sources) Supply chain organization Conversion technology and costs 28 Howells et al 2011 Biodiversity

29 Water Footprint for G1 Biofuels 29 Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer 2009

30 Biomass Trade and Virtual Water Flow Bradley et al

31 Land Suitability for G2 Feedstocks 31 What effects on biodiversity and ILUC? Data from Global Agro-Ecological Zones (FAO, 2011)

32 G3 Biofuels 32 algal biomass lipid = 30% dry matter

33 G3 Biofuel Production Technology Christi

34 G3 Water Challenges Unlocking the economics and the environmental impact - Production costs: 300 $ per bbl - Energy consumption - Yield - Harvesting process - CO2 content, etc. 5% of transport fuel in the US = M L (2012) - Water major concern : 123 M T water - Use of nitrogen fertilizers: 15 MT nitrogen, 2 MT phosphorous NAS

35 Carbon and Water Trade-offs 35 Lux Research 2009

36 Carbon and Water Trade-offs Renewable Energies 36 Lux Research 2009

37 Water Recycling and Reuse Reclaimed water: Treated wastewater suitable for beneficial purpose Reuse: Utilization of appropriately treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for some further beneficial purpose, e.g. Agriculture Recycling: Reuse of treated wastewater 37 Asano 1999

38 38 Water in Fuel Production System

39 Industrial Water Recycle and Reuse Clean water recycle Energy efficiency Energy efficiency Reduction of fresh water intake Fresh Water In Process Units Production Physical Variation Concentration Variation Composition Variation Partial Treatment Wastewater Plant Water Out ZLD and waste valorization Water reuse Grey water Decrease of water consumption Grey water recycle 39

40 Towards Smart Water Sustainability issues Surface water quality, rights and flows Groundwater quality, rights and flows Water disposal, recycling and treatment Water demand vs. seasonal and climatic variations in supply Process water availability, handling and reuse Water consumption and use in energy generation Calculate water footprint Develop technologies to clean wastewater and responsible methods to dispose the removed contaminants Enhance use of lower quality (municipal) water for industrial processes and beneficial reuse of water with minimal treatment Design processes to reduce evaporative losses to the atmosphere Promote cooperative use of water Carry out system and risk analysis Investigate cumulative effects and impact, adapt regulations and legal environment to new practices 40 Needs of a system approach