Material flow accounts (MFA) in Hungary

Transcription

1 Phare Multi-beneficiary Statistical Cooperation Program in 2003 Technical Assistance, Environmental accounts Material flow accounts (MFA) in Hungary Final report Prepared by Enikı Drahos Lajos Kaposi Gábor Szilágyi Hungarian Central Statistical Office 2005

2 Table of content 1. Preface Methodological background Data sources Used domestic extraction Fossil fuels Minerals Biomass Import and export Table structure for the direct material inputs of Hungary Results Fossil fuels and minerals Biomass Import and export Indicators derived from the data sets Future extension of the Hungarian MFA List of Figures List of Tables Annex Material flow indicators Detailed table of import Detailed table of export

3 1. Preface This sub-project Material flow accounts is a part of the environmental accounting/environmental statistics project of the Phare Multi-beneficiary Statistical Cooperation Program in 2003 Technical Assistance ( the action ). This project is financially funded by Eurostat, for the time period of January-December, Experts of several areas participate in the project, representing the fields of national accounts, agricultural as well as environmental statistics. The aim of the project was to develop the input side of material flow accounts for Hungary to the widest possible extent for the years Besides, we calculated the indicators deriving from these accounts such as Direct Material Input (DMI) and Domestic Material Consumption (DMC). For compiling the tables we adopted the recommendations of Eurostat s methodological guide (Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators) in order to establish a harmonized system of MFA for Hungary. One of the aims of the project was to find the appropriate data sources and to map all the available data for the compilation of domestic extraction, import and export tables of Hungary for the above-mentioned timeframe. Hungary has no tradition in regular data compilation on material flow accounts at all. Therefore, the work had to be started from zero, with studying of methodology and mapping all the available data sources. This report serves as a summary of the work done in 2005, and also gives a good starting point for our hopefully more extensive work in this field in the future. 3

4 2. Methodological background In the preliminary stage of the project we studied the methodological recommendations of Eurostat and filtered the relevant parts applicable for the Hungarian economy. We followed the economy-wide material balance scheme of Eurostat so we also excluded air and water flows 1. In the scope of this project we concentrated on the direct material input categories: domestic extraction of raw materials and biomass as well as import and export. We were only working on the compilation of direct flows for the following reasons: The data are more easily available therefore we do not need complicated estimations and assumptions. In this field data are more reliable compared to indirect flows, which are not easy to estimate. All the Hungarian MFA tables and databases are methodologically consistent with the Eurostat recommendations. We also formed a coherent and comparable description of the tables and results in order to efficiently contribute to the harmonized system of the European material flow accounts. Figure 1 1 Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators, Eurostat (2001), p

5 3. Data sources One of the basic aims of the project was to map all the available data sources relevant for the material flow accounting. First, we assessed the statistical data sources of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in the field of fossil fuels and minerals as well as biomass products. Other administrative data sources were also used in the project, especially in the field of fossil fuels and minerals, where no detailed data structure is available from statistical data compilations and data collections Used domestic extraction For the compilation of used domestic extraction tables we used production data instead of consumption ones. Our assumption was as follows: Production of [Fossil fuels + Minerals + Biomass] = Used domestic extraction 3.2. Fossil fuels The main data source used in our project is the database of the Hungarian Geological Survey, while the rest of the data was obtained from the Mining Bureau of Hungary. Both are fully comprehensive and administrative databases. We also received data from the Industrial Statistics Department (HCSO). Annual observation of products covers in each sub-branch the enterprises carrying out 90% of the national production (basis of calculation is the net sales of industrial activities); therefore the scope of data suppliers differs from sub-branch to subbranch: enterprises with 5 or more/10 or more/20 or more employees. Annual reports of enterprises are considered as additional data sources Minerals Act XLVIII of 1993 on Mining had set up a legal framework for restructuring the system of geological institutions. The Mining Bureau of Hungary (MBH) was established as supreme authority of mineral prospecting and mining activity. The Mining Act also set forth the establishment of the Hungarian Geological Survey (HGS), defined its basic duty, and divided responsibilities and powers of authority between HGS and MBH. 5

6 Section 25, Clause 1 reads: Geological data and information on the quantity, quality, and position of mineral raw materials exploited by mining activity have to be delivered to the Hungarian Geological Survey. ( According to the Act XLVIII of 1993 MBH has the competence of the mine supervision that includes: (a) technical safety, work protection, construction authority, and market surveillance affairs (the mining of mineral raw materials), (b) technical safety and work protection affairs. The main data source used for producing the tables on minerals is the database of the Hungarian Geological Survey. Other data can be obtained from Mining Bureau of Hungary and Industrial Statistics Department (HCSO) Biomass The data of biomass can be derived from agricultural statistics, based on detailed agricultural data compilations and surveys, for example from the Farm Structure Survey (FSS) and agricultural balances. Agricultural and Environmental Statistics Department of HCSO annually publishes detailed reports on the farm structure in accordance with the requirements of Eurostat. All the detailed data for aggregation of biomass products can be obtained from product balance sheets of agriculture or estimations Import and export The statistical recording of external trade was based on customs documentation. Until 30 April 2002 the Ministry of Economy and Transport and the Central Statistical Office were jointly responsible for the statistical processing of data collected within the framework of the customs procedures by the National Command of Customs and Excise Guard. Afterwards the Central Statistical Office has the only responsibility for producing the external trade statistics. Calculating the import of raw materials, semi-manufactured products and finished products of Hungary we follow the detailed classification of the Eurostat manual and focus on HS/CN categories. The data of import categories are from the External Trade Statistics Department and based on the above-mentioned customs documentation and nomenclature. The data cover all the cross-boundary material flows for the period On the basis of the calculation of used domestic extraction and imports, we present both the Direct Material Input and domestic Material Consumption indicators for the years

7 4. Table structure for the direct material inputs of Hungary The table structure used for calculating DMI and DMC indicators of Hungary are as follows (we followed the Eurostat methodology where it was applicable for Hungary): I.1. Domestic extraction (used) I.1.1 Fossil fuels 1 Hard coal 2 Lignite (Brown coal) 3 Crude oil 4 Natural gas 5 Bituminous crude materials I.1.2 Minerals I Metal ores I Non-ferrous metal ores 1 Bauxite (Aluminium) 2 Manganese I Industrial minerals 1 Special clays 2 Special sands 3 Alginite, peat for agricultural use 4 Other I Construction minerals 1 Building stone (marble, granite etc.) 2 Common clay, clay for bricks etc. 3 Common sand and gravel 4 Cement industry Biomass Biomass from agriculture Biomass from agriculture reported by harvest statistics 1 Cereals 2 Roots and tubers 3 Pulses 4 Oilcrops 5 Vegetables+melons 6 Fruit excl melons 7 Treenuts 8 Fibre crops 9 Other cops Biomass from agriculture as a by-product of harvest 1 Crop residues used as fodder 2 Straw used for economic purposes Biomass from grazing of agricultural animals 1 Grazin on permanent pastures not harvested 2 Grazin on other land (including alpine pastures) Biomass from forestry Wood 1 Coniferous (round) wood 2 Non-coniferous (round) wood Raw materials other than wood Biomass from fishing Biomass from hunting Biomass from other activities (honey, gathering of mushrooms, berries, herbs etc.) 7

8 I.2 Import and export I.2.1. Raw materials I Fossil fuels I Minerals I Metallic minerals I Non-metallic minerals I Biomass I Secondary raw materials I.2.2. Semi-manufactured products I From fossil fuels I From minerals I From metallic minerals I From non-metallic minerals I From biomass I.2.3. Finished products I Predominantly from fossil fuels I Predominantly minerals I Predominantly metallic minerals I Predominantly from non-metallic minerals I Predominantly from biomass I.2.4 Other products I Other products of abiotic kind I Other products of biotic kind I Other products n e c 8

9 5. Results 5.1. Fossil fuels and minerals Among the data sources available the most relevant data for long time period comes from Hungarian Geological Survey. This is not only true in case of data on fossil fuels but also in case of minerals. The time series for fossil fuels, based on data from the publication Mineral resources of Hungary, are published annually by HGS, containing data on the actual changes in reserves. In 2001, there was an outlier in the significantly increasing domestic extraction (Figure 2). This can be attributed to growth of biomass by almost 30% from 2000 to There is a 10% growth in domestic extraction from 2000 to Fossil fuels and minerals increased by 16% from 2000 to tonnes Domestic Extraction 2. Domestic extraction of biomass 1. Domestic extraction of fossil fuels and minerals Composition of DE 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2. Domestic extraction of biomass 1. Domestic extraction of fossil fuels and minerals Figure 2 Figure 3 Domestic Extraction by main material categories Composition of DE tonnes Biomass Construction minerals Industrial minerals, ores Fossil fuels 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Biomass Construction minerals Industrial minerals, ores Fossil fuels Figure 4 Figure 5 Domestic extraction of mineral resources shows a steady growth of 16% from 2000 to This growth is due to the increasing production of construction minerals by 29% at the same period (Figure 4). Domestic extraction of mineral resources is dominated by construction minerals which accounts for 63-69% with increasing proportion in time (Figure 7). Share of 9

10 fossil fuels and industrial minerals and ores in domestic extraction decreases in time (Figure 5). tonnes Domestic extraction of fossil fuels and minerals Fossil fuels Construction minerals Industrial minerals, ores Composition of fossil fuel and mineral production 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Figure 6 Figure 7 0% Construction minerals Industrial minerals, ores Fossil fuels Fossil fuels The following subcategories were included: 1 Hard coal 2 Lignite (Brown coal) 3 Crude oil 4 Natural gas Peat is only used for non-energetic purposes in Hungary, therefore this category does not appear in fossil fuels. Fossil fuels account for about 16-19% of domestic extraction with decreasing tendency and account for 21-26% of fossil fuel and mineral domestic extraction. About half of the fossil fuel demand is fulfilled by domestic extraction and the other half of fossil fuels is imported, whereby the latter is increasing on the account of the former. The composition of domestic extraction of fossil fuels is different from the imports of fossil fuels (Figure 8 and Figure 9). 10

11 Composition of domestically extracted fossil fuels Composition of imported fossil fuels 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Hard coal Lignite (Brown coal) Crude oil Natural gas 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Natural gas Crude oil Coal Figure 8 Figure 9 Domestic extraction of fossil fuels is dominated by coal and lignite which accounts for three quarters (75-76%). It is followed by gas (18%) and oil (6%) (Figure 8). Import of fossil fuels is clearly dominated by gas which accounts for two thirds (58,4-66%) (Figure 9). Oil accounts for 37,7-28% and this shows decreasing tendency. Coal accounts for 3,2-7,7% of imported fossil fuels. For the comparison of domestic extraction of construction minerals per capita in Hungary and that of EU-15 countries we used the following table: Table 1: Domestic extraction of fossil fuels per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 DE of fossil fuels per capita tonnes/capita EU 15 7,0 Austria 0,5 Belgium, Luxembourg 0,0 Denmark 4,7 Finland 0,9 France 0,1 Germany 2,7 Greece 6,0 Hungary 1,9 Ireland 1,7 Italy 0,3 Netherlands 3,9 Portugal 0,0 Spain 0,6 Sweden 0,2 United Kingdom 4,5 Source: New Cronos, Eurostat: Material use in the EU, Hungary has the sixth highest value, Ireland extracted domestically almost the same quantity of material per capita in

12 Minerals The domestic extraction of minerals and ores continuously increased between 2000 and 2003 from thousand tonnes to thousand tonnes. This can be attributed to the growth of domestic extraction of construction minerals at the same period from thousand tonnes to thousand tonnes. The share of construction minerals in minerals is 84-87%, shows an increasing tendency in time. The directly used domestic extraction of metal ores and industrial minerals continuously decreased between 2001 and 2003 from about 9320 thousand tonnes to about 8430 thousand tonnes (Figure 10). tonnes Domestic extraction of minerals Metal ores Industrial minerals Construction minerals 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Composition of domestic mineral extraction 0% Metal ores Industrial minerals Construction minerals Figure 10 Figure Metal ores Ores are the raw materials used for the production of metals. Based on the Eurostat methodological guide (2000) data on ores are reported in gross weight (that means the mass of crude ore is calculated for and not the metal content) Non-ferrous metal ores The following subcategories are counted for: 1 Bauxite (Aluminium) 2 Manganese The production of metal ores shows a decreasing trend from 2000 with 1088 thousand tonnes to 2003 with 716 thousand tonnes. This is only 1,1-2% of minerals, 0,7-1,5% of fossil fuels and minerals and 0,8-1,1% of domestic extraction (Figure 11) Industrial minerals This group of domestic raw materials consists of non-energy and non-metallic minerals. Industrial minerals include 40 raw material types (e.g., noble clays, gypsum, anhydrite, talc, 12

13 glass sand, alginite, perlite, zeolite, etc.). Industrial mineral production of Hungary is well known and well registered. The following subcategories are included: 1 Special clays 1 Bentonite, sepiolite and attapulgite 2 Fire, refractory and flint clay, Andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite (all Alcontaining) 3 Fuller's earth 4 Kaolin 5 Pottery clay (Ceramic industry) 6 Special clay (illite) 2 Special sands 1 Industrial sand 2 Silica sand (quartzsand) 3 Alginite, peat for agricultural use 1 Peat for agricultural use 2 Alginite 4 Other 1 Abrasives, natural (puzzolan, pumice, volcanic cinder etc.) 2 Diatomite 3 Gypsum and anhydrite 4 Kaolinitic sandstone 5 Industrial limestone 6 Metallurgical dolomite 7 Metallurgical limestone 8 Perlite 9 Quality dolomite 10 Quartz and quartzite 11 CO 2 Alginite is a real unique industrial mineral of the Carpathian Basin, which is originated from biomass of fossilised algae and decomposed basaltic tuff. Alginite belongs to the category of oil shale, but it is used as soil improver and conditioner, as well as deodorisation in animal husbandry. The domestic extraction of industrial minerals increased from 7507 thousand tonnes to 8277 thousand tonnes by 2001, after that it decreased to 7714 thousand tonnes by 2003 (Figure 10). In domestic extraction, the share of industrial minerals is about 7%, and that of fossil fuels and minerals is 9-10% with decreasing proportion in time (Figure 11). Domestic extraction of industrial minerals is dominated by special clays (about 60%) and other industrial materials (25-30%)(Figure 12). 13

14 Composition of domestically extracted industrial minerals 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 12 Other Alginit, peat for agricultural use Special sands Special clays For the comparison of domestic extraction of industrial minerals and ores per capita in Hungary and the same data of EU-15 countries we used the following table: Table 2: Domestic extraction of industrial minerals and ores per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 DE of industrial minerals and ores per capita tonnes/capita EU 15 0,4 Austria 0,6 Belgium, Luxembourg 0,0 Denmark 0,1 Finland 2,3 France 0,2 Germany 0,3 Greece 0,7 Hungary 0,9 Ireland 0,9 Italy 0,2 Netherlands 0,3 Portugal 0,2 Spain 0,5 Sweden 2,7 United Kingdom 0,4 Source: New Cronos, Eurostat: Material use in the EU, In most EU member states the value does not exceed 1 ton/capita. Hungary has 0,9 tonnes/capita value, which is caused by the high amount of clay exploitation for building ceramic. If the data on clay for building ceramic would be taken into account under construction minerals, then the per capita value of domestic extraction of industrial minerals and ores would be only 0,4 tonnes. 14

15 Construction minerals This category includes raw materials for cement and lime industry, building stones, sand and gravel, clay for brick and tile industry. Construction mineral production of Hungary is well known and well registered. The following subcategories are included: 1 Building stone (marble, granite etc.) 1 Igneous rock (basalt, basaltic lava, diabase, granite, sandstone etc.) 2 Limestone 3 Sandstone 4 Slate (incl. roof slate) 5 Tufaceous rock 2 Common clay, clay for bricks etc. 3 Common sand and gravel 4 Cement industry 1 Limestone 2 Marl 3 Sand Construction minerals are mainly domestically extracted. The production shows increasing tendency in time from tonnes to tonnes (about 4,6 to 5,8 tonnes per capita respectively) due to the launched economic development plan, named after István Széchenyi, allocating more than Euro for building and construction projects with public cofinancing (Figure 10). In domestic extraction, the share of construction minerals is 46-54%, that of fossil fuels and minerals is 63-69% with increasing tendency in time (Figure 5, Figure 7). Domestic extraction of construction minerals (Figure 13) is dominated by common sand and gravel (about 62-70%). 15

16 Composition of domestically extracted construction minerals 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Cement industry Common sand and gravel Common clay, clay for bricks etc. Figure 13 For the comparison of domestic extraction of construction minerals per capita in Hungary and the same data of EU-15 countries we used the following table: Table 3: Domestic extraction of construction minerals per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 DE of construction minerals per capita tonnes/capita EU 15 7,0 Austria 9,4 Belgium, Luxembourg 7,5 Denmark 12,2 Finland 17,8 France 6,8 Germany 8,8 Greece 7,1 Hungary 4,6 Ireland 6,6 Italy 5,1 Netherlands 3,4 Portugal 7,9 Spain 7,9 Sweden 10,3 United Kingdom 4,5 Source: New Cronos, Eurostat: Material use in the EU, Hungary has the third lowest value, only the United Kingdom and Netherlands extracted domestically less material per capita in

17 5.2. Biomass Data on biomass production in Hungary are shown in the following table: Table 4: Domestic extraction of biomass, in tonnes Biomass from agriculture Biomass from harvest statistics Biomass from harvest statistics, by-products Biomass from grazing of animals Biomass from forestry Biomass from fishing Biomass from hunting Biomass from other activities TOTAL The total amount of biomass extracted is determined by the yield of cereals and other natural factors, like weather, etc. The changes of the main components of biomass are illustrated in the following graphs (Figure 14, Figure 15). Biomass from agriculture Biomass from forestry tonnes Figure 14 Figure 15 In Hungary one-quarter (25,3%) of the domestically extracted materials was organic material in In the EU-15 this rate was a bit higher (29,3%). The amount of domestically extracted biomass per capita was 2,5 tonnes in Hungary, in the EU-15 the same rate is 3,8 tonnes. The biomass production per capita rate was slightly correlating with the size of productive land area per capita rate in the EU-15 countries. In the EU-15, Scandinavian countries, like Finland and Sweden, with huge forest land area have the highest domestically extracted biomass per capita rate, and Ireland with intensive grassland agriculture also shows a rather 17

18 high rate. Economies with intensive agriculture, like the EU-core (Benelux countries, France and Germany) and Denmark have the highest biomass production per productive land area rate. In Hungary the productive land area used for agricultural purposes is high enough to allow the export of agricultural production to a certain extent, but the utilization rate of the productive land area is far below that of the old Member States. The special products with very good quality (called hungaricum ) only have a relatively low volume. Nowadays, Hungary is unable to utilize its agri-economic potential, the production structure is difficult to change and the foreign market demand is limited. The size of arable land is very big in Hungary, among the EU-15 countries only Denmark has a similar size. In kg was harvested on a hectare from cereals, which is 37% lower than the EU-15 average. Regarding other cultures, like fruits and vegetables or grapes and wine production the arrears are more remarkable. Hungary contributes to EU cereal production with 7%, to vegetables and fruit production with 2-3%. The number of livestock (especially species like cattle and sheep) is much lower than that of the EU-15 countries, and the total number decreased significantly in the last 2-3 decades. Therefore, there is only a limited possibility for the utilization of the cereal straw. The situation is getting worse as a result of the developed technologies that are relatively difficult to alter. The grass land area is only used for soil protection. Table 5: Grassland and straw utilization affected by livestock density Hungary EU-15 country Livestock density (per 100 hectares of grassland) Cattle Sheep Produced straw (tonnes per livestock) Cattle 6,4 2,2 Sheep 4,4 1,7 According to the information on the straw used for economic purposes, 90% of the straw remains on ground and is not further used for other purposes. The main reason for that is the above-mentioned gap between the number of sheep and cattle in Hungary and in the EU countries. In the EU-15, the average rate is 75 sheep and 57 cattle per 100 hectares, in Hungary the same rate is 18 and 13, respectively. The amount of straw used as secondary product is also very low, as well as the amount of secondary products used for energy utilization. The rate of grassland utilization has also been decreasing since the early 70 s. The data on straw used for these purposes is based on heavy estimations and can be changed when additional information is available. There might be a slight modification in the total amount of domestically extracted biomass if we are able to refine the estimation methods with additional, available information. One of 18

19 our aims is to compile the revised data sets not only for the biomass production but also for the whole DE and import/export in Import and export The classification of the import and export according to MFA categories enables us to analyse not only the structure of foreign trade of materials, but also the rate of imported materials and domestically extracted materials in the same category. Therefore, we made a breakdown of the foreign trade data by the classical material categories (fossil fuels, minerals and biomass). In this chapter present all the data on import and export of materials, and their comparison to the internationally available data sets. We also make an assessment of each of the import categories in international comparison. Table 6: Import of materials, (in tonnes) IMPORT Raw materials Semi-manufactured products Finished products Total import The total amount of imported materials shows a growing tendency from 2000 to 2003, there is a 21% increase. The raw material import increased with 10%, the import of semimanufactured products with 35% and the import of finished products with 37%. Table 7: Export of materials, (in tonnes) EXPORT Raw materials Semi-manufactured products Finished products Total export The total amount of exported materials also shows an increasing tendency for the abovementioned time period (an overall 16% increase). The raw material export increased with 31%, the export of semi-manufactured products with 12% and the export of finished products with 12%. The following figures show the changes in each of the components of import and export of materials (Figure 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). 19

20 Import and export of raw materials Import and export of semi-manufactured products tonnes tonnes IMPORT EXPORT IMPORT EXPORT Figure 16 Figure 17 Import and export of finished products Total material import and export tonnes tonnes IMPORT EXPORT IMPORT EXPORT Figure 18 Figure 19 Import and export tonnes IMPORT EXPORT IMPORT EXPORT IMPORT EXPORT IMPORT EXPORT Raw materials Semi-manufactured products Finished products Figure 20 For the further analysis it is essential to restructure the import and export data according to the main material input categories. For the comparison of the domestic extraction and the 20

21 import/export of materials we made the breakdown of foreign trade of materials according to the main material categories, such as fossil fuels, minerals and biomass. We assigned the imported and exported products to the material categories directly where the assignment was clear. In the case of other product n e c we used the rate of fossil fuel, minerals and biomass in other import categories for the estimation. Table 8: The main material categories in import, (in tonnes) IMPORT Predominantly fossil fuels Predominantly minerals Predominantly biomass The most significant increase is from the import of materials predominantly from minerals, which is almost 28% from 2000 to 2003.The import of materials from fossil fuels grew with 17% and the import of biomass and biotic products increased with 16%. Hungarian economy relies upon the import of fossil fuels, as the import of natural gas, hard coal and oil is a crucial factor of the energy balance. The import of fossil fuels and related products is 7-8 times higher than the import of biomass that can be seen in following figure. Import according to material categories tonnes Predominantly fossil fuels Predominantly biomass Predominantly minerals Figure 21 Table 9: The main material categories in export, (in tonnes) EXPORT Predominantly fossil fuels Predominantly minerals Predominantly biomass

22 The level of material export is much lower than the level of import. All three of the material categories show some increase from 2000 to 2003 (fossil fuels 29%, minerals 19%, biomass and biotic products 7%) (Figure 22). Export according to material categories tonnes Predominantly fossil fuels Predominantly biomass Predominantly minerals Figure 22 For the comparison of Hungarian import/export data and the same data of EU-15 countries we used the following table: Table 10: Import and export, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 (in 1000 tonnes) Country Import Export EU Austria Belgium, Luxembourg Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Source: New Cronos, Eurostat: Material use in the EU, Hungary has the second lowest total amount of imported materials, only Ireland has a lower value, while Portugal (with almost the same territory and population) imported 50 million 22

23 tonnes of materials in 2000, 35% more than Hungary. In the case of exported goods and materials, Hungary has the third lowest value, only Ireland and Portugal exported less material in In order to get a clearer and more sophisticated picture of the total import and export, we counted for the foreign trade data per capita in each of the EU-15 countries and also for Hungary. Table 11: Import and export per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 (in tonnes) Import/capita Export/capita EU 15 3,8 1,1 Austria 8,1 4,7 Belgium, Luxembourg 23,7 18,1 Denmark 8,4 8,1 Finland 10,4 6,8 France 5,8 3,4 Germany 6,2 3,3 Greece 5,0 2,2 Hungary 3,7 2,0 Ireland 8,2 3,0 Italy 5,7 2,1 Netherlands 17,8 13,4 Portugal 5,0 1,5 Spain 5,6 2,4 Sweden 6,8 6,9 United Kingdom 3,5 3,3 Source: New Cronos, Eurostat: Material use in the EU, According to these data, Hungary has the second lowest total imported materials per capita rate with 3,7 tonnes, only the United Kingdom is left behind with 3,5 tonnes per capita (Figure 23). Import-dependent countries like Benelux has 5-6 times higher rate than Hungary. The total export/capita rate for Hungary (2,0 tonnes) is far above the EU-15 average, there is only one country, Portugal, which has a lower rate (1,5 tonnes). 23

24 Import and export per capita United Kingdom Hungary EU 15 Portugal Greece Spain Italy France Germany Sweden Austria Ireland Denmark Finland Netherlands Belgium, Luxembourg tonnes Import/capita Export/capita Figure 23 We compiled all the available indicators derived from our data sets, including also the Physical Trade Balance (PTB) that shows whether there is a physical trade surplus or deficit in the economy. These indicators can be found in the next chapter Indicators derived from the data sets This chapter describes the set of the available Hungarian indicators. This set contains three important direct material indicators: Direct Material Input (DMI) Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) Physical Trade Balance (PTB) In the scope of the Hungarian MFA pilot study we planned to compile data tables for the three main material input categories: fossil fuels and minerals, biomass and import. We also 24

25 included export tables so that we can measure the physical trade surplus/deficit (Physical Trade Balance). Table12: The main indicators for Hungary (in tonnes) DMI DMC PTB There is a significant change in the value of DMI: it amounted to 154 million tonnes in 2003 which is 13% more, than the data for The DMC also increased with almost 13%, meanwhile the PTB grew with 26%. The DMI/DMC rate shows no changes between 2000 and 2003, it is at the constant level of 17%. Domestic extraction provided about 83-87% of all domestically consumed material. Both the trend of DE and the trend of DMC show similarity (Figure 24). Development of DE and DMC tonnes DE DMC Figure 24 In order to ensure the international comparability, the rate of the main indicators/capita can be found in the following table. Table13: Rate of the main indicators per capita for Hungary (in tonnes) DMI/capita 13,6 14,7 14,7 15,2 DMC/capita 11,6 12,6 12,4 12,9 PTB/capita 1,7 1,6 1,8 2,2 The international data of the main indicators per capita for the EU-15 in 2000 can be found in the next table together with the same data of Hungary. 25

26 Table 14: The main indicators per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 (in tonnes) DMI/capita DMC/capita PTB/capita EU 15 16,8 15,6 2,6 Austria 22,8 18,1 3,4 Belgium, Luxembourg 34,8 16,6 5,6 Denmark 30,8 22,7 0,3 Finland 42,3 35,6 3,6 France 18,7 15,3 2,4 Germany 21,1 17,8 2,8 Greece 18,1 15,9 2,8 Hungary 13,6 11,6 1,7 Ireland 26,7 23,6 5,1 Italy 14,6 12,6 3,7 Netherlands 26,4 13,0 4,4 Portugal 15,8 14,2 3,5 Spain 19,1 16,7 3,2 Sweden 28,3 21,3-0,2 United Kingdom 14,9 11,6 0,2 Source: New Cronos, Eurostat: Material use in the EU, Hungary has the lowest DMI and DMC per capita rate, DMI is 1 ton lower than that of Italy (the second lowest), and is with 3,2 tonnes below the EU-15 average (Figure 25). DMC shows similarities, but Hungarian DMC for 2000 is equal to that of the United Kingdom. DMC of Hungary is with 4,0 tonnes below the EU-15 average. 26

27 Rate of DMI, DMC and PTB per capita, 2000 Belgium, Luxembourg Figure 25 Hungary Italy United Kingdom Portugal EU 15 Greece France Spain Germany Austria Netherlands Ireland Sweden Denmark Finland -5,0 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 tonnes DMI/capita DMC/capita PTB/capita The following table refers to each of the material categories in the percentage of Direct Material Input (DMI). For this table we used the estimation method described in Chapter 5.3. Table 15: Main material categories in % of DMI in % of DMI DE and import of fossil fuels minerals biomass

28 Composition of DMI 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fossil fuels Minerals Biomass Figure 26 The domestic extraction and import of minerals (mainly construction minerals) contributes to the total DMI with around 50% (Figure 26). The situation is more or less the same in every EU-15 country, with the exception of the Scandinavian countries, where forestry has dominance not only in biomass extraction but also in general economic terms. The major part of the Hungarian DMI is formed by non-renewable resources, amounting to about 76-82%. Table 16: Main material categories in % of DMC in % of DMC fossil fuels minerals biomass Minerals (mainly construction minerals) account for more than 50% of total DMC. The share of fossil fuels in DMC is about 30% and biomass is 15-21% (Figure 27). Composition of DMC 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 27 Fossil fuels Minerals Biomass Resource productivity measured as GDP (in 2000 constant prices) per DMI shows almost the same values between 2000 to 2003 ( Euro per tonnes). From 2000 to 2001 it decreased by 6% and from 2001 to 2002 it increased by 2%, in 2003 it remained constant. Values of resource productivity measured as GDP (in 2000 constant prices) per DMC range between 409 and 435 euro per ton. In general the 28

29 resource productivities measured by the different material aggregates developed fairly similarly (Figure28). Different resource productivities Euro per tonnes (index 2000=100%) GDP/DMI GDP/DMC Figure28 29

30 6. Future extension of the Hungarian MFA The following table gives a general overview on the draft timetable for the compilation of the whole MFA for Hungary. 1. Short term (included into this current project) 2. Medium term (for future development) 3. Long term (only with estimations, after 2006) Domestic extraction of raw materials: fossil fuels, minerals, biomass) * Emissions and wastes: emissions to air, waste landfilled, emissions to water ** Unused domestic extraction: from mining and quarrying, biomass from harvest, soil excavation and dredging * Imports * Dissipative use of Indirect flows associated to products * imports * Exports ** Dissipative losses ** Memorandum items for balancing *, ** Memorandum items for balancing *, ** Disposal of unused domestic extraction ** Indirect flows associated to exports ** * input side ** output side Our future plan is to compile the extended time series for the most important material input indicators for the years The three headline indicators that would be included are: Direct Material Input, Domestic Material Consumption and Physical Trade Balance. The extension of these time series would make the international comparison easier and would contribute to analysis of the background processes behind the use of materials. Another plan of ours is to aggregate our data according to the 12 material categories instead of the 4 categories we used in the present project. This would also be very helpful for deeper analysis of material flows. 30

31 7. List of Figures Figure 1: Main components of an economy-wide MFA (according to Eurostat 2001) Figure 2: Domestic Extraction Figure 3: Composition of DE Figure 4: Domestic Extraction by main material categories Figure 5: Composition of DE Figure 6: Domestic extraction of fossil fuels and minerals Figure 7: Composition of fossil fuels and minerals Figure 8: Composition of domestically extracted fossil fuels Figure 9: Composition of imported fossil fuels Figure 10: Domestic extraction of minerals Figure 11: Composition of domestic mineral extraction Figure 12: Composition of domestically extracted industrial minerals Figure 13: Composition of domestically extracted construction minerals Figure 14: Biomass from agriculture Figure 15: Biomass from forestry Figure 16: Import and export of raw materials Figure 17: Import and export of semi-manufactured products Figure 18: Import and export of finished products Figure 19: Total material import and export Figure 20: Import and export Figure 21: Import according to material categories Figure 22: Export according to material categories Figure 23: Import and export per capita Figure 24: Development of DE and DMC Figure 25: Rate of DMI, DMC and PTB per capita, 2000 Figure 26: Composition of DMI Figure 27: Composition of DMC Figure 28: Different resource productivities 31

32 8. List of Tables Table 1: Domestic extraction of fossil fuels per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 Table 2: Domestic extraction of industrial minerals and ores per capita, Hungary and the EU- 15 countries, 2000 Table 3: Domestic extraction of construction minerals per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 Table 4: Domestic extraction of biomass, in tonnes Table 5: Grassland and straw utilization affected by livestock density Table 6: Import of materials, (in tonnes) Table 7: Export of materials, (in tonnes) Table 8: The main material categories in import, (in tonnes) Table 9: The main material categories in export, (in tonnes) Table 10: Import and export, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 (in 1000 tonnes) Table 11: Import and export per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 (in tonnes) Table12: The main indicators for Hungary (in tonnes) Table13: Rate of the main indicators per capita for Hungary (in tonnes) Table 14: The main indicators per capita, Hungary and the EU-15 countries, 2000 (in tonnes) Table 15: Main material categories in % of DMI 32

33 9. Annex 9.1. Material flow indicators In tonnes 1. Domestic extraction of fossil fuels and minerals Fossil fuels Minerals Industrial minerals, ores Metal ores Non-ferrous metal ores Industrial minerals Construction minerals Domestic extraction of biomass Biomass from agriculture Biomass from harvest statistics Biomass from harvest statistics, byproducts Biomass from grazing of animals Biomass from forestry Biomass from fishing Biomass from hunting Biomass from other activities Domestic Extraction Import Raw materials Semi-manufactured products Finished products Direct Material Input Exports Raw materials Semi-manufactured products Finished products Domestic Material Consumption Physical Trade Balance Population (persons) GDP at 2000 price (million EUR) GDP at 2000 price/ capita DE/capita (tonnes) DMI/capita (tonnes) 13,6 14,7 14,7 15,2 DMC/capita (tonnes) 11,6 12,6 12,4 12,9 PTB/capita (tonnes) 1,7 1,6 1,8 2,2 Import/capita (tonnes) Export/capita (tonnes) Resource productivity GDP/DMI (EUR/tonnes) Resource productivity GDP/DMC (EUR/tonnes)

34 9.2. Detailed table of import IMPORT (in tonnes) Raw materials Fossil fuels Minerals Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals Biomass Agricultural Forestry Fish Secondary raw materials Semi-manufactured products from fossil fuels from minerals from metallic minerals from non-metallic minerals from biomass forestry Finished products predominantly from minerals from metallic minerals from non-metallic minerals from biomass other products other products of abiotic kinds other products of biotic kinds agricultural plant products agricultural animal products Animals as products Other biotic products Other products n e c Total

35 9.3. Detailed table of export EXPORT (in tonnes) Raw materials Fossil fuels Minerals Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals Biomass Agricultural Forestry Fish Secondary raw materials Semi-manufactured products from fossil fuels from minerals from metallic minerals from non-metallic minerals from biomass forestry Finished products predominantly from minerals from metallic minerals from non-metallic minerals from biomass other products other products of abiotic kinds other products of biotic kinds agricultural plant products agricultural animal products Animals as products Other biotic products Other products n e c Total