Nairobi Dialogue on Green Building Standards. Marco Schmidt Technische Universität Berlin Institute of Architecture

Transcription

1 Nairobi Dialogue on Green Building Standards Marco Schmidt Technische Universität Berlin Institute of Architecture

2 Energy Optimized Construction:

3 ÜBERSCHRIFT (ARIAL BOLD 22/26)

4 Sankey Diagram: Energy Budget Hospital Agatharied 2013 in MWh

5 Sustainable Infrastructure:

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9 Water Energy

10 700 kwh/ m³ at 45 C Water heated from 30 to 90 C = 70 kwh/m³ Water Energy Phase Change Material (PCM) = 61 kwh/m³

11 Global Radiation Balance Data after physicalgeorgaphy.net

12 Urban Radiation Changes Example: Asphalt roof Berlin in Summer

13 Dramatic reduction in evapo-transpiration on land Daily loss of 800 km² of vegetation worldwide Daily deforestation rate: Daily reforestation: Net loss of forests daily: Daily ongoing global urbanization: Daily global desertification: 450 km² 100 km² 350 km² 150 km² 300 km² Size of Nairobi: 693 km²

14 800 km² daily!

15 Large and small water cycle (Kravcik 2007)

16 Green Roof Radiation Balance

17 Surface Temperatures Asphalt Roof Green Roof (Infrared measurements) 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 [ C] Temperatures Surface Black roof Surface Green roof Sealing Green roof Air 0m Green roof Air 1m Green roof 20,0 10,0,0 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

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19 UFA Fabrik, 250 m³ tank size for rainwater harvesting, 10 m³/d use

20 Potsdamer Platz, Berlin City Center

21 Potsdamer Platz, Berlin 40,000 m² of greened roofs 2550 m³ in 4 tanks for toilet flush and fire fighting m² urban lake, 1200 m² constructed wetland 3500 m³ stormwater retention in lake (30 cm) Overall stormwater retention: 125 mm

22 Requirements by city administration and water supplyer in the planning process: Maximum drainage into the combined sewer system of less than 1%! Currently common: less than 30% Background: times per year overload of the combined sewer in Berlin

23 Architects: Renzo Piano, Kohlbecker et.al. Landscape architect: Krüger/ Möhrle, Daniel Roehr, Berlin Urban lake: Atelier Dreiseitl, Überlingen

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25 Scientific Monitoring/ Evaluation Berlin Senate for Urban Development : EnEff Stadt, BMWi via PTJ : INIS, BMBF via PTJ Institute of Physics, Humboldt-University Berlin-Adlershof

26 Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin

27 Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin Rainwater harvesting for cooling, tank size: 40 m³ 450 climbing plants in 150 planter boxes providing shade and evaporative cooling Evaporative exhaust air cooling in 8 air conditioners Main Goal: Reduction of operating costs

28 Primary Energy Demand according DIN V (calculated) compared to consumption (measured) kwh/(m²a) Compression Cooling District-heating Absorption Chiller Auxiliary Energy Absorption Chiller Humidification Ventilation Ventilation Light Heating Demand Consumption

29 Energiewende targets until 2050 Germany has set ambitious targets in all sectors Achieved Climate % greenhouse gas reduction (vs. 1990) -23.8% (estimated) to -95 Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency % electricity consumption % final energy consumption % primary energy consumption (vs. 2008) energy productivity 25.4% 12.4% (2012) -3,3 % +1.1% p.a to to % p.a building renovation ~1% p.a. doubling of renovation rate: 1% 2% Source: Eclareon 2016

30 Requirements for energy demand of new buildings [kwh/(m²a)] st Thermal Insulation Ordinance st Energy Saving Ordinance ??? Source: Eclareon 2016

31 Goal: Decrease of energy consumption of buildings by 2020: 50%!! But: Increase of energy consumption for cooling: 260% 400% 350% 300% 250% Germany (%) Greece (%) France (%) Spain (%) Italy (%) EU Total (% and Kt CO2/a) Kt CO2 (EU Total) % % M.Schmidt 2006 after: EECCAC 4/ % Source: Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners (EECCAC) Study for the D.G. Transportation-Energy (DGTREN) of the Commission of the E.U.

32 Reasons for Global Increase in Cooling Demand 1: Increase in use of glass 2: Decrease in Heat Capacity, use of light materials 3: Increase in electricity consumption, heat load inside 4: Increase in Urban Heat Island Effect 5: Global Warming

33 Never use electricity to cool a building! 680 kwh Cold 310 kwh Electricity (annual COP 2,2) 990 kwh Sensible Heat Released Outside

34 Instead evaporate water!

35 Irrigation System

36 Mean daily evapo-transpiration 7/15/05-09/14/05 corresponding cooling rate: 280 kwh per day [mm/d] Mean ETP of a facade greening system, Adlershof Physik 7/15/05-09/14/05 [kwh/m²d] 20,4 south facade, 2nd floor south facade, 3rd floor south facade, 1st floor 17,0 courtyard, 1 st floor courtyard, 2nd floor 13,6 courtyard, 3rd floor 15 10,2 10 6,8 5 3,4 0 0,0 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

37 kwh/(m²a) Primary energy demand for heating and cooling 3 scenarios, 2 measurements Heating kwh/(m²a) Cooling kwh/(m²a) Total kwh/(m²a) without Sunblinds Sunblinds (conv., manual, standard) Sunblinds (conv., automat., standard) Sunblinds (conv., Measured Data) Green Façade (Measured Data)

38 Maintenance: /a Maintanance: /a Investment 3M membrane:

39 Evaporative Exhaust Air Cooling (rainwater based)

40 Difference in conv. energy consumption with and without evaporative cooling hottest day: 38 C => savings 70% expected annual savings => 90% 40,0 6 [ C] Aussentemperatur [ C] [kw] 35,0 Anlage 4 [kw] 5 30,0 25,0 4 20,0 3 15,0 2 10,0 5,0 1 0, :02 4:07 8:07 12:07 16:12 20:27 0:27 4:27 8:27 12:32 16:32 20:37

41 Costs for Cooling 1 g H 2 O: 2450 J = 2450 Ws at 100 C 1 m³ = 2720 MJ = 700 kwh at 45 C Adiabatic: 1,06 (0,185 /kwh) Compression: 90,24 (0,185 /kwh COP 2,05) Absorption: 161,04 (0,0376 /kwh WZ 0,47) Use rainwater instead of tap water: no treatment for lime necessary! Conductivity max Rainwater 30 µs 1600 µs Tap water 700 µs 1600 µs Costs for Cooling kwh - 79,75 60,05 21,25 90,24 Heat Electricity Water 1,06 6,18 Absorption Compression Adiabatic

42 Böll Foundation, Berlin

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44 Thank you for your attention!