WATER FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT PROCESS: A CASE STUDY OF PERAMU WATER TREATMENT PLANT SAWIAH BINTI NIK HASSAN

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1 WATER FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT PROCESS: A CASE STUDY OF PERAMU WATER TREATMENT PLANT SAWIAH BINTI NIK HASSAN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) in Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2016

2 ii SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree Bachelor (Hons.) of Civil Engineering. Signature :. Name of Supervisor : DR. EDRIYANA BT. A.AZIZ Position : LECTURER Date : 29 JUNE 2016

3 iii STUDENT S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for quotation and summaries which have been duly acknowledge. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree. Signature :... Name : SAWIAH BT NIK HASSAN ID Number : AA12099 Date : 29 JUNE 2016

4 viii TABLE OF CONTENT SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT SDECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVATIONS Page ii iii iv v vi vii viii xi xiii xiv xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Problem Statement Objectives of Study Scope of Study Significance of Study 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Water Resources The sustainability of Water Use Water Crisis Water scarcity Effort to better management of water Conventional water supply treatment process Screening Aeration Coagulation and Flocculation 12

5 ix Sedimentation Filtration Chlorination and Disinfection Water Footprint Blue Water Footprint Green Water footprint Grey Water Footprint Water Footprint Assessment Water Footprint Accounting Blue Water Footprint Accounting Green Water Footprint Accounting Grey Water Footprint Accounting Population Population in Malaysia Population in Pahang Population in Pekan, Pahang Land Use Development in Malaysia Weather Condition in Malaysia Types of Monsoon in Malaysia Precipitation in Malaysia Evaporation in Malaysia 26 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Location Data Collection Identification of Water Footprint type in Peramu WTP Water Footprint Accounting Effect of Population on WF Accounting Effect of land use on WF Accounting Effect of Monsoonal Changes on WF Accounting 34 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Type of WF in each stages of Peramu WSTP Water Footprint (WF) Accounting Total Water Footprint from 2010 to

6 x 4.4 Water Footprint Affected by Population Water Footprint Affected by Water Demand 44 in terms of population 4.5 Water Footprint Affected by Land Use Activities Comparison of Peramu WTP Water Footprint 49 Per Population with Global Water Footprint 4.7 Effect of Monsoonal Changes to the Water Footprint (WF) 51 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion Recommendation 56 REFERENCES 57 APPENDICES 60 A Water Footprint (WF) Analysis Component B Water Footprint (WF) Analysis Component C Water Footprint (WF) Analysis Component D Water Footprint (WF) in each tank of Peramu WSTP E Water Footprint (WF) in each tank of Peramu WSTP F Water Footprint (WF) in each tank of Peramu WSTP G Water Footprint (WF) in ach tank of Peramu WSTP H Water Footprint (WF) in each tank of Peramu WSTP I Water Footprint (WF) in each tank of Peramu WSTP

7 xi LIST OF TABLES Table No Title Page 2.1 Population in Pahang Population in Pekan, Pahang List of Department and data involved in study Summary of water footprint (WF) at Peramu WTP Data on 10 th January Value of p based on latitude Water footprint (WF) accounting for each process Total water footprint (WF) for each year Water footprint (WF) per population Percentage of water footprint based on water demand Land use activities from 2010 to Total water demand as well as its water footprint (WF) Total water intake, water demand and water footprint 49 at Peramu WTP 4.11 Percentage of water footprint (WF) per population at 50 Peramu WTP 4.12 Rainfall intensity by monsoon and water footprint value Relationship between rainfall intensity, water intake 54 and water footprint (WF) 6.1 Water Footprint (WF) analysis component for Peramu WTP Water Footprint (WF) analysis component for Peramu WTP Water Footprint (WF) analysis component for Peramu WTP Water Footprint (WF) analysis component for Peramu WTP Water Footprint (WF) analysis component for Peramu WTP

8 xii 6.6 Water Footprint (WF) analysis component for Peramu WTP Water footprint in each tank of Peramu WSTP Water footprint in each tank of Peramu WSTP Water footprint in each tank of Peramu WSTP Water footprint in each tank of Peramu WSTP Water footprint in each tank of Peramu WSTP Water footprint in each tank of Peramu WSTP

9 xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page 2.1 Conventional water supply treatment process Screening tank Aeration tank Coagulation and flocculation tank Sedimentation tank Chlorination tank Component of water footprint (WF) Phase of water footprint assessment (WFA) Malaysia population in projection Schematic diagram of Peramu water supply treatment process Value of p based on latitude Peramu water treatment plant (WTP) distribution system phase II Pattern water footprint (WF) for 5 years duration Population in Kuala Pahang Trend value of water footprint (WF) per population Effect of water footprint (WF) based on water demand Water intake against water footprint of water supply 46 treatment process at Peramu WTP 4.7 Percentage of land use activities from 2010 to Water footprint (WF) of Peramu WTP against average 50 global water footprint (WF) 4.9 Yearly rainfall intensity at plant station of Peramu WTP Rainfall intensity yearly at plant against water footprint 52 at Peramu WTP

10 xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS a Abstr Appl C c max c nat c effl c act D n ea Effl es ET 0 F G L p P n Rn T T effl T act T max Leaching-run-off fraction Volume of water abstraction Application of a chemical Per capita consumption Maximum acceptable concentration of a chemical Natural concentration of a chemical in the receiving water body Concentration of a chemical in an effluent Actual concentration of a chemical in a water body Additional demand Actual vapor pressure Volume of effluent (wastewater flow) Saturation vapor Reference evaporation Service factor Soil heat flux density Pollutant load Mean daily percentage of annual daytime hours Projection population Net radiation of the crop surface Air temperature Temperature of an effluent Actual temperature Maximum temperature

11 xv T nat u2 WF blue WD n WF green WF grey Natural temperature Wind speed Blue water footprint Water demand Green water footprint Grey water footprint WF greytreated Grey treated water footprint WF proc,grey WF total γ o C Green water footprint of a process Total water footprint Psychrometric constant Degree Celsius Slope vapor curve

12 xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAWST DNA HOCl JPS LCA MMD MLD NWRS OCl- PAIP SDWF WF WSTP WTP WFA WHO Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology Deoxyribonucleic acid Hypochlorous acid Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Life cycle assessment Malaysia Meteorological Department Million liters per day National Water Resource Strategy. Hypochlorite ions Pengurusan Air Pahang Safe Drinking Water Foundation Water footprint Water supply treatment process Water treatment plant Water footprint assessment World Health Organization