THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE NETWORK IN BATTERIES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY DEVICES

Transcription

1 THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE NETWORK IN BATTERIES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY DEVICES Peter Lee, Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility CLASP Meeting July 2013 For Paul Shearing UCL Chemical Engineering

2 THE NETWORK! A Global Challenge Network formed under the auspices of the STFC Futures programme! The Network will promote collaboration between world-class users and developers of large-scale research facilities and provide a forum to draw together researchers from a range of disciplines.! Network members will be encouraged to share latest technique developments and help disseminate cutting-edge research ahead of publication.! Promoting best-practice research and technique standardisation

3 THE NETWORK! Initially Feb ! Free to join and engage with! INCLUSIVE!! A conduit between Facilities, Universities and Industry! A natural forum for sharing ideas and best practice and developing tools and techniques to tackle the biggest challenges in electrochemical energy (fuel cells, batteries, H2 storage, electrolysers, supercaps..)

4 STFC FACILITIES

5 OTHER FACILITIES INVOLVED AND GROWING!

6 OBJECTIVES! Bringing together an international community of researchers from industry, academia and national laboratories with a shared interest in battery and electrochemical energy device research! Seeding lasting collaborations which will lead to cutting edge science! Establishing cross-technique linking between different users of large scale facilities! Standardising new techniques (especially for applications to electrochemical devices)

7 OBJECTIVES! Establishing and disseminating best-practice methodologies! Ensuring best use of large-scale facilities resources and complementary science! Providing advice and feedback to inform future infrastructure investment! Promote the engagement of industry with large scale facilities

8 HOW WILL THIS BE ACHIEVED?! Scientific meetings! Linking users and beam line scientists! Industry engagement show-cases! Focused workshops on techniques (imaging, crystallography etc) or application (battery, fuel cell, super-cap)! Training courses for early career researchers! Future Infrastructure Planning Working Groups! STFC Early Career Award enabling researcher mobility! Linking to other apporpriate networks (CCPi, HIP, ESRN )

9 STEERING COMMITTEE! Paul Shearing, University College London,! Bill David, Theme Leader Neutron Techniques! ISIS/Oxford University! Michael Drakopolous, Theme Leader: X-ray Spectroscopy! Diamond Lightsource! Denis Kramer, Theme Leader HPC.! University of Southampton! Peter Lee, Theme Leader Imaging! University of Manchester! Dan Brett, Industrial Liaison! University College London,! Nigel Brandon, Imperial College London! Stephen Harris, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab! Nic Harrison, Imperial College 04/07/2013 9

10 INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS

11 THE INAUGURAL MEETING JUNE TH 2013! 66 attendees from 22 Institutions in 3 countries! 25 talks over 2 days spanning:! Grand challenges! Facilities developments! Applications 04/07/

12 THE ROLE OF STFC FACILITIES.! Synchrotron CT: for high temporal and spatial resolution, insitu imaging! XANES and XAS imaging: for oxidation state mapping! Micro/Nano-XRF: for trace element chemical identification! High throughput diffraction: for materials discovery! Neutron radiography! Large scale Newman type models (HPC)! PDF Measurements: for local chemical environment information! Novel inverse mathematics for tomographic reconstruction (HPC)! Simulations to predict XANES spectra! MD and DFT Simulations for materials discovery.

13 IMAGING OF BATTERY STRUCTURES

14 a) b) c) 04/07/

15 STUDIES OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOFCS Crystallographic Strain Mapping at JEEP (I12 Diamond Lightsource, UK): Preliminary studies of thermo-mechanical behaviour of Ni-YSZ electrodes have been conducted using in-situ XRD

16 STUDIES OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOFCS YSZ!(011)! YSZ!(110/002)! NiO!(111)! NiO!(002)! Ni!(111)! YSZ!(020)! Ni!(002)! YSZ!(211/013)! YSZ!(022)! YSZ!(220/004)! Ni!(022)! YSZ!(031)! YSZ!(310)! Ni!(311)! NiO!(004)! 5! Crystallographic Strain Mapping: keV with ca. 50µm spot size!

17 MODELING MICROSCOPIC PHENOMENA- FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES

18 Volatility in Catalyst Cost! The price of Pt is unstable generally rising since Early cost estimates for PEFCs were based on $400 / Troy ounce Core-shell catalysts may be the answer. Significant UK interest from spin-outs to Blue Chip

19 High Throughput Powder Diffraction at I11 With Possibility Long Duration Experiments Facilitates advanced materials discovery for energy materials MACs Diffractometer PSD Robotic arm Carousel (200 samples) Large sample table Courtesy of Chiu Tang (I11) 19

20 CASE STUDY THE APPLICATION OF LARGE SCALE FACILITIES TO EXPLORE WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN PEMFC 04/07/

21 The UK Fuel Cell Landscape: Industry Name Acal Energy AFC Energy Amalyst Cella Energy Cenex Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. (CFCL) Ceres Power Diverse Energy Intelligent Energy ITM Power Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells LG Fuel Cell Systems Logan Energy QinetiQ UPS Systems Area Redox catalysts, liquid cathode fuel cells Alkaline fuel cells Electrocatalysts for fuel cells and electrolysers Hydrogen storage Centre of excellence in fuel cell technologies SOFCs (CHP) SOFCs (micro-chp) PEFC systems (Power Cube - telecoms) PEFC systems Polymers for fuel cells and electrolysers PEFC and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells SOFCs -Formerly Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Fuel cell applications engineering PEFC and direct ethanol fuel cells Standby power solutions

22 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WATER - NEUTRON IMAGING! 3D visualisation of water transport can be made by reconstructing 2D radiographs. H.-Y. Tang et al. J. Power Sources, 195 (2010)

23 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WATER - NEUTRON IMAGING! It is also possible to examine water distribution through the thickness of the MEA Replacement of water with heavy water for an MEA E. H. Lehmann, P. Boillat, G. Scherrer, G. Frei, Nuc. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res., 605 (2009) 123. In-plane radiogram of working PEFC at 375 ma/cm 2 P. Boillat, et al. Electrochem. Comm. 10 (2008)

24 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WATER - INSIDE THE GDL Converging capillary tree water transport mechanism proposed by Nam and Kaviany whereby microdroplets agglomerate with other liquid water bodies to create flowing macro-droplets. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESCM) to visualise condensed water droplets in GDL Nam and Kaviany. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 46 (2003), pp

25 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WATER - X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY ROLE OF THE GDL GDL micrographs under compression James et al. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012) 18216

26 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF WATER - X-RAY IMAGING Eruptive water ejection from the GDL to the flow channel. a) Schematic illustration of the process: water blue inside the pores of the cathodic GDL is ejected into the flow channel; b) radiographs that were normalized to the image directly before eruption Radiographs of the operating fuel cell displaying the water distribution for two different operating conditions Manke et al. Applied Phys. Letts. 90 (2007)

27 THE STFC/MDC FUTURES EARLY CAREER AWARD The STFC Futures Early Career Award will provide grants of up to 2,000 to enable mobility of PhD students, PDRAs and earlycareer academics to support the network goals Supported By: 04/07/

28 THE STFC/MDC FUTURES EARLY CAREER AWARD! Conduct experiments at large scale facilities in the UK or internationally! Facilitate mobility between universities for research purposes! Provide opportunities to engage with industrial users of large scale facilities! Bring expertise to UK universities, labs or facilities Up to 7 awards in , more in future years 04/07/

29 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS! The STFC Futures programme! For additional material: Stephen Price (Southampton) Chiu Tang (Diamond), David Eastwood (Manchester), Dan Brett (UCL), Bill David (ISIS) 04/07/

30 MORE INFORMATION Web: /07/