AIR QUALITY MONITORING & HEALTH PROGRAMME IN ACCRA, GHANA

Transcription

1 AIR QUALITY MONITORING & HEALTH PROGRAMME IN ACCRA, GHANA EMMANUEL K.E. APPOH EQD/ STANDARDS, COMPLIANCE & ENFORCEMENT DIVISION ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GHANA 30 August

2 Presentation Outline Accra-Capital & medium sized City of Ghana (area of area:2,592 km2 and is the fastest fastest growing urban area in Ghana etc. Major sources of Air Pollution in Accra EPA Ghana s mandate Milestone of Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) in Ghana Work done on AQM in Accra Outcomes of AQM Implementations Challenges of AQM & Pollution reduction in Accra Way Forward & Conclusion 30 August

3 air pollution problems in Ghana)

4 Mandate of EPA Ghana The EPA Act 1994, Act 490 mandates the Agency - to co-manage, protect and enhance the country s environment; - to seek international and multilateral collaboration in managing the country's environment Based on mandate EPA started AQM programme started in Accra, Tema, Kumasi, Takoradi and Tarkwa in 1997 (WB Sponsorship). Built capacity on air quality monitoring Undertook vehicular emission inventory Urban Transport Project-AQM programme Air Pollution & Associated Health studies in Ghana (by GHS) 30 August

5 30 August

6 OUTCOMES OF AQM IMPLEMENTATION 30 August

7 4-Jan 10-Jan 16-Jan 22-Jan 28-Jan 3-Feb 9-Feb 15-Feb 21-Feb 27-Feb 5-Mar 11-Mar 17-Mar 23-Mar 29-Mar 4-Apr 10-Apr 16-Apr 22-Apr 28-Apr 4-May 10-Apr 16-May 22-May 28-May 3-Jun 9-Jun 15-Jun 21-Jun 27-Jun 3-Jul 9-Jul 15-Jul 21-Jul 27-Jul 2-Aug 8-Aug 14-Aug 20-Aug 26-Aug 1-Sep 7-Sep 13-Sep 19-Sep 25-Sep 1-Oct 7-Oct 13-Oct 19-Oct 25-Oct 31-Oct 6-Nov 12-Nov 18-Nov 24-Nov 30-Nov 6-Dec 12-Dec 18-Dec 24-Dec 30-Dec PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3) FIG1. PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3)recorded ALONG THE PROPOSED BRT ROUTE: JAN - DEC 2014 EPA Guideline Level of 70µg/m 3 WHO Guideline Level of 50µg/m 3 DATE MALLAM MARKET GRAPHIC WEIJA KASOA 30 August

8 4-Jan 10-Jan 16-Jan 22-Jan 28-Jan 3-Feb 9-Feb 15-Feb 21-Feb 27-Feb 5-Mar 11-Mar 17-Mar 23-Mar 29-Mar 4-Apr 10-Apr 16-Apr 22-Apr 28-Apr 4-May 10-Apr 16-May 22-May 28-May 3-Jun 9-Jun 15-Jun 21-Jun 27-Jun 3-Jul 9-Jul 15-Jul 21-Jul 27-Jul 2-Aug 8-Aug 14-Aug 20-Aug 26-Aug 1-Sep 7-Sep 13-Sep 19-Sep 25-Sep 1-Oct 7-Oct 13-Oct 19-Oct 25-Oct 31-Oct 6-Nov 12-Nov 18-Nov 24-Nov 30-Nov 6-Dec 12-Dec 18-Dec 24-Dec 30-Dec PM10 CONCENTRATIONS(µg/m3) FIG.3 PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3) RECORDED AT THE PERMANENT MONITORING LOCATIONS JAN- DEC EPA Guideline Level of 70µg/m 3 WHO Guideline Level of 50µg/m 3 DATE DANSOMAN NORTH IND. AREA SOUTH IND. AREA ODORKOR 30 August

9 AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) SYSTEM AQI is a measure of the quantity of harmful particles and chemicals in the air The AQI is an index for reporting daily air quality. It tells us how clean or polluted your air is, and what associated health effects might be a concern for us. The AQI focuses on health effects one may experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air. EPA calculates the AQI on PM, O3, CO, SO2, NO2. 30 August

10 How Does the AQI Work? It runs from 0 to 500 scale with the higher AQI value, indicating a greater level of air pollution and a greater health concern to the public. Understanding the AQI To make it easier to understand, the AQI is divided into six categories depicted by 6 colour coding system (Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, Purple and Maroon) Each category corresponds to a different level of health concern; as shown in next slide 30 August

11 AQI GUIDE FOR PM10 Air Quality Index (AQI) When the AQI is in this range: Levels of Health Concern/Protect Your Health..air quality conditions are: Good (0-50) No health impacts are expected when air quality is in this range Moderate ( ) Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups ( ) Unhealthy (151 to 200) Very Unhealthy (201 to 300) Hazardous (301 to 500) Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolong outdoor exertion The following Groups should limit prolonged outdoor exertions: People with lung disease, such as asthma Children and older adults People are active outdoors The following groups should avoid prolonged outdoor exertions: People with lung disease, such as asthma Children and older adults People are active outdoors Everyone else should limit prolongd outdoor exertion The following groups should avoid all outdoor exertions: People with lung disease, such as asthma Children and older adults People are active outdoors Everyone else should limit prolonged outdoor exertion Everyone should avoid any outdoor exertion 30 August

12 Status of 2013 AQI E Q Department April

13 AQM Results: % 3.50% 10.40% 17.20% 21.30% 44.40% E Q Department 13

14 Health Based effects of Air pollution (AQI): Roadside locations: 1. Green 31(9.17%) 2. Yellow : 116 (34.32%). 3. Orange (UFSG): 100 (29.59%) 4. Red (unhealthy): 55 (16.27%) 5. Purple (very Unhealthy): 23 (6.8%) 6. Maroon (Hazardous): 13 (3.85%) Residential location: 1. Green 10(47.62%) 2. Yellow : 7 (42.86%). 3. Orange (UFSG): 2 (9.52%) Commercial location: 1. Green 5(18.52%) 2. Yellow : 15 (55.56%). 3. Orange (UFSG): 6 (22.22%) 4. Maroon: 1 (3.70%) 30 August

15 Health Based effects of Air pollution (AQI) Cont n Industrial Locations: 1. Green 11(23.40%) 2. Yellow : 26 (55.32%). 3. Orange (UFSG): 6 (12.76%) 4. Red (unhealthy): 0 (0%) 5. Purple (very Unhealthy): 2 (4.36%) 6. Maroon (Hazardous): 2 (4.26%) 30 August

16 Findings of Air Pollution & Health studies in Ghana Lower respiratory infection is second to malaria among top 10 causes of death in Ghana (GHS, 2010) Household air pollution (HAP) tops the Burden of diseases in Ghana.HAP causes 3,000 deaths of children under 5yrs. Association between incidence of ARIs and pollutants most marked for PM10 levels. Trends in incidence of ARIs follows PM10 level Changes in ARI incidence occurring soon after changes in PM10s. Peaks: June-July; November January Highest PM10 levels occur in roadside locations. Children aged 5yrs and below/asthmatics are most at risk of ARI 30 August

17 Challenges of AQM & Pollution Reduction in Accra Lack of policy direction on continuous importation and use of old vehicles. Poor maintenance of vehicles. Citing of commercial and some residential facilities along major roads. Gaps in data gathering due to frequent shortage of consumables and lack of availability of monitoring vehicles/drivers. Limited Manpower Theft of air quality monitoring equipment Frequent vehicular knockdown of air quality monitoring posts. Lack of funds and logistics for AQM, public education and pollution related health studies. In ability to report AQM outcomes promptly to public 30 August

18 The Way Forward Establish Continuous air quality monitoring stations in Accra & relating monitoring results with respiratory to aid in prompt reporting of air quality/health situations to public. Speeding up the development of air quality/emission standards/regulations. Reduction of Sulphur levels in fuel to 50ppm before Implement fuel economy initiative Promoting use of Non-burn techniques in management of health care waste/e-waste Institution of Mass transport system in Ghana Government taking a look again on the policy of importation of over-aged vehicles/scrap vehicle parts & engines. Further research: areas of AQM, exposure and 27 May epidemiology studies

19 Conclusions Roadside and commercial sites mostly have high levels of particulate matter. This can be attributed to road dust, commercial activities, wind blown dust and vehicular exhaust emissions. Correlate the health impacts associated with outdoor and indoor air pollution as well as the vehicular emissions data in Accra on citizens especially the vulnerable group (children, women and the elderly). Create awareness on the health effects of air pollution. Research For better understanding of magnitude of the problem of pollution related ill-health thru: - Exposure Assessments: for air pollutants - Epidemiological studies: Relating exposures to disease entities. - Respiratory, cardiovascular & other diseases attributable to different sources of air pollution 30 August

20 Let s clean the air! Let s repair the environment! Let s enjoy health & wealth! Contact: Thank you Emmanuel K-E Appoh Environmental Quality Specialist EPA Ghana eeappoh@yahoo.com Tel: (+233) / August

21 3-Jan Jan Jan-13 8-Feb Feb-13 4-Mar Mar Mar-13 9-Apr Apr-13 3-May May May-13 8-Jun Jun-13 2-Jul Jul Jul-13 7-Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep-13 6-Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov-13 5-Dec Dec Dec-13 PM10 Concentrationsug/m Hour PM10 Concentration Measured at five location along the BRT route: EPA Guideline Level of WHO Guideline Level of 50µg/m Date Kaneshie First Light Mallam Junction Graphic Comm.Group 30 August

22 4-Jan 10-Jan 16-Jan 22-Jan 28-Jan 3-Feb 9-Feb 15-Feb 21-Feb 27-Feb 5-Mar 11-Mar 17-Mar 23-Mar 29-Mar 4-Apr 10-Apr 16-Apr 22-Apr 28-Apr 4-May 10-Apr 16-May 22-May 28-May 3-Jun 9-Jun 15-Jun 21-Jun 27-Jun 3-Jul 9-Jul 15-Jul 21-Jul 27-Jul 2-Aug 8-Aug 14-Aug 20-Aug 26-Aug 1-Sep 7-Sep 13-Sep 19-Sep 25-Sep 1-Oct 7-Oct 13-Oct 19-Oct 25-Oct 31-Oct 6-Nov 12-Nov 18-Nov 24-Nov 30-Nov 6-Dec 12-Dec 18-Dec 24-Dec 30-Dec PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3) FIG. PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3) RECORDED AT OTHER ROADSIDE MONITORING LOCATIONS JANUARY - DEC EMBER EPA Guideline Level of 70µg/m 3 WHO Guideline Level of 50µg/m 3 DATE SHANGRI LA ACHIMOTA La T Junction 30 August

23 Findings: PM10, Pb, Mn,SO2, NO2,O3 Concentrations Generally the PM10 concentrations recorded at all the location in Accra are higher than the EPA-Ghana 24-hour PM-10 air quality guideline of 70 ug/m3 and the WHO Air quality guideline for 24-hour PM10 of 50ug/m3. (Ranged from ug/m3) Generally, Pb, Mn, SO2, NO2, O3 concentrations are lower than EPA Ghana/WHO guidelines 30 August