Microalgal Biotechnology: Integration and Economy

Transcription

1 Microalgal Biotechnology: Integration and Economy Bearbeitet von Clemens Posten, Christian Walter 1. Auflage Buch. XXI, 340 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 783 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Biotechnologie schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Preface v List of contributing authors xv Clemens Posten 1 Introduction Integration in microalgal biotechnology Integration on the process level Integration on the metabolic level Integration into environmental conditions Adaptation to cultural realities 6 Integrated production processes Rosa Rosello Sastre 2 Products from microalgae: An overview Microalgae: An introduction Products Use and production of algal biomass Microalgae for human nutrition Spirulina (Arthrospira) Chlorella Dunaliella salina Microalgae for animal feed Microalgae as natural fertilizer Microalgae in cosmetics Fine chemicals PUFAs Pigments 26 Pigments as antioxidants 26 Pigments as natural colorants Polysaccharides Recombinant proteins Stable isotopes Micro- and nanostructured particles Bulk chemicals Energy production from microalgae Biodiesel Bio-ethanol Bio-hydrogen Bio-gas Biorefinery of microalgae 43

3 viii Contents 2.3 Conclusion 44 References 44 Min Thein, Toe Aung, Khin Pyone Lwin, May Yu Khaing and Otto Pulz 3 Spirulina production in volcano lakes: From natural resources to human welfare Introduction Natural Spirulina lakes in Myanmar Environmental parameters of Myanmar Spirulina lakes Spirulina production from natural lakes Harvesting Washing and dewatering Extrusion and sun drying Lake-side enhancement ponds Sustainable Spirulina production from volcanic crater lakes Myanmar Spirulina products Spirulina as biofertilizer Spirulina as a biogas enhancer Spirulina asasourceofbiofuel Myanmar and German cooperation in microalgae biotechnology Discussion Conclusion 68 Acknowledgments 69 References 69 C. Thomsen, S. Rill and L. Thomsen 4 Case study of a temperature-controlled outdoor PBR system in Bremen 73 Acknowledgments 77 References 77 Robin Shields and Ingrid Lupatsch 5 Algae for aquaculture and animal feeds Introduction Microalgae use in aquaculture hatcheries Microalgal strains used in aquaculture hatcheries Methods of microalgae cultivation for aquaculture Role of microalgae in aquaculture hatcheries Microalgae as a feed source for filter-feeding aquaculture species Microalgae as a feed source for zooplanktonic live prey Benthic microalgae as a feed source for gastropod mollusks and echinoderms 84

4 Contents ix Addition of microalgae to fish larval rearing tanks Use of microalgal concentrates in aquaculture hatcheries Use of algae in formulated feeds for aquaculture species and terrestrial livestock Algae as a supplement to enhance the nutritional value of formulated feeds Vitamins and minerals Pigments Fatty acids Algae as a potential feed ingredient: source of protein and energy Outlook 95 References 96 Christophe Hug and Denis von der Weid 6 Algae as an approach to combat malnutrition in developing countries Introduction Algaeinhumanfood Microalgae as a solution against malnutrition: meet Spirulina Small-scale Spirulina production as a development tool Spirulina as a business to combat malnutrition Spirulina and its place in food aid and development policies Evidence of Spirulina in malnutrition Conclusion 109 Acknowledgements 109 References 109 Thomas Happe, Camilla Lambertz, Jong-Hee Kwon, Sascha Rexroth and Matthias Rögner 7 Hydrogen production by natural and semiartificial systems Biological hydrogen production of microorganisms Photobiological hydrogen production by green algae Photohydrogenproduction by cyanobacterial design cells Photohydrogen production by a biobattery Photobioreactor design for hydrogen production Photobioreactor geometry Process control Upscaling strategies 123 References 124

5 x Contents Claudia B. Grewe and Carola Griehl 8 The carotenoid astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis Introduction Characteristics and biosynthesis Chemical forms of astaxanthin Astaxanthin biosynthesis Function of astaxanthin Haematococcus pluvialis General characteristics Factors responsible for ax accumulation Industrial production of Haematococcus Conclusions and outlook 140 References 140 Christian Walter 9 Screening and development of antiviral compound candidates from phototrophic microorganisms Introduction Supply of natural compounds from microalgae Sterilizable photobioreactors Antiviral agents from microalgae Antiviral screening Primary target of screening Smart screening approach Basic process sequence Antiviral activity and immunostimulating effects of Arthrospira platensis Characterization of novel antiviral spirulan-like compounds Conclusion 161 Acknowledgements 162 References 162 Timo Niedermeyer and Mark Brönstrup 10 Natural product drug discovery from microalgae Introduction Eukaryotic microalgae Dinoflagellates Diatoms Cyanobacteria Proteinase inhibitors Cytotoxic compounds Antiviral substances 179

6 Contents xi Antimicrobial metabolites Miscellaneous bioactivities Three examples of current microalgal drug research projects Dolastatins as leads for anti-cancer drugs Cryptophycins as leads for anti-cancer drugs Microcystins as targeted anti-cancer drugs Outlook 187 References 189 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Michel H. M. Eppink, Maria J. Barbosa and Rene H. Wijffels 11 Biorefining of microalgae: Production of high-value products, bulk chemicals and biofuels Introduction Structural biorefining approach of microalgae Approach Cell disruption, fractionation and mild cell disruption of organelles Extraction and fractionation of high-value components Economically feasible continuous biorefining concept Conclusions 212 References 213 Garry Henderson 12 Development of a microalgal pilot plant: A generic approach Understanding the aims of the pilot plant Pilot plant location and site selection Develop the process flow diagram Know what will be required to conduct experiments and measure the data Sizing of the units Plant layout HAZOP study Multidisciplinary review of the design Tender for plant construction Finalize the design 225 References 225

7 xii Contents Roberto Bassi, Pierre Cardol, Yves Choquet, Thomas de Marchin, Chloe Economou, Fabrice Franck, Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont, Anna Jacobi, Karen Loizeau, Gregory Mathy, Charlotte Plancke, Clemens Posten, Saul Purton, Claire Remacle, Carsten Vejrazka, Lili Wei and Francis-André Wollman 13 Finding the bottleneck: A research strategy for improved biomass production Introduction: What do we expect from cell engineering? The need for domestication of microalgae Limitation of traditional approaches to strain improvement Algal domestication through chloroplast genetic engineering Chloroplast engineering in Chlamydomonas: progress and challenges A synthetic biology approach to chloroplast metabolic engineering Mitigating the risks and concerns of GM algae Algal domestication through nucleus genetic engineering Improving light to biomass conversion by regulation of the pigment optical density of algal cultures Models for predicting growth in photobioreactors PAM fluorimetry: a keyhole to look into the photosynthetic machinery Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors: the fluctuating light effects Standard model for growth under an exponential light gradient Cells response to changing environments: the example of nitrogen limitation 247 Acknowledgments 249 References 249 Vítor Verdelho, Ana P. Carvalho, Diana Fonseca and João Navalho 14 Trends driving microalgae-based fuels into economical production Introduction Leading trends Microalgae biorefinery for food, feed, fertilizer and energy production Biofuel production from low-cost microalgae grown in wastewater Biogas upgrading with microalgae production for production of electricity 257

8 Contents xiii Hydrocarbon milking of modified Botryococcus microalgae strains Hydrogen production combining direct and indirect microalgae biophotolysis Direct ethanol production from autotrophic cyanobacteria Production platforms Ocean Lakes Raceways Photobioreactors Fermenters Conclusions 263 References 264 Evan Stephens, Liam Wagner, Ian L. Ross and Ben Hankamer 15 Microalgal production systems: Global impact of industry scale-up Microalgal biotechnology Global challenges, production and demand Global fuel production and demand Global food production and demand Solar irradiance and areal requirement Global challenges Potential production and limitations Solar energy and geographic location Potential productivity Land resources Carbon management and associated costs CO 2 requirements CO 2 utilization and sequestration CO 2 delivery Nutrient management and associated costs Phosphorus Nitrogen Nutrient recycling Water management and associated costs Global impact of scale-up Addressing world production Economics of large-scale microalgal production systems Techno-economic analysis of microalgal production systems Cultivation systems Impact of capital costs 289

9 xiv Contents Downstream processing Harvesting and dewatering Dedicated versus integrated production models Business models Pathways to commercialization Conclusion 299 References 301 Index 307