Maintenance Building Dwight-Englewood School 315 East Palisade Avenue Englewood, NJ 07631

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1 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. 293 Route 18 South, Suite 330 Telephone (866) Building Systems Consultants East Brunswick, NJ Facsimile (203) June 14, 2013 Local Government Energy Program Energy Audit Report Maintenance Building Dwight-Englewood School 315 East Palisade Avenue Englewood, NJ Project Number: LGEA106 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 1/54

2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION... 5 HISTORICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION... 6 EXISTING FACILITY AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION RENEWABLE AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MEASURES PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES PROPOSED FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIX A: EQUIPMENT LIST APPENDIX B: LIGHTING STUDY APPENDIX C: UPCOMING EQUIPMENT PHASEOUTS APPENDIX D: THIRD PARTY ENERGY SUPPLIERS APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY AND METHOD OF CALCULATIONS APPENDIX F: STATEMENT OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE FROM ENERGY STAR APPENDIX G: INCENTIVE PROGRAMS APPENDIX H: ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES APPENDIX I: METHOD OF ANALYSIS Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 2/54

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Dwight-Englewood School s Maintenance Building is a one story, 2,220 ft 2 building built in 1997, with an occupied attic space and no basement. Maintenance staff uses this building as a headquarters for storing equipment, tools, fixing things, receiving shipments and taking breaks. Half of the building is garage space, while the remainder is made up several offices, a break room, bathroom and mechanical closet. The following chart provides a comparison of the current building energy usage based on the period from December 2011 through November 2012 with the proposed energy usage resulting from the installation of recommended Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) excluding any renewable energy: Electric Usage (kwh/yr) Table 1: State of Building Energy Usage Current Source Gas Site Energy Annual Energy Use Usage Use Intensity Cost of (therms/yr) (kbtu/ft 2 Intensity /yr) Energy ($) (kbtu/ft 2 /yr) Joint Energy Consumption (MMBtu/yr) Current 27, $5, Proposed 21, $2, Savings 6, $2,795* % Savings 22.2% 29.5% 50.0% 25.9% 24.0% 25.9% *Includes operation and maintenance savings SWA has entered energy information about the Dwight-Englewood School facility into the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Energy Star Portfolio Manager Energy Benchmarking system. This facility is categorized as a Other-Service (Vehicle repair/service, Postal Service)" space type. The ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager calculates an Energy Performance Rating for several building types; however, the system is currently unable to calculate a Performance Rating for this building type. The Site Energy Utilization Intensity (Site EUI) was calculated to be 86 kbtu/ft 2 /yr compared to the National Median of 45 kbtu/ft 2 /yr. See the ECM section for guidance on how to further reduce the building s energy intensity. Recommendations SWA recommends that Dwight-Englewood School implement the following Energy Conservation Measures using an appropriate Incentive Program for reduced capital cost: Recommended ECMs Upgrade 3 Incandescent lamps to Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) Upgrade existing thermostat to a programmable model Insulate domestic hot water piping Install 2 photocell controls Replace 7 Metal Halide fixtures with LED fixtures Upgrade 4 Lighting Controls with Occupancy Sensors Incentive Program (APPENDIX G for details) N/A N/A N/A Direct Install, Smart Start N/A N/A Appendix H contains an Energy Conservation Measures table Capital improvements are recommendations for the building that may not be cost-effective at the current time, but that could yield a significant long-term payback. These recommendations should Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 3/54

4 typically be considered as part of a long-term capital improvement plan. Capital improvements should be considered if additional funds are made available. SWA recommends the following capital improvement: Replace exterior doors and windows In addition to these ECMs, SWA recommends the following Operation and Maintenance (O&M) measures that would contribute to reducing energy usage at low or no cost: Install water-efficient fixtures and controls Inspect and replace cracked/ineffective caulk. Inspect and maintain sealants at all windows for airtight performance. Inspect and maintain weather-stripping around all exterior doors and roof hatches. Purchase Energy Star appliances when new purchases are made Use smart electric power strips Create an energy educational program There may be energy procurement opportunities for the Dwight-Englewood School to reduce annual utility costs. The School currently pays a competitive utility rate for electric and gas, but may be able to further reduce utility costs. SWA recommends further evaluation with energy suppliers, listed in Appendix D. Energy Conservation Measure Implementation Table 2 shows the cumulative simple payback and environmental impact by implementing the recommended ECMs on a 0-5 years or 5-10 years basis. SWA estimates that implementing all ECMs simultaneously would result in a payback of 4.4 years. Table 2: Energy Conservation Measure Recommendations Measures First Year Simple Payback Initial CO2 Savings Savings ($) Period (Years) Investment (lbs/yr) 0-5 Year $2, $11,057 14,159 Total $2, $11,057 14,159 Environmental Benefits SWA estimates that implementing the recommended ECMs is equivalent to removing approximately 1 car from the roads each year or is equivalent of planting 34 trees to absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 4/54

5 INTRODUCTION Launched in 2008, the Local Government Energy Audit (LGEA) Program provides subsidized energy audits for municipal and local government-owned facilities, including offices, courtrooms, town halls, police and fire stations, sanitation buildings, transportation structures, schools and community centers. The Program will subsidize up to 100% of the cost of the audit. The Board of Public Utilities (BPUs) Office of Clean Energy has assigned TRC Energy Services to administer the Program. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. (SWA) is a 40-year-old architectural/engineering research and consulting firm, with specialized expertise in green technologies and procedures that improve the safety, performance, and cost effectiveness of buildings. SWA has a long-standing commitment to creating energy-efficient, cost-saving and resource-conserving buildings. As consultants on the built environment, SWA works closely with architects, developers, builders, and local, state, and federal agencies to develop and apply sustainable, whole building strategies in a wide variety of building types: commercial, residential, educational and institutional. SWA performed an energy audit and assessment for the Dwight-Englewood School at 315 East Palisade Avenue, Englewood, NJ. The process of the audit included facility visits on December 10 th - 11 th, 2012 and January 3 rd -4 th, 2013, benchmarking and energy bill analysis, assessment of existing conditions, energy conservation measures and other recommendations for improvements. The scope of work includes providing a summary of current building conditions, current operating costs, potential savings, and investment costs to achieve these savings. The facility description includes energy usage, occupancy profiles and current building systems along with a detailed inventory of building energy systems, recommendations for improvement and recommendations for energy purchasing and procurement strategies. The goal of this Local Government Energy Audit is to provide sufficient information to the Dwight- Englewood Schools to make decisions regarding the implementation of the most appropriate and most cost-effective energy conservation measures. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 5/54

6 Electric Usage (kwh) Electric Cost ($) HISTORICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Energy usage, load profile and cost analysis SWA reviewed electric and gas utility bills from December 2010 through November 2012 that were received from the Dwight-Englewood School. A 12 month period of analysis from December 2011 through November 2012 was used for all calculations and for purposes of benchmarking the building. Electricity The building is currently served by one electric meter, supplied and delivered by Public Service Electric & Gas (PSE&G). Electricity is predominantly used for lighting, various shop equipment, and heating and cooling equipment. Electricity was purchased at an average aggregated rate of $0.164/kWh and the school consumed 27,724 kwh, or $4,538 of electricity, for the analyzed billing period. The annual monthly peak demand was 11.6 kw for the months of October and November, while the average monthly demand was 7.7 kw. The chart below shows the monthly electric usage and costs. The dashed green line represents the approximate baseload or minimum electric usage required to operate the building. The baseline usage for the facility is approximately 1,456 kwh. 3,500 Annual Electric Usage (kwh) and Cost($) $600 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 Date (Month-Year) Electric Usage (kwh) Estimated Baseload (kwh) Electric Cost Figure 1 Annual electric usage and costs Natural gas The building is currently served by one natural gas meter which is supplied by HESS and delivered by PSE&G. Natural gas was purchased at an average aggregated rate of $1.093/therm and the building consumed 962 therms, or $1,051 of natural gas during the analyzed period. The chart below shows the monthly natural gas usage and costs. The green line represents the approximate baseload or minimum natural gas usage required to operate the building. The non-heating gas baseload for the building is approximately 3.2 therms. As expected, usage peaks in the winter months in conjunction with the operation of the gas-fired furnace and unit heaters. The monthly natural gas costs also peak in the winter months in correlation with the increased natural gas usage. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 6/54

7 Natural Gas Usage (therms) HDD Natural Gas Usage (therms) Natural Gas Cost($) Annual Natural Gas Usage (therms) and Cost($) $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 Date (Month-Year) Natural Gas Usage (therms) Estimated Baseload (therms) Natural Gas Cost Figure 2 Annual natural gas usage, costs and estimated baseload Natural Gas Usage (therms) vs. Heating Degree Days (HDD) ,200 1, Natural Gas Usage (therms) Date (Month-Year) Heating Degree Days (HDD) Figure 3 Natural gas usage and heating degree day curves The chart above shows the monthly natural gas usage along with the heating degree days or HDD. Heating degree days is the difference of the average daily temperature and a base temperature of 65 F, on a particular day. The heating degree days are zero for the days when the average temperature exceeds the base temperature. As expected, the natural gas consumption profile follows a curve similar to the HDD curve. The spike in February is caused Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 7/54

8 by an estimated meter reading and does not necessarily indicate deficiencies in heating operations. The following pie charts and table show energy use for the Maintenance Building based on utility bills for the analyzed billing period. Note: electrical cost at $48/MMBtu of energy is over 4 times as expensive as natural gas at $11/MMBtu. Annual Energy Consumption / Costs MMBtu % MMBtu $ % $ $/MMBtu Electric Misc 19 10% $927 17% 48 Electric For Cooling 22 11% $1,045 19% 48 Electric For Heating 13 7% $633 11% 48 Lighting 40 21% $1,934 35% 48 Domestic Hot Water (Gas) 8 4% $88 2% 11 Building Space Heating (Gas) 88 46% $962 17% 11 Totals % $5, % 29 Total Electric Usage 95 50% $4,538 81% 48 Total Gas Usage 96 50% $1,051 19% 11 Totals % $5, % 29 Annual Energy Consumption (MMBtu) Annual Energy Costs ($) Domestic Hot Water (Gas) Building Space Heating (Gas) Electric Misc Lighting Electric For Cooling Electric For Heating Domestic Hot Water (Gas) Lighting Building Space Heating (Gas) Figure 4 Annual energy consumption and cost breakdown Electric Misc Electric For Heating Electric For Cooling Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 8/54

9 Site Energy Intensity (kbtu/sq ft.) Energy Benchmarking SWA has entered energy information about the building in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager energy benchmarking system. This facility is categorized as a Other-Service (Vehicle Repair/Service, Postal Service)" space type. The ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager calculates an Energy Performance Rating for several building types; however, the system is currently unable to calculate a Performance Rating for this building type. The Site Energy Utilization Intensity (Site EUI) was calculated to be 86 kbtu/ft 2 /yr compared to the National Median of 45 kbtu/ft 2 /yr. The calculated EUI is based on estimated energy consumption and may differ from actual building consumption. Sub-metering the building s electric and natural gas consumption would allow for an accurate utility analysis. See the ECM section for guidance on how to further reduce the building s energy intensity. The ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager uses a national survey conducted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). This national survey, known as the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), is conducted every four years, and gathers data on building characteristics and energy use from thousands of buildings across the United States. Due to insufficient data in the 2007 survey, Portfolio Manager continues to use data provided by 2003 survey. The Portfolio Manager software uses this data to create a database by building type. By entering the building parameters and utility data into the software, Portfolio Manager is able to generate a performance scale from by comparing it to similar school buildings. This 100 point scale determines how well the building performs relative to other buildings across the country, regardless of climate and other differentiating factors Site Energy Intensity (kbtu/sq ft.) Date (Month-Year) Electric Energy Intensity Gas Energy Intensity Figure 5 Monthly site energy intensity breakdowns per energy type Per the LGEA program requirements, SWA has assisted the Dwight-Englewood School in creating an ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager account and sharing the school information to allow future data to be added and tracked using the benchmarking tool. SWA has shared this Portfolio Manager account information with the Dwight-Englewood School (user name of Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 9/54

10 with a password of ) and TRC Energy Services (user name of ). Tariff analysis Tariff analysis can help determine if the building is paying the lowest rate possible for electric and gas service. Tariffs are typically assigned to buildings based on size and building type. Rate fluctuations are expected during periods of peak usage. Natural gas prices often increase during winter months since large volumes of natural gas is needed for heating equipment. Similarly, electricity prices often increase during the summer months when additional electricity is needed for cooling equipment. As part of the utility bill analysis, SWA evaluated the current utility rates and tariffs for the Maintenance Building. The electric use for the building is direct-metered and purchased under the General Lighting and Power (GLP) rate schedule, which includes demand and societal benefits charges. The GLP rate schedule is a market-rate based on electric usage and electric demand. Demand prices are reflected in the utility bills and can be verified by observing the price fluctuations throughout the year. The school is also paying for natural gas under the General Service Gas (GSG) rate schedule, which includes fixed costs such as meter reading charges. Energy Procurement strategies Utility analysis was conducted using an average aggregated rate which is estimated based on the total cost divided by the total energy usage for each utility over a 12 month period. Average aggregated rates do not separate demand charges from usage, and instead provide a metric of inclusive cost per unit of energy. Average aggregated rates are used in order to equitably compare building utility rates to average utility rates throughout the state of New Jersey. The average estimated NJ commercial utility rates for electric are $0.137/kWh, while the building pays a rate of $0.164/kWh. The building s annual electric utility costs are $751 higher, when compared to the average estimated NJ commercial utility rates. Electric bill analysis shows fluctuations up to 22% over the analyzed billing period. Electric rate fluctuations in the winter and spring can be attributed to a combination of demand charges, market rate changes and actual and estimated meter readings. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 10/54

11 Natural Gas Price ($/therm) Electric Price ($/kwh) Electric Demand (kw) $0.20 $0.18 $0.16 $0.14 $0.12 $0.10 $0.08 $0.06 $0.04 $0.02 $0.00 Average Electric Price vs. Monthly Peak Demand(kW) Date (Month-Year) Electric Rate ($/kwh) Average NJ rate ($/kwh) Electric Demand (kw) Figure 6 Average NJ electric rate compared to the average aggregated electric rate and demand The average estimated NJ commercial utility rates for gas are $0.811/therm, while the building pays a rate of $1.093/therm. The building s annual natural gas utility costs are $271 higher, when compared to the average estimated NJ commercial utility rates. Natural gas bill analysis shows fluctuations over the analyzed billing period. Utility rate fluctuations in the spring and summer months may have been caused by a combination of low usage and the assessment of fixed fees and costs. $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 Annual Natural Gas Price ($/therm) Date (Month-Year) Natural Gas Rate ($/therm) Average NJ rate ($/therm) Figure 7 Average NJ gas rate versus monthly rates the building pays Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 11/54

12 Preceding the expiration of any third-party supplier contract, SWA recommends that the building further explore opportunities of purchasing electricity and natural gas from other third-party suppliers in order to reduce rate fluctuation and ultimately reduce the annual cost of energy for the Dwight-Englewood Schools. Appendix E contains a complete list of third-party energy suppliers for the Dwight-Englewood service area. EXISTING FACILITY AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION This section gives an overview of the current state of the facility and systems. Please refer to the Proposed Further Recommendations section for recommendations for improvement. Based on visits from SWA in December of 2012 and January of 2013, the following data was collected and analyzed. Building Characteristics The Dwight-Englewood School s Maintenance Building is a one story, 2,220 ft 2 building built in 1997, with an occupied attic space and no basement. Maintenance staff uses this building as a headquarters for storing equipment, tools, fixing things, receiving shipments and taking breaks. Half of the building is garage space, while the remainder is made up several offices, a break room, bathroom and mechanical closet. Image 1 Entrance Image 2 Loading Dock Door Building Occupancy Profiles The building s maximum occupancy is 20 adults. The building is typically occupied between 6:00 AM and 11:00 PM, Monday through Friday. Building Envelope On January 3rd, 2013, SWA performed a building envelope analysis. At this time, the average outside dry bulb temperature was approximately 34 F with an average wind speed of 8 mph. These conditions are considered favorable for infrared imagery. Infrared imagery requires a minimum temperature difference of 18 F, between indoor and outdoor spaces. Infrared images below exhibit specific building envelope deficiencies, such as unwanted heat transfer and air infiltration. Additional building envelope characteristics are detailed below. The building Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 12/54

13 envelope consists of the outer shell of the building including the walls, windows, doors, and roof. This section will examine the overall condition of the envelope and note any deficiencies discovered during the audit. General Note: All findings and recommendations on the exterior envelope (base, walls, roofs, doors and windows) are based on the energy auditors experience and expertise on detailed visual analysis, as far as accessibility and weather conditions allowed at the time of the field audit. Interior and Exterior Walls The exterior wall construction is made up of red brick veneer over concrete masonry units and a steel frame. The brick veneer covers the exterior of the first floor, while the exterior of the attic space is made up of wood paneling. Interior walls are comprised of painted gypsum board over 3 inches of batt insulation. Note: Wall insulation levels could not be verified in the field, and are based on similar wall types and time of construction. Image 3 Typical brick façade, window, and overhead garage doors Exterior and interior wall surfaces were inspected during the field audit. They were found to be in overall good condition with no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage or other energy-compromising issues detected on all facades. The building is fairly new and therefore has no significant cracking of bricks or crumbling of mortar. Roof The roof of the Maintenance Building is a high pitched open gable type, finished with dark gray asphalt shingles. The roof edges are lined gutters for water drainage control. The interior roof surfaces are finished with painted gypsum board over approximately 6 inches of batt insulation. Note: Roof insulation levels could not be visually verified in the field and are based on similar building types during the time of construction. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 13/54

14 Roofs, related flashing, gutters and downspouts which were not found to have any deficiencies and no leaks were discovered at the time of the audit. The roof was in good condition. Image 4 Roof The photos above detail an infrared image of the building. The number in the top left corner represents the temperature of the area within the crosshairs in the center of the photo. The numbers on the bottom of the photo represent the scale of the color gradient shown. The image above shows the roof of maintenance building alongside its infrared photo. The infrared image indicates that the roof has good insulation, as the dark color shows the lack of heat transfer. However, the roof ridge, or peak of the roof, shows heat escaping, seen by the orange line on the top of the image. This indicates that the ridge is not insulated, acting as a thermal bridge between the conditioned interior space and unconditioned exterior. Insulation should be installed along the ridge to prevent this. Additionally, heat is being lost through the loading dock doors and the wood paneling above the doors, suggesting low levels of insulation. Base The building s base is composed of a slab-on-grade floor with a perimeter footing, poured concrete foundation walls and no detectable slab edge/perimeter insulation. The building s base and its perimeter were inspected for signs of uncontrolled moisture or water presence and other energy-compromising issues. Overall the base was reported to be in fair condition with a no signs of uncontrolled moisture, air-leakage and/ or other energycompromising issues neither visible on the interior nor exterior. Windows The building contains double-pane windows with low-e coating. Windows are operable and have non-insulated aluminum frames. Windows, shading devices, sill, related flashing and caulking were inspected as far as accessibility allowed for signs of moisture, air-leakage, and other energy compromising issues. Overall, the windows were found to be in fair condition. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 14/54

15 Image 5 Windows and loading dock door The images above show the visible spectrum and infrared spectrum of a first story window. Despite having double glazing, the window shows poor insulating properties as indicated by the orange color captured by the infrared camera. The orange color shows heat escaping from the building. Additionally, we see large amounts of heat escaping through the garage door on the left. This heat loss can be mitigated by adding insulation to the door. Exterior doors The building contains metal type exterior doors with a non-insulated metal frame and single paned windows. The doors are located on the north and south side of the building. All exterior doors, thresholds, related flashing, caulking and weather-stripping were inspected for signs of moisture, air-leakage and other energy-compromising issues. Overall, the doors were found to be in fair condition showing signs of uncontrolled moisture, airleakage and/ or other energy-compromising issues as described in the building envelope section. The rear door in particular was found to have a gap between the door and threshold and is in need of new weather stripping. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 15/54

16 The following specific door problem spots were identified: Image 6 Side entrance and window The images above show the second level window and entrance on the building s northern exposure. Here we see heat being lost through the non-insulated frames of both the window and door. We also see excessive heat loss through the door s single-pane window. The louver above the window may be necessary for proper ventilation in the workshop area and so its heat loss is unavoidable. Building air-tightness Overall the field auditors found the building to be insufficiently air-tight with numerous areas of suggested improvements. At the time of the visit, staff left the garage doors open for periods of time compromising the heat used in the space. The air tightness of buildings helps maximize all other implemented energy measures and investments, and minimizes potentially costly long-term maintenance, repair and replacement expenses. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 16/54

17 Mechanical Systems Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning The entire Maintenance Building is mechanically heated, while a portion of the building is mechanically cooled. Below is a detailed description of the building s heating and cooling equipment. Equipment Heating System The building uses a gas-fired furnace and unit heater for heating. One Amana gas-fired furnace is used to heat the offices and kitchenette sections of the building. The remainder of the building, which includes the garage space and attic offices, is heated with a Reznor gasfired unit heater. Image 6 Amana gas furnace Image 7 Supplemental unit heater Cooling System The office space and kitchenette are cooled using direct expansion (DX) coils, using the same fan and ducts used for the heating system. The refrigerant line is piped to an Amana condensing unit located by the gas meter. The garage and attic spaces are not mechanically cooled. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 17/54

18 Image 8 Amana condensing unit Domestic Hot Water Domestic hot water for the building is supplied by a 32,000 BTU/hr natural gas-fired, 40 gallon, A.O. Smith water heater. As seen in the image below, the domestic hot water piping lacks any insulation. Controls Image 9 DHW Boiler The gas-fired boiler is controlled via a space thermostat seen in Image 10. The split DX unit incorporates integral thermostat to control cooling. Domestic Hot Water (DHW) has manual temperature control knob which is currently set between hot and very hot. Reducing the temperature of the DHW would reduce the heater s natural gas consumption. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 18/54

19 Image 10 Thermostat Image 11 DHW thermostat Electrical systems Lighting See attached lighting schedule in Appendix B for a complete inventory of lighting throughout the building including estimated power consumption and proposed lighting recommendations. Interior lighting The lighting inside the Maintenance Building is made up of energy efficient T8 lamped fixtures. The fixtures consisted of ceiling suspended and recessed parabolic types. The fixtures are controlled with wall mounted toggle switches and occupancy sensors. Image 12 T8 lighting in the garage Image 13 Office area lighting Exit Lights - Exit signs were found to be LED types. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 19/54

20 Exterior Lighting Halogen lamped fixtures are currently used for exterior lighting. These lamps are inefficient compared to other lamps available on the market. According to maintenance staff, the fixtures are manually controlled. The building s electric service is also used for several pole mounted parking lot fixtures. The fixtures are manually controlled through the same switch box used for the exterior façade lighting. At the time of the visit, the parking lot lights and exterior façade lights were operating during daylight hours. Appliances and process SWA conducted a general survey of larger, installed equipment. Appliances and other miscellaneous equipment account for a significant portion of electrical usage within the building. Typically, appliances are referred to as plug-load equipment, since they are not inherent to the building s systems, but rather plug into an electrical outlet. Equipment such as process motors, computers, computer servers, radio and dispatch equipment, refrigerators, vending machines and printers all create an electrical load on the building that is hard to separate from the rest of the building s energy usage based on utility analysis. Devices are available to power down such plug loads, providing energy savings. One relatively-new refrigerator is installed in the kitchenette, seen in Image 14. Elevators Image 14 kitchen refrigerator The building is a single-story structure; therefore there is no elevator prevalent. Other electrical systems There are currently no other significant energy-impacting electrical systems installed at the Dwight-Englewood School Maintenance Building. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 20/54

21 RENEWABLE AND DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MEASURES Renewable energy is defined as any power source generated from sources which are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind and geothermal. Technology for renewable energy is improving and the cost of installation is decreasing due to both demand and the availability of governmentsponsored funding. Renewable energy reduces the need for using either electricity or fossil fuel, therefore lowering costs by reducing the amount of energy purchased from the utility company. Solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines use natural resources to generate electricity. Geothermal systems offset the thermal loads in a building by using water stored in the ground as either a heat sink or heat source. Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) allows for heat recovery during electricity generation. Existing systems Currently there are no renewable energy systems installed in the building. Evaluated Systems Solar Photovoltaic Photovoltaic panels convert light energy received from the sun into a usable form of electricity. Panels can be connected into arrays and mounted directly onto building roofs, as well as installed onto built canopies over areas such as parking lots, building roofs or other open areas. Electricity generated from photovoltaic panels is generally sold back to the utility company through a net meter. Net-metering allows the utility to record the amount of electricity generated in order to pay credits to the consumer that can offset usage and demand costs on the electric bill. In addition to generation credits, there are incentives available called Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs) that are subsidized by the state government. Specifically, the New Jersey State government pays a market-rate SREC to facilities that generate electricity in an effort to meet state-wide renewable energy requirements. Installation of solar photovoltaic panels for the Maintenance Building is not recommended based on the roof construction and orientation. The available area for installation is not sufficient to support a solar panel array with good potential for energy and cost savings. Solar Thermal Collectors Solar thermal collectors are not cost-effective for this building and would not be recommended due to the insufficient and intermittent use of domestic hot water throughout the building to justify the expenditure. Wind The building is not a good candidate for wind power generation due to insufficient wind conditions in this area of New Jersey. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 21/54

22 Geothermal The building is not a good candidate for geothermal installation since it would require replacement of the entire existing HVAC system, as well as extensive installation of geothermal wells and pumping equipment. Combined Heat and Power The building is not a good candidate for CHP installation and would not be cost-effective due to the size and operations of the building. Typically, CHP is best suited for buildings with a constant electrical baseload to accommodate the electricity generated, as well as a means for using waste heat generated. Additionally, the seasonal occupancy schedule of the School is not well suited for a CHP installation. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 22/54

23 PROPOSED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) are recommendations determined for the building based on improvements over current building conditions. ECMs have been determined for the building based on installed cost, as well as energy and cost-savings opportunities. Recommendations: Energy Conservation Measures # Energy Conservation Measures ECM 1 ECM 2 ECM 3 ECM 4 ECM 5 ECM 6 Upgrade 3 Incandescent lamps to Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) Upgrade existing thermostat to a programmable model Insulate domestic hot water piping Install 2 photocell controls Replace 7 Metal Halide fixtures with LED fixtures Upgrade 4 Lighting Controls with Occupancy Sensors In order to clearly present the overall energy opportunities for the building and ease the decision of which ECM to implement, SWA calculated each ECM independently and did not incorporate slight/potential overlaps between some of the listed ECMs (i.e. lighting change influence on heating/cooling. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 23/54

24 net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ kwh, 1st yr savings kw, demand reduction/mo therms, 1st yr savings kbtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $ total 1st yr savings, $ life of measure, yrs est. lifetime cost savings, $ simple payback, yrs lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, % net present value, $ CO2 reduced, lbs/yr ECM #1: Upgrade 3 Incandescent lamps to Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) The building is equipped with fixtures containing inefficient incandescent lamps. The fixtures are located in the auditorium lobby, within the auditorium and in several backstage rooms. SWA recommends that each incandescent lamp be replaced with a more efficient Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL). CFLs are capable of providing equivalent or better light output while using less power when compared to incandescent, halogen and Metal Halide fixtures. CFL bulbs produce the same lumen output with less wattage than incandescent bulbs and last up to five times longer. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $29 (includes $12 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program Economics: $ $3 $146 5 $ ,393% 479% 499% $615 1,565 Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken on the day of the field visit and using the billing analysis. SWA also assumed 2 hours/day to replace aging burnt out lamps. Rebates/financial incentives: There currently are no incentives for this measure at this time. Please see APPENDIX G for more information on Incentive Programs. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 24/54

25 net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ kwh, 1st yr savings kw, demand reduction/mo therms, 1st yr savings kbtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $ total 1st yr savings, $ life of measure, yrs est. lifetime cost savings, $ simple payback, yrs lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, % net present value, $ CO2 reduced, lbs/yr ECM #2: Upgrade existing thermostat to a programmable model During the audit, SWA observed one manual thermostat used to control the furnace. Manual thermostats are not capable of reducing space temperatures during unoccupied hours, which results in wasted energy. SWA recommends replacing the thermostat with a programmable model. Programmable thermostats offer an easy way to save energy by scheduling different temperature set points. By turning the thermostat setback 8 F to 10 F for an eight hour period (at night), the heating bill can be reduced substantially (by a minimum of 10% per year). In the summer, the cooling bill can be reduced by keeping the conditioned space warmer when unoccupied, and only cooling the space when it is occupied. The savings from using a programmable thermostat is greater in milder climates than in more extreme climates. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. However, the school may decide to perform this work with in-house resources from the maintenance department. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $167 Source of cost estimate: Published and established costs Economics: $ $0 $ $3, ,940% 129% 136% $2,427 2,372 Assumptions: The financial calculations above are for converting one manual thermostat to a programmable type. It is assumed that there will be evening setbacks for 8 hours a day for which the set point adjusts from 72 F to 64 F in the winter and 80 F in the summer. SWA assumed that temperatures would be setback based on the operation schedule of the building and used the Energy Star Savings Calculator on the following site: H Rebates/financial incentives: There currently are no incentives for this measure at this time. Please see APPENDIX G for more information on Incentive Programs. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 25/54

26 ECM #3: Insulate domestic hot water piping At the time of the visit, SWA observed missing pipe insulation on the domestic hot water system. Missing insulation allows the pipes to radiate heat into spaces that do not require heating. Such spaces include wall cavities and unoccupied rooms. This unwanted heat transfer allows for system heat loss, which reduces the amount of heat delivered to bathroom faucets. The aquastat set point may be set at a higher temperature setting to compensate for lost heat. SWA recommends that all domestic hot water pipes be insulated to mitigate heat loss. The condition of the existing insulation can be evaluated for replacement by the building maintenance staff. Included below is a table from ASHRAE documenting the recommended pipe insulation thickness based on pipe size and operating temperatures. This should serve as the guidelines for any new insulation installed as well as means of evaluation for the existing insulation. Savings for this measure will result from reduced natural gas consumption in producing domestic hot water. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $461 (includes labor costs) Source of cost estimate: NAIMA 3E Plus Program Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 26/54

27 net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ kwh, 1st yr savings kw, demand reduction/mo therms, 1st yr savings kbtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $ total 1st yr savings, $ life of measure, yrs est. lifetime cost savings, $ simple payback, yrs lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, % net present value, $ CO2 reduced, lbs/yr Economics: $ $0 $ $3, % 34% 39% $2,089 1,808 Assumptions: Heat loss, insulation costs and savings estimates were generated by 3E Plus, a pipe insulation calculator developed by the North American Insulating Manufacturers Association (NAIMA). Because the exact length of piping in need of insulation could not be determined during the assessment, SWA assumed the installation of insulation for 40 of piping with a 1 diameter. These values can then be applied to every section of piping that meets the same original conditions; an existing case of non-insulated piping and a proposed case of piping insulated according to NYCECC standards. For this measure, SWA assumed insulation thicknesses of 1 for the domestic hot water pipes. Rebates/financial incentives: There currently are no incentives for this measure at this time. Please see APPENDIX G for more information on Incentive Programs. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 27/54

28 net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ kwh, 1st yr savings kw, demand reduction/mo therms, 1st yr savings kbtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $ total 1st yr savings, $ life of measure, yrs est. lifetime cost savings, $ simple payback, yrs lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, % net present value, $ CO2 reduced, lbs/yr ECM #4: Install 2 photocell controls At the time of the visit SWA found fixtures that could benefit from the installation of photocell controls. The fixtures include the exterior façade lighting and pole mounted parking lot lights, which were found operating during daylight hours. Photocell controls are a type of lighting control that automatically shut off connected fixtures when specified light level is detected by a sensor. As daylight increases the light fixtures will automatically shut off, preventing them from operating during daylight hours and reducing electric consumption. SWA recommends installing photocell controls to fixtures that do not already have automatic controls. The controls should be located on the exterior where the sensor will not be under any shading. Such spaces include vestibules and perimeter offices. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $400 (includes $120 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means, Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program Economics: $ $0 $ $1, % 23% 29% $948 1,279 Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken the days of the field visits and using the billing analysis. Existing light fixtures are assumed to have dimming capabilities. Rebates/financial incentives: NJ Clean Energy Smart Start - $20 per fixture Maximum incentive amount is $40. Please see APPENDIX G for more information on Incentive Programs. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 28/54

29 net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ kwh, 1st yr savings kw, demand reduction/mo therms, 1st yr savings kbtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $ total 1st yr savings, $ life of measure, yrs est. lifetime cost savings, $ simple payback, yrs lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, % net present value, $ CO2 reduced, lbs/yr ECM #5: Replace 7 Metal Halide fixtures with LED fixtures The existing exterior lighting contains inefficient metal halide parking lot fixtures. The fixtures are currently connected to the Maintenance Building and are manually controlled. SWA recommends retrofitting each existing fixture with more efficient LED luminaire. LED retrofits are available to maintain the existing aesthetic and reduce initial project costs. LED fixtures provide comparable light output at a reduced wattage. The labor for the recommended installations is evaluated using prevailing electrical contractor wages. The building owner may decide to perform this work with inhouse resources from the Maintenance Department on a scheduled, longer timeline than otherwise performed by a contractor. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $9,199 (includes $1,960 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means; Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program Economics: $9,199 2, $1,472 $1,962 5 $9, % 1% 2% -$256 5,352 Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken on the day of the field visit and using the billing analysis. The fixture quantity could not be confirmed with maintenance personnel and was estimated based on the proximity to the Maintenance Building. Rebates/financial incentives: There currently are no incentives for this measure at this time. Please see APPENDIX G for more information on Incentive Programs. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 29/54

30 net est. ECM cost with incentives, $ kwh, 1st yr savings kw, demand reduction/mo therms, 1st yr savings kbtu/sq ft, 1st yr savings est. operating cost, 1st yr savings, $ total 1st yr savings, $ life of measure, yrs est. lifetime cost savings, $ simple payback, yrs lifetime return on investment, % annual return on investment, % internal rate of return, % net present value, $ CO2 reduced, lbs/yr ECM #6: Upgrade 4 Lighting Controls with Occupancy Sensors The building contains several areas that could benefit from the installation of occupancy sensors. These areas consisted of various classrooms, bathrooms and offices that are used sporadically throughout the day and could show energy savings by having the lights turn off after a period of no occupancy. Typically, occupancy sensors have an adjustable time delay that shuts down the lights automatically if no motion is detected within a set time period. Advanced ultrasonic lighting sensors include sound detection as a means to controlling lighting operation. Installation cost: Estimated installed cost: $800 (includes $24 0 of labor) Source of cost estimate: RS Means, Published and established costs, NJ Clean Energy Program Economics: $ $0 $ $2, % 14% 19% $1,087 1,783 Assumptions: SWA calculated the savings for this measure using measurements taken on the day of the field visit and using the billing analysis. Rebates/financial incentives: NJ Clean Energy SmartStart Wall-mounted occupancy sensors ($20 per occupancy sensor) Maximum incentive amount is $80 Please see APPENDIX G for more information on Incentive Programs. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 30/54

31 Proposed Further Recommendations Capital Improvements Capital improvements are recommendations for the building that may not be cost-effective at the current time, but that could yield a significant long-term payback. These recommendations should typically be considered as part of a long-term capital improvement plan. Capital improvements should be considered if additional funds are made available. Replace all exterior doors and windows As seen in the Building Description section of this report, significant heat is lost through the entrance and garage doors, as well as the windows. This is due to poor thermal insulating properties of the existing window. By installing windows with insulated double pane glass with a low-e coating and insulated frames, the building will reduce heat loss and heat gain. Reducing heat loss ultimately results with reduced energy consumption and related costs. Ideal window and door replacements would be Energy Star qualified as they perform better than standard windows and doors. SWA estimates a total project cost of $6,697 including the replacement of exterior doors, windows and the related demolition work. Operations and Maintenance Operations and Maintenance measures consist of low/no cost measures that are within the capability of the current building staff to handle. These measures typically require little investment, and they yield a short payback period. These measures may address equipment settings or staff operations that, when addressed will reduce energy consumption or costs. Install water-efficient fixtures and controls Building staff can also easily install faucet aerators and/or low-flow fixtures to reduce water consumption. There are many retrofit options, which can be installed now or incorporated as equipment is replaced. Routine maintenance practices that identify and quickly address water leaks are a low-cost way to save water and energy. Retrofitting with more efficient water-consumption fixtures/appliances will reduce energy consumption for water heating, while also decreasing water/sewer bills. This measure can be conducted by in-house maintenance staff with little investment, and yield a short payback. Inspect and maintain weather-stripping around all exterior doors and roof hatches. This measure can be conducted by in-house maintenance staff with little investment, and yield a short payback. SWA recommends that the building considers purchasing the most energy-efficient equipment, including ENERGY STAR labeled appliances, when equipment is installed or replaced. ENERGY STAR appliances meet stricter standards compared to standard appliances. Stricter standards include exceeding Federal minimum efficiencies and reduced environmental impact. More information can be found in the Products section of the ENERGY STAR website at: Consider the use of smart power electric strips - in conjunction with occupancy sensors to power down computer equipment when left unattended for extended periods of time. Create an energy educational program - that teaches students and professionals how to minimize energy use. An educational program may be incorporated into school curricula to Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 31/54

32 increase students environmental awareness. The U.S. Department of Energy offers free information for hosting energy efficiency educational programs and plans. For more information please visit: Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 32/54

33 APPENDIX A: EQUIPMENT LIST Building System Description Model # Fuel Location Space Served Year Installed Domestic Hot Water Heating/Cooling Capacity- 40 Gal BTU/HR input Max working pressure psi Gas Furnace A.O. Smith Model - FSG Serial # JMB Amana Model # Air Command 80 SSE Natural Gas Natural Gas Mechanical Closet Mechanical Closet Cooling Split DX Unit N/A Electric Outdoor Maintenance Building Maintenance Building Maintenance Building Estimated Remaining Useful Life % % % % Heating Unit Heater Reznor Natural Gas Garage Garage % Note: The remaining useful life of a system (in %) is an estimate based on the system date of built and existing conditions derived from visual inspection. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 33/54

34 Marker Floor Room Identification Fixture Type Ballast Lamp Type # of Fixtures # of Lamps per Fixture Watts per Lamp Controls Operational Hours per Day Operational Days per Year Ballast Wattage Total Watts Energy Use kwh/year Category Fixture Type Lamp Type Ballast Controls # of Fixtures # of Lamps per Fixture Watts per Lamp Operational Hours per Day Operational Days per Year Ballast Watts Total Watts Energy Use kwh/year Fixture Savings (kwh) Controls Savings (kwh) Total Savings (kwh) Appendix B: Lighting Study Location Existing Fixture Information Retrofit Information Annual Savings 1 1 Office Recessed Parabolic E 4'T OS N/A Recessed Parabolic 4'T8 E OS Garage Ceiling Suspended E 4'T Sw ,385 C Ceiling Suspended 4'T8 E OS Lunch Rm Recessed Parabolic E 4'T Sw ,039 C Recessed Parabolic 4'T8 E OS Lunch Rm Recessed Parabolic E 2'T Sw N/A Recessed Parabolic 2'T8 E Sw Office Recessed Parabolic E 4'T Sw C Recessed Parabolic 4'T8 E OS Mechanical Rm Ceiling Mounted E 2'T Sw N/A Ceiling Mounted 2'T8 E Sw Bathroom Recessed Parabolic E 2'T Sw N/A Recessed Parabolic 2'T8 E Sw Storage Closet Recessed Parabolic E 4'T Sw C Recessed Parabolic 4'T8 E OS Garage Exit Sign S LED N N/A Exit Sign LED S N Ext Exterior Wall Mounted S Hal Sw ,202 CFL Wall Mounted CFL S PC Ext Exterior Pole Mounted Off Building M HPS Sw ,260 5,519 LED Pole Mounted Off Building LED S PC Totals: ,680 11, ,798 6,241 3,863 1,710 5,573 Rows Highlighed Yellow Indicate an Energy Conservation Measure is recommended for that space Proposed Lighting Summary Table Total Gross Floor Area (SF) Average Power Cost ($/kwh) 2, Exterior Lighting Existing Proposed Savings Exterior Annual Consumption (kwh) 6,721 2,143 4,578 Exterior Power (watts) 1, Total Interior Lighting Existing Proposed Savings Annual Consumption (kwh) 5,093 4, Lighting Power (watts) 2,145 2,145 0 Lighting Power Density (watts/sf) Estimated Cost of Fixture Replacement ($) 9,128 Estimated Cost of Controls Improvements ($) 1,200 Total Consumption Cost Savings ($) 2,388 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 34/54

35 Lamp Type Controls CFL Compact Fluorescent T Autom. Timer Inc Incadescent BL Bi-Level LED Light Emitting Diode Ct Contact MH Metal Halide M Daylight & Motion MV Mercury Vapor DLSw Daylight & Switch PSMH Pulse Start Metal Halide DL Daylight Sensor HPS High Pressure Sodium DSw Delay Switch LPS Low Pressure Sodium D Dimmer Fl Fluorescent MS Motion Sensor 4'T8 4 Feet long T8 Linear Lamp MSw Motion& Switch 4'T8 U-shaped 4 Feet long T8 U-shaped Lamp N None 4'T5 4 Feet long T5 Linear Lamp OS Occupancy Sensor Ballast Type LEGEND OSCM Occupancy Sensor Ceiling Mounted E Electronic PC Photocell M Magnetic Sw Switch S Self Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 35/54

36 APPENDIX C: UPCOMING EQUIPMENT PHASEOUTS LIGHTING: As of July 1, 2010 magnetic ballasts most commonly used for the operation of T12 lamps are no longer being produced for commercial and industrial applications. As of January 1, watt incandescent bulbs have been phased out in accordance with the Energy Independence and Security Act of As of July 2012 many non energy saver model T12 lamps have been phased out of production. As of January 1, watt incandescent bulbs have been phased out in accordance with the Energy Independence and Security Act of Starting January 1, and 40 watt incandescent bulbs will be phased out in accordance with the Energy Independence and Security Act of Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 incandescent lamp phase-out exclusions: 1. Appliance lamp (e.g. refrigerator or oven light) 2. Black light lamp 3. Bug lamp 4. Colored lamp 5. Infrared lamp 6. Left-hand thread lamp 7. Marine lamp 8. Marine signal service lamp 9. Mine service lamp 10. Plant light lamp 11. Reflector lamp 12. Rough service lamp 13. Shatter-resistant lamp (including a shatter-proof lamp and a shatter-protected lamp) 14. Sign service lamp 15. Silver bowl lamp 16. Showcase lamp way incandescent lamp 18. Traffic signal lamp 19. Vibration service lamp 20. Globe shaped G lamp (as defined in ANSI C and C with a diameter of 5 inches or more 21. T shape lamp (as defined in ANSI C and C ) and that uses not more than 40 watts or has a length of more than 10 inches 22. A B, BA, CA, F, G16-1/2, G-25, G30, S, or M-14 lamp (as defined in ANSI C and ANSI C ) of 40 watts or less 23. Candelabra incandescent and other lights not having a medium Edison screw base. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 36/54

37 When installing compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), be advised that they contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing and EPA guidelines concerning cleanup and safe disposal of compact fluorescent light bulbs should be followed. Additionally, all lamps to be disposed should be recycled in accordance with EPA guidelines through state or local government collection or exchange programs instead. HCFC (Hydro chlorofluorocarbons): As of January 1, 2010, no production and no importing of R-142b and R-22, except for use in equipment manufactured before January 1, 2010, in accordance with adherence to the Montreal Protocol. As of January 1, 2015, No production and no importing of any HCFCs, except for use as refrigerants in equipment manufactured before January 1, As of January 1, 2020 No production and no importing of R-142b and R-22. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 37/54

38 APPENDIX D: THIRD PARTY ENERGY SUPPLIERS Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 38/54

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45 APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY AND METHOD OF CALCULATIONS Net ECM Cost: The net ECM cost is the cost experienced by the customer, which is typically the total cost (materials + labor) of installing the measure minus any available incentives. Both the total cost and the incentive amounts are expressed in the summary for each ECM. Annual Energy Cost Savings (AECS): This value is determined by the audit firm based on the calculated energy savings (kwh or Therm) of each ECM and the calculated energy costs of the building. Lifetime Energy Cost Savings (LECS): This measure estimates the energy cost savings over the lifetime of the ECM. It can be a simple estimation based on fixed energy costs. If desired, this value can factor in an annual increase in energy costs as long as the source is provided. Simple Payback: This is a simple measure that displays how long the ECM will take to breakeven based on the annual energy and maintenance savings of the measure. ECM Lifetime: This is included with each ECM so that the owner can see how long the ECM will be in place and whether or not it will exceed the simple payback period. Additional guidance for calculating ECM lifetimes can be found below. This value can come from manufacturer s rated lifetime or warranty, the ASHRAE rated lifetime, or any other valid source. Operating Cost Savings (OCS): This calculation is an annual operating savings for the ECM. It is the difference in the operating, maintenance, and / or equipment replacement costs of the existing case versus the ECM. In the case where an ECM lifetime will be longer than the existing measures (such as LED lighting versus fluorescent) the operating savings will factor in the cost of replacing the units to match the lifetime of the ECM. In this case or in one where one-time repairs are made, the total replacement / repair sum is averaged over the lifetime of the ECM. Return on Investment (ROI): The ROI is expresses the percentage return of the investment based on the lifetime cost savings of the ECM. This value can be included as an annual or lifetime value, or both. Net Present Value (NPV): The NPV calculates the present value of an investment s future cash flows based on the time value of money, which is accounted for by a discount rate (assumes bond rate of 3.2%). Internal Rate of Return (IRR): The IRR expresses an annual rate that results in a break-even point for the investment. If the owner is currently experiencing a lower return on their capital than the IRR, the project is financially advantageous. This measure also allows the owner to compare ECMs against each other to determine the most appealing choices. Gas Rate and Electric Rate ($/therm and $/kwh): The gas rate and electric rate used in the financial analysis is the total annual energy cost divided by the total annual energy usage for the 12 month billing period studied. The graphs of the monthly gas and electric rates reflect the total monthly energy costs divided by the monthly usage, and display how the average rate fluctuates throughout the year. The average annual rate is the only rate used in energy savings calculations. Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 45/54

46 Calculation References Term ECM AOCS AECS LOCS* LECS LCS NPV IRR DR Net ECM Cost LECS AOCS LCS Simple Payback Lifetime ROI Annual ROI Definition Energy Conservation Measure Annual Operating Cost Savings Annual Energy Cost Savings Lifetime Operating Cost Savings Lifetime Energy Cost Savings Lifetime Cost Savings Net Present Value Internal Rate of Return Discount Rate Total ECM Cost Incentive AECS X ECM Lifetime LOCS / ECM Lifetime LOCS+LECS Net ECM Cost / (AECS + AOCS) (LECS + LOCS Net ECM Cost) / Net ECM Cost (Lifetime ROI / Lifetime) = [(AECS + OCS) / Net ECM Cost (1 / Lifetime)] * The lifetime operating cost savings are all avoided operating, maintenance, and/or component replacement costs over the lifetime of the ECM. This can be the sum of any annual operating savings, recurring or bulk (i.e. one-time repairs) maintenance savings, or the savings that comes from avoiding equipment replacement needed for the existing measure to meet the lifetime of the ECM (e.g. lighting change outs). Excel NPV and IRR Calculation In Excel, function =IRR (values) and =NPV (rate, values) are used to quickly calculate the IRR and NPV of a series of annual cash flows. The investment cost will typically be a negative cash flow at year 0 (total cost - incentive) with years 1 through the lifetime receiving a positive cash flow from the annual energy cost savings and annual maintenance savings. The calculations in the example below are for an ECM that saves $850 annually in energy and maintenance costs (over a 10 year lifetime) and takes $5,000 to purchase and install after incentives: Steven Winter Associates, Inc. - LGEA Report Dwight-Englewood School Page 46/54