SULFUR CONCRETE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. A Sustainable Development Approach. A. M. O. Mohamed & M. M. El Gamal

Transcription

1 SULFUR CONCRETE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY A Sustainable Development Approach A. M. O. Mohamed & M. M. El Gamal UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

2 CONTENTS pr-eface iv-bout the Authors xiii xix Chapter 1. Sustainable Development for the Construction Industry 1.1 Introduction Sustainable Development Social Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Economic Sustainability Land Sustainability Role of Technology Characteristics of a Sustainable Technology A Framework for a Sustainable Industry Current System Modified System Sustainability and the Building Construction Industry Strategies for Implementing Sustainable Design and Construction Minimizing Consumption Satisfying Human Needs and Aspirations Avoiding Negative Environmental Impacts Sustainability and Project Procurement Life Cycle Sustainable Business Justification Sustainable Procurement Process Sustainable Design Sustainable Construction Process Sustainable Management and Operation of the Facility Sustainable Disposal and Re-Use of the Site Summary and Concluding Remarks 33 v

3 vi Sulfur Concrete for the Construction Industry Chapter 2. Sulfur Production and Uses 2.1 Introduction Global Sulfur Cycle The Natural Sulfur Cycle The Anthropogenic Sulfur Cycle Sulfur Supply Sulfur Production and Processes Sulfur Trade Sulfur Demand Sulfur Uses Sulfuric Acid Agricultural Chemicals Chemical and Industrial Construction Industry Ore Processing Petroleum Alkylation Pulp and Paper Waste Management Pharmaceutical Industry Environmental Issues Production and Processing Health Effects of Sulfur Effects of Sulfur on the Environment Sulfur Waste Management Summary and Concluding Remarks 67 Chapter 3. Sulfur Properties 3.1 Introduction Occurrence Processes Elemental Sulfur Forms Liquid Sulfur Allotropes Solid Sulfur Allotropes Properties of Elemental Sulfur Melting and Freezing Points Viscosity Density Color Strength Characteristics Thermal Characteristics 82

4 Contents vii Allotropic Transformation Polymerization Chemical Properties Electronic Structure Oxidation States Chemical Reactions of Elemental Sulfur Chemical Reactions of Sulfur with Olefins Chemical Reactions of Sulfur Compounds Biological Reactions of Sulfur Compounds Thermal Properties Electrical Properties Isotopes Potential Ecological Effects of Elemental Sulfur Products Product Groups Practical Applications Summary and Concluding Remarks 107 Chapter 4. Elemental Sulfur Concrete 4.1 Introduction History of Sulfur Concrete Development Terminology Ill 4.4 Compressive Strength Ill Strength Development for Portland Cement Concrete Strength Reduction for Portland Cement Concrete Strength Development for Elemental Sulfur Concrete Material Composition Elemental Sulfur Aggregates ACI Guide for Material Selection Durability Effect of Sulfur Loading, Aggregate Type, and Different Admixtures Effect of Water and Temperature Summary and Concluding Remarks 140 Chapter 5. Sulfur Cement 5.1 Introduction Development Background Terminology Modified Sulfur 146

5 viii Sulfur Concrete for the Construction Industry Mechanism Types Modification Conditions Industrial Modified Sulfur Cement Sulfur Modified with Dicyclopentadiene Sulfur Modified with DCPD and an Oligomer of Cyclopentadiene Sulfur Modified with Styrene Sulfur Modified with a Combination of DCPD and Styrene Sulfur Modified with Olefinic Hydrocarbon Polymers Sulfur Modified with Bitumen Sulfur Modified with 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene Sulfur Cement Factors Controlling Formation of Sulfur Cement Standard Testing of Sulfur Cement Advantages and Disadvantages of Sulfur Cement Advantages Disadvantages Summary and Concluding Remarks 191 Chapter 6. Sulfur Concrete 6.1 Introduction Terminology Development of Sulfur Concrete Composition Sulfur Chemical Additives Mineral Fillers Aggregates Sulfur Concrete Requirements Binder Requirements Mix Design Requirements Manufacturing Equipment and Methods Recommended Testing Advantages of Using Sulfur Concrete Dicyclopentadiene-Modified Sulfur Concrete DCPD Loadings and Aggregate Type Storage Time Thermal Stability 211

6 Contents ix 6.10 Dicyclopentadiene-Cyclopentadiene Oligomer-Modified Sulfur Concrete Effect of Mix Composition on Strength Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Strength Olefinic Hydrocarbon Polymer-Modified Sulfur Concrete ethylidene-2-norbornene-Modified Sulfur Concrete Weight Loss in Alkaline Environment Compressive Strength in Alkaline Environment Ignition and Biological Oxidation Bitumen-Modified Sulfur Concrete Production of Bitumen-Modified Sulfur Concrete Thermal Stability Effect of Sulfur Ratio and Loading Microstructure Characterization Strength Development Reaction Products Durability Hydraulic Conductivity Long-Term Hydromechanical Behavior Leachability Potential Ecological Effects of Sulfur Concrete Summary and Concluding Remarks 254 Chapter 7. Technological Aspects of Sulfur Concrete Production 7.1 Introduction Sulfur Concrete Production The 1970s The 1980s The 1990s The 2000s Mix Design Mixing Process Equipment Development Commercial Scale Application Manufacturing Pre-cast Mixing and Production In situ Construction Mixing and Placing Techniques Placing and Finishing Cold Weather Placements 284

7 x Sulfur Concrete for the Construction Industry Wind and Moisture Repairing Damages Joints and Joint Sealing Forming and Reinforcement Energy Requirement Heating Process Recoveiy Process Cooling Process Durability Issues Types of Fillers and Aggregates Water Absorption Frost Resistance Service Temperature Fire Load Crazing Resistance Creep Fatigue Strength Reinforcement Abrasion Resistance Chemical Resistance Corrosion Potential Service Life ISO Approach Estimation of Sulfur Concrete Service Life Sulfur Concrete Assessment Protocol Summary and Concluding Remarks 328 Chapter 8. Sulfur-Modified Asphalt 8.1 Introduction Asphalt Asphalt Composition Asphalt Fractionation Asphalt Component Interaction Asphalt Aging Lime-Modified Asphalt Sulfur-Modified Asphalt Beneficial Use of Sulfur-Modified Asphalt Sulfur Asphalt History Sulfur Behavior in Liquid State Sulfur Asphalt Interaction 343

8 Contents xi Sulfur Asphalt Mix Concepts Rheology of Sulfur Asphalt Binder Sulfur Asphalt Processing Technology Manufacturing Evaluation Preparation Apparatus for Sulfur Asphalt Binders Premixing Sulfur Asphalt Module Mix Production Construction Procedure Safety and the Environment Emissions Improved Performance Low Temperature Stiffness Tensile Strength Resilient Modulus of Elasticity Fatigue Life Resistance to Stripping Sulfur-to-Asphalt Ratios and Properties Sulfur-to-Asphalt Ratio Sulfur-Modified Asphalt Characteristics Hydrogen Sulfide Emission Control Sulfur Asphalt Development Sand-Asphalt-Sulfur Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Sulfur-Extended Asphalt and Traditional Asphalt Materials Plasticized Sulfur Plasticization Concept Chemicals Used for Plasticization of Sulfur Plasticizing Agent Requirement Plasticization Perceptions Plasticized Mixing Conditions Case Studies for Plasticization of Sulfur Potential Ecological Effects Summary And Concluding Remarks 379 References 381 Index 411