Mike Deas and I.E. Sogutlugil Watercourse Engineering, Inc nd Street, Suite B Davis, CA 95616

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1 Mike Deas and I.E. Sogutlugil Watercourse Engineering, Inc nd Street, Suite B Davis, CA Annett Sullivan and Stewart Rounds U.S. Geological Survey 2130 SW 5 th Avenue Portland OR 67201

2 Outline Problem Statement Purpose/Study Objectives Model Implementation/Construction Results

3 Problem Statement Keno Reservoir, located in southern Oregon near Klamath Falls, is a severely impaired water body Water temperature range: 0 to 30 o C Dissolved oxygen range: 0 to 20 mg/l (Seasonal persistent anoxia) ph range: 6 to 10+ Upper Klamath Lake: dynamic and highly impaired upstream sources Previous work CE-QUAL-W2 (Wells, 1995) Hydropower relicensing (PacifiCorp, 2005) TMDL (NCRWQCB, 2010) Identified need to assess: Boundary conditions Representation of primary production Representation of dissolved oxygen dynamics Representation of sediment processes Partitioning of Organic Matter

4 Purpose/Study Objectives Explore Keno Reservoir flow and water quality characteristics through Data monitoring/assessment program Data assessment Analytical tools Revising and updating CE-QUAL-W2 To: Provide information on processes that control WQ Provide insight that would aid in the development of WQ monitoring plans Predict changes in velocity, temperature and WQ that are likely to occur under various management and WQ improvement scenarios to support beneficial uses.

5 Project Area and Sampling Locations Source: Sullivan et. al., 2011.

6 Data Monitoring/assessment Program Hydrology Existing stations Tributary contributions ADCP deployments Vertical profile measurements (Tw, DO, EC, ph) Continuous (hourly) sondes at 11 locations Grab samples ( ) C, N, and P (dissolved and particulate), CBOD (including CBOD ult ), primary production, zooplankton Weekly at 5 locations Additional efforts sampling Settling rate experiments Meteorology (existing stations)

7 Analytical Tools Purpose Gain insight Add complexity Identify critical processes (e.g. sensitivity) CFSTR Streeter-Phelps RMA-2/11 CE-QUAL-W2

8 Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor Model Water-Quality Monitoring in the Keno Reach of the Klamath River USGS Monitors CFSTR outputs vs. Measured DO k = 0.3 d-1 k = 0.5 d-1 k = 1.0 d-1 k = 1.3 d-1 k = 1.5 d-1 Meas. DO k = reaction-rate constant DO concentration, g/m 3 Measured DO (interpolated in XZ plane) Distance, m

9 Streeter Phelps Model Geometry derived from CE-QUAL-W2

10 Two-Dimensional, Depth-Averaged Model: RMA Model Geometry

11 Initial Results Historic Flow & Wind Dominant wind directions are SSE &NNW ADCP and wind data RMA-2 velocity vector field

12 Two-Dimensional, Laterally Averaged Model: CE-QUAL-W2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Portland State Laterally averaged two-dimensional model Vertical and longitudinal representation Typically applicable to long-narrow reservoirs Version 3.6 of CE-QUAL-W2 Calendar years (data rich years )

13 Model Grid Segments: 102 segments (range: m to m) Layers: m thickness (tested at m)

14 Model Data Geometry Bathymetry USGS PacifiCorp Hydrology River flows and stages USGS PacifiCorp Hydropower facilities PacifiCorp Diversions and return flows U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Unmeasured Municipal and industrial flows Regulated entities Velocity USGS Meteorology Two stations maintained by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

15 Model Data Water Temperature and Water Quality (sondes, grab samples) Boundary Conditions Link River Return flows (Lost River Diversion Channel, Klamath Straits Drain) Distributed tributaries Precipitation Calibration Data In-reservoir sampling locations Point samples and vertical profiles at regular intervals

16 Model Parameters Table 3. Model parameters used in the model for the Klamath River upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon. Table 3. Model parameters used in the model for the Klamath River upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon (contd.). [Abbreviations: C, degrees Celsius; g, gram; g/m 3, gram per cubic meter; g/m 2, gram per square meter; m, meter; 1/d, 1 per day; 1/m, per meter; m 2 /g, square meter per gram; SOD, sediment oxygen demand; W, Watts; (W/m 2 )/ C, Watt per square meter per degree Celsius] [Abbreviations: C, degrees Celsius; g, gram; g/m 3, gram per cubic meter; g/m 2, gram per square meter; m, meter; 1/d, 1 per day; 1/m, per meter; m 2 /g, square meter per gram; SOD, sediment oxygen demand; W, Watts; (W/m 2 )/ C, Watt per square meter per degree Celsius] Parameter Value Description WSC 1.0 Wind sheltering coefficient, dimensionless AFW 9.5 Coefficient in wind speed formulation BFW 0.46 Coefficient in wind speed formulation CFW 2.00 Coefficient in wind speed formulation EXH2O Light extinction coefficient for water and dissolved constituents, 1/m EXSS Light extinction due to inorganic suspended solids, m 2 /g EXOM Light extinction due to organic suspended solids, m 2 /g BETA 0.45 Fraction of solar radiation absorbed at water surface, dimensionless TSED 14.0 Sediment temperature, C CBHE 0.30 Coefficient of bottom heat exchange, (W/m 2 )/ C LDOMDK Labile dissolved organic matter decay rate, 1/d RDOMDK Refractory dissolved organic matter decay rate, 1/d LRDDK Labile to refractory dissolved organic matter conversion rate, 1/d LPOMDK Labile particulate organic matter decay rate, 1/d RPOMDK Refractory particulate organic matter decay rate, 1/d LRPDK Labile to refractory particulate organic matter conversion rate, 1/d POMS 0.25 Particulate organic matter settling rate, m/d OMT1 2.0 Lower temperature parameter for organic matter decay, C OMT Upper temperature parameter for organic matter decay, C OMK Fraction of organic matter decay rate at OMT1 OMK Fraction of organic matter decay rate at OMT2 ORGP Stoichiometric equivalent between organic matter and phosphorus, g P/g OM ORGN Stoichiometric equivalent between organic matter and nitrogen, g N/ g OM ORGC 0.46 Stoichiometric equivalent between organic matter and carbon, g C/ g OM PARTP 0.0 Phosphorus partitioning coefficient for suspended solids, dimensionless PO4R Release rate of phosphorus from sediment, as a fraction of SOD NH4R Release rate of ammonium, as a fraction of SOD NH4DK Ammonia nitrification rate, 1/day NH4T1 4 Lower temperature parameter for ammonia nitrification, C NH4T2 25 Upper temperature parameter for ammonia nitrification, C Parameter Value Description NH4K1 0.1 Fraction of nitrification rate at NH4T1 NH4K Fraction of nitrification rate at NH4T2 NO3DK 2.60 Denitrification rate, 1/day NO3S 0.01 Denitrification rate, loss to sediments, m/day NO3T1 4.0 Lower temperature parameter for nitrate denitrification, C NO3T Lower temperature parameter for nitrate denitrification, C NO3K Fraction of denitrification rate at NO3T1 NO3K Fraction of denitrification rate at NO3T2 O2NH Oxygen stoichiometry for nitrification, g O2/ g N O2OM 1.4 Oxygen stoichiometry for organic matter decay, g O2/ g OM O2AR 1.1 Oxygen stoichiometry for algal respiration, g O2/g algae O2AG 1.4 Oxygen stoichiometry for algal primary production, g O2/g algae KDO 0.1 Dissolved oxygen concentration at which anaerobic processes are at 50% of maximum, g/m 3 SEDCI 8.0 Initial sediment concentration, g/m 2 SODT1 2.0 Lower temperature parameter for zero-order SOD or first-order sediment decay, C SODT Upper temperature parameter for zero-order SOD or first-order sediment decay, C SODK Fraction of SOD or sediment decay rate at SODT1 SODK Fraction of SOD or sediment decay rate at SODT2 SOD 2.3 Zero-order sediment oxygen demand (SOD) for each segment, g O2/ m 2 /day FSOD Fraction of the zero-order SOD rate used SSS 0.2 Inorganic suspended solids settling rate, m/d C1 0.2 Reaeration equation coefficient C Reaeration equation coefficient C Reaeration equation coefficient

17 Model Parameters: Algae Specific Table 4. Algae parameters used in the model for the Klamath River upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon. [Abbreviations: C, degrees Celsius; g, gram; g/g, gram per gram; g/m 3, gram per cubic meter; m, meter; m/d, meter per day; m 2 /g, square meter per gram; W/m 2, Watt per square meter; 1/d, 1 per day] Parameter Blue-Green Algae Diatoms Other Algae Description EXA Light extinction due to algae, m 2 /g AG Maximum algal growth rate, 1/d AR Maximum respiration rate, 1/d AE Maximum algal excretion rate, 1/d AM Maximum algal mortality rate, 1/ d AS Settling rate, m/d AHSP Algal half-saturation for phosphorus limited growth, g/m 3 AHSN Algal half-saturation for nitrogen limited growth, g/m 3 ASAT Light saturation intensity at maximum photosynthetic rate, W/m 2 AT Lower temperature parameter for rising rate function, C AT Upper temperature parameter for rising rate function, C AT Lower temperature parameter for falling rate function, C AT Upper temperature parameter for falling rate function, C AK Fraction of rate at T1 AK Fraction of rate at T2 AK Fraction of rate at T3 AK Fraction of rate at T4 AP Stoichiometric equivalent between biomass and phosphorus, g/g AN Stoichiometric equivalent between biomass and nitrogen, g/g AC Stoichiometric equivalent between biomass and carbon, g/g ACHLA Ratio between algal biomass and chlorophyll a, mg algae/µg chla ALPOM Fraction of algal biomass converted to particulate organic matter when algae die ANPR Algal half saturation preference constant for ammonium

18 Calibration Model calibrated for: stage flow velocity ice cover water temperature total nitrogen particulate nitrogen nitrate ammonia total phosphorus inorganic suspended sediment orthophosphorus (ISS) three algal groups (blue-green, particulate diatom, other) carbon dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

19 Model Results: Water Velocity

20 Calibration Results Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Algae Nutrients Organic Matter Results presentation Sonde data Profiles Grab samples

21 Model Results Water Temperature & Dissolved Oxygen (Year 2006)

22 Model Results Water Temperature & Dissolved Oxygen (Year 2007)

23 Model Results Water Temperature & Dissolved Oxygen (Year 2008)

24 Model Results Water Temperature & Dissolved Oxygen (Year 2009)

25 Model Results Water Temperature Profiles (Years )

26 Algae (2008)

27 Nutrients: Nitrogen (2008)

28 Nutrients: Phosphorus, Carbon (2008)

29 Summary Model effectively represents water quality conditions, with modest exceptions for Dissolved oxygen ph Inter-related parameters SOD Organic Matter Macrophytes

30 Ongoing Research Modified ph algorithm Incorporation of macrophytes Additional calibration/sensitivity analysis Scenario development and model application Reporting

31 Supporting Documentation Sullivan a.b., S. A. Rounds, M.L. Deas, J.R. Asbill, R.E. Wellman, M.A. Stewart, M.W. Johnson, and I.E. Sogutugil Modeling hydrodynamics, water temperature, water quality, in the Klamath River upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations REeport p. Sullivan, A.B., Deas, M.L., Asbill, J., Kirshtein, J.D., Butler, K., and Vaughn, J., 2009, Klamath River water quality data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, Oregon, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report , 25 p. Sullivan, A.B., Deas, M.L., Asbill, J., Kirshtein, J.D., Butler, K., Wellman, R.W., Stewart, M.A., and Vaughn, J., 2008, Klamath River water quality and acoustic Doppler current profiler data from Link River Dam to Keno Dam, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, , 25 p.