What do I need to know for energy flow. Man I sure liked to be able to go to Prom

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2 What do I need to know for energy flow Man I sure liked to be able to go to Prom 2

3 1. Ecology Vocab Intro to Ecology Energy Flow 13.Heterotroph 2. Interdependence 14. Consumer 3. Biosphere 15. Herbivore 4. Species 16. Carnivore 5. Population 17. Omnivore 6. Community 18. Detritivore 7. Ecosystem 19. Decomposer 8. Biome 20. Food chain 9. Autotroph 21.Food web 10. Producer 22. Trophic level 11. Photosynthesis 23. Biomass 12. Chemosynthesis 24. Ecological pyramid

4 Energy Flow Essential Questions 1. Describe the energy levels in a food pyramid starting from the bottom including the organisms and the comparative number found. 2. What strategies are used by organisms to balance energy intake with expenditure 3. For an organism to survive, what balance must exist between energy expended to find food and the energy in the food 4. How does energy expended in food production in an industrialized country compare to nonindustrialized country? 4

5 The study of interactions between different kinds of living things and their environments. 6 levels of organization studied by ecologist: Biosphere Biomes Ecosystems Communities Populations Species Ecology 2

6 Organization of Ecology Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Species 6

7 Ecological research: helps us deal with environmental issues. Increase understanding of Interdependence all participants are self-reliant while at the same time responsible to each other Deals with questions from a single organism to the entire planet. Through observations, experimentation and modeling 7

8 Energy Flow Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. Photosynthesis: chemical reactions that convert sunlight to chemical energy (food) (carbohydrates). Some organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds. Chemosynthesis: process by which these inorganic compounds are converted to carbohydrates. 5

9 Photosynthesis Light 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen 9

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11 The need for energy and nutrients is at the core of every interaction all life s processes require energy Acquiring energy and nutrients join all life together. In an intricate web of interdependence and coexistence. Food Web

12 salmon bear lion opossum hawk minnow bobcat insect cow deer rabbit Algae / Plantkton Berries Grass Seeds 12

13 Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction. From the source to the producers and then to various heterotrophs. Food chains show the one way flow of energy in an ecosystem. A trophic level is a step or link in a food chain. Producers to consumers 6

14 Flow of energy One Way Flow Sun grass Deer Mountain lion 14

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16 Food webs show links between food chains in an ecosystem Grazing food webs: starts with a primary producer Autotroph Chemotroph 8

17 Terms that describe organism in a food web These are the producers Autotrophs convert sunlight to carbohydrates (food). Chemotrophs convert inorganic compounds to carbohydrates Heterotrophs obtain their food by eating or taking living material. These are our consumers. Herbivores eat plants Carnivores eat animals Omnivores eat both plants and animals Detritivores eat detritus which is organic material (remains or wastes of living organisms) Decomposers recycle all types of organic matter (fungi and bacteria) 10

18 Grazing Food Web Carnivore Herbivore 11

19 10 percent rule All life s processes require energy. Balancing energy by maximizing intake and minimizing output. What happens to the energy obtained and used at each trophic level 10% is available to transfer to the next trophic level.» There is some variance 0.05% to 20.0%» About 90% of energy is lost or used as heat or living. 12

20 Because only 10% of the energy is passed the preceding level can only support 1/10 of the Biomass Biomass is the total amount of living tissue

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22 Significance of Food Chain helps in understanding the feeding relationship helps in understanding the interaction between organism and ecosystem. helps in understanding the mechanism of energy flow Can give insight in the circulation of matter in ecosystem. helps to understand the movement of toxic substance Helps to understand problems associated with biological magnification in the ecosystem. 22

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24 A food chain can be represented quantatively (with numbers) 1 Cat 10 Kcal 2 Mice 100 Kcal 5 Grasshoppers 1000 Kcal 10 Wheat plants 10,000 Kcal 24

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26 An ecological pyramid is a diagram that represents the relationship of energy or matter in an ecosystem. Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. 13

27 The shape of the pyramid indicates that most of the energy is stored in plants at the base of the pyramid. Top level consumer consumer producers 27

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29 So I have been thinking, why do grizzly bears hibernate... why do salmon swim hundreds of miles up stream to spawn.. why do geese fly thousands of miles south for the winter? Why do my feet look like hands Balancing energy by maximizing intake and minimizing output. 29

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31 Traits that help to catch food 31

32 To migrate or not to migrate? Many types of migration latitude, elevation, depth. Migration is a response to changes in the environment Favorable conditions for: Food Weather Raising offspring 32

33 Bear Lake Sculpin Daily migration. Stays deep during the day to feed Moves to shallow water (warmer) to digest food 33

34 Earthworm Seasonal Migration During winter the earthworms will burrow below the frost line in the soil. 34

35 Hibernation Many animals (bats) will Hibernate because environmental factors are no longer favorable. Not all animals will be true hibernators Bears undergo topor 35

36 To leave or not to leave 36

37 What strategies are used by organisms to balance energy intake with expenditure? In Physical characteristics Behavioral characteristics

38 Industrialized vs Non-industrialized 38

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41 Industrialization leads to a shift from physical labor to more machines / technology working 41

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43 More than 90 million acres of land are planted to corn used as the main energy ingredient in livestock feed. Corn is also processed into a multitude of food and industrial products including starch, sweeteners, corn oil, beverage and industrial alcohol, and fuel ethanol. 43

44 Factory Farming Referring to the process of raising livestock in confinement at high stocking density A practice typical in industrial farming The main product of this industry is meat, milk, and eggs There have been issues regarding whether factory farming is sustainable and ethical. 44

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48 Cheetah Factory Farming 48

49 Empty Calories Hydrogenated vegetable oils Increase in LDL and a decrease in HDL Less likely to spoil, so foods made with it have a longer shelf life. It doesn't have to be changed as often as do other oils. High Fructose Corn Metabolized differently Increase in triglycerides Some studies have shown that artificial sweeteners, have increased desire to continue eating. 49

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51 Energy Flow Essential Questions 1. Describe the energy levels in a food pyramid starting from the bottom including the organisms and the comparative number found. 2. What strategies are used by organisms to balance energy intake with expenditure 3. For an organism to survive, what balance must exist between energy expended to find food and the energy in the food 4. How does energy expended in food production in an industrialized country compare to nonindustrialized country? 51