Sealing of Boreholes and Underground Excavations in Rock

Transcription

1 Sealing of Boreholes and Underground Excavations in Rock JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR WWW: GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com A service of loop FTP: ftp.thomson.com findit@kiosk.thomson.com

2 Sealing of Boreholes and Underground Excavations in Rock Edited by K. Fuenkajorn Rock Engineering International, Tucson, USA and J. J. K. Daemen Mining Engineering Department, University of Nevada, USA CHAPMAN & HALL London Weinheim. New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras

3 Published by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras , India First edition Chapman & Hall Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 Typeset in loj12pt Times by Thomson Press (I) Ltd., Madras ISBN-l3: : / e-isbn-13: Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: ~ Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSljNISO Z (Permanence of Paper).

4 Contents List of Contributors ix Preface xi 1. Introduction.... J. J. K. Daemen 1.1 Background Sealing Requirements-Rules and Regulations. 1.3 Current Practice Recent Borehole Sealing Research-An Introductory Overview Sealing of Shafts, Tunnels, Mine Adits, Portals and Drifts. 1.6 Book Summary 1. 7 The Future.. Acknowledgements Laboratory Performance of Cement Borehole Seals. D. L. South and K. Fuenkajorn 2.1 Introduction Conceptual Approach. 2.3 Experimental Apparatus. 2.4 Experimental Procedures 2.5 Analysis Summary of Test Results. 2.7 Design Implications Acknowledgements Strength Parameters of Cement Borehole Seals in Rock. H. Akgiln 3.1 Introduction Push-Out Test Experimental Procedure. 3.3 Push-Out Test Mechanical Interactions. 3.4 Finite Element Analysis and Discussion

5 VI Contents 3.5 Push-Out Test Results and Discussion. 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations Acknowledgements Dynamic Loading Impact on Cement Borehole Seals. G. S. Adisoma 4.1 Introduction Experimental Methods 4.3 Flow Test Results Dye Injection Test Results 4.5 Dynamic Loading Test Results. 4.6 Design Considerations. 4.7 Discussion Conclusions. Acknowledgements 5. Performance of Bentonite and Bentonite/Crushed Rock Borehole Seals. S. Ouyang and J. J. K. Daemen 5.1 Introduction Materials Permeability Tests and Results. 5.4 Piping and Flow of Bentonite Prediction of Bentonite Permeability. 5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations Acknowledgements In situ Performance of a Clay-Based Barrier. B. H. Kjartanson, N. A. Chandler and A. W L. Wan 6.1 Introduction The Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program Evaluation of Buffer Physical Performance. 6.4 In situ Experiments Buffer/Container Experiment 6.6 Isothermal Test 6.7 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. 7. In situ Hydraulic Performance Tests of Borehole Seals: Procedure and Analyses. W. B. Greer 7.1 Introduction Proposed Test Schemes. 7.3 Seal Tests

6 Contents vii 7.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements In situ Hydraulic Performance of Cement Borehole Seals. 157 W. B. Greer and D. R. Crouthamel 8.1 Introduction Preliminary Survey for Seal Installation Seal Tests at Oracle Ridge Mine Discussion of Testing at Oracle Ridge Mine Seal Testing at Superior, Arizona Recommendations for Testing In situ Borehole Seals. 181 Acknowledgements Sealing Boreholes in Rock Salt. 184 J. C. Stormont and R. E. Finley 9.1 Introduction General Practice in Sealing Boreholes in Rock Salt Rock Salt Properties Relevant to Borehole Sealing Materials for Sealing Boreholes in Rock Salt Seal System Performance Design Considerations Conclusions. 223 Acknowledgement Design of Underground Plugs. 225 F. A. Auld 10.1 Introduction Types of Plugs Factors to be Considered in Design of Plugs Design Calculations Construction Aspects Plug Sealing and Resistance to Leakage Case Studies Conclusions and Recommendations Design of Borehole Seals: Process, Criteria and Considerations J. J. K. Daemen and K. Fuenkajorn 11.1 Introduction Applications, Objectives and Requirements Considerations of Site Characteristics General Design Criteria Material Selection and Placement Methods Summary Acknowledgements

7 Vlll Contents 12. Sodium Bentonite as a Borehole Sealant. 1. E. Papp 12.1 Introduction Geographical Origin Geological Origin Structure of Sodium Bentonite Properties of Sodium Bentonite Bentonite as a Borehole Sealant Bentonite as an Annular Sealant Types of Bentonite Sealants Placement of Bentonite Case History Featuring High-Solids Bentonite Grout Conclusions Bibliography. Index

8 Contributors G. S. Adisoma Independent Mining Consultants, Inc., 2700 East Executive Drive, Suite 140, Tucson, Arizona 85706, USA H. Akgful Department of Geological Engineering, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey F. A. Auld I. W. Farmer & Partners, Ltd, Jilland House, 329 Bawtry Road, Doncaster, DN4 7PB, England N. A. Chandler AECL Research, Whites hell Laboratories, Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada ROE 1LO D. R. Crouthamel Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, 245 Summer Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, USA J. J. K. Daemen Mining Engineering Department, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada , USA R. E. Finley Sandia National Laboratories, Geotechnical Investigations Department, MS-1325, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA K. Fuenkajorn Rock Engineering International, 7226 West Rivulet Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85743, USA W. B. Greer U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Water and Power Resources Management Division, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, California 95825, USA B. H. Kjartanson Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa , USA

9 x Contributors S.Ouyang Industrial Technology Research Institute, Energy and Resources Laboratories, Building #24, Chung Hsing Road, Section 4, Chutung. Hsinchu, Taiwan 310, R.O.C. J. E. Papp Colloid Environmental Technologies Company, 1350 West Shure Drive, Arlington Heights, Illinois , USA D. L. South Washington State Department of Ecology, Northwest Regional Office, State of Washington, th Avenue, S. E., Bellevue, Washington , USA J. C. Stormont Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA A. W.L. Wan AECL Research, Whiteshell Laboratories, Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada ROE 1LO

10 Preface Sealing of boreholes and underground excavations has not received much engineering attention until fairly recently. The growing awareness of and sensitivity to environmental concerns of the technical community as well as of the public at large has resulted in an increasing recognition of the fact that these geological penetrations may have an environmental impact. The issue of possible contamination resulting from migration along boreholes, adits, shafts or tunnels unquestionably has been raised most forcefully within the context of nuclear waste disposal. Several nuclear waste disposal programs, notably the Civilian and the Defence programs of the US Department of Energy, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Canadian and Swedish radioactive waste disposal programs have conducted major research efforts aimed at developing adequate seal designs for penetrations in host rock formations for high-level nuclear waste repositories. While a considerable data base has been gathered over the last two decades or so with regard to the performance of seals, most of the information is presented in research reports and widely scattered papers in journals and proceedings of conferences. Hence, the materials are not readily accessible to potential users such as designers, contractors or regulators who are not familiar with nuclear waste disposal programs. Although many government agencies have implemented regulations requiring that unused boreholes and underground excavations in rock formations be sealed, these regulations tend to be generic and broad, and rarely allow for taking into account site-specific conditions. As a result, it is probable that, for example, they are excessively conservative for some locations and inadequate for others. We organize and structure the available information on sealing boreholes and underground excavations in a format that makes it much more readily accessible. This book presents a comprehensive integrated summary of recent laboratory and in situ experiments conducted to assess the mechanical and hydraulic performance of the emplaced seals and host rocks. The contents are structured so as to highlight design considerations and recommendations under various aspects of seal and host rock characteristics, and installation environments. Uncertainties in terms of design, performance testing and performance predictions are recognized, and lead naturally to a discussion of remaining research needs. This book is immediately applicable as a compiled literature summary to senior college students and research graduates. It is intended to be a

11 xii Preface reference source for design professionals and researchers in many disciplines of engineering and sciences, including mining, geological, petroleum, nuclear, civil, sanitary and environmental engineers, as well as geologists, hydrologists and material scientists. The present testing techniques, approaches and recommendations will assist graduates and experimentalists in designing their test schemes to develop new sealants and installation methods for a specific application or to answer remaining questions on the sealing of underground space. The data and design considerations presented will allow engineers to plan and design seals with improved confidence. K. Fuenkajorn J. J. K. Daemen