An overview of the UK Energy Storage Research Network and Supergen Energy Storage Hub Professor Nigel Brandon OBE FREng

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1 An overview of the UK Energy Storage Research Network and Supergen Energy Storage Hub Professor Nigel Brandon OBE FREng Director, Sustainable Gas Institute Co-Director, ENERGY SuperStore Director, H2FC SUPERGEN Hub

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3 Bringing together the energy storage research community, inspiring future collaborations. University of Birmingham Midday 25 th - Midday 27 th November

4 Energy Storage - 1 of the 8 GREAT UK TECHNOLOGIES 1 of 8 GREAT TECHNOLOGIES David Willetts A UK PRIORITY TRANSPORT Future success of UK Automotive Sector GRID Energy Storage for for low low Carbon energy systems RESEARCH KEY KEY ENABLER FOR FOR ENERGY ENERGY STORAGE STORAGE SUPERGEN ENERGY STORAGE HUB SUPERGEN STORAGE HUB PORTABLE DEVICES Link Link to to ongoing ongoing developments developments in in Consumer Consumer electronics electronics

5 Batteries Supercapacitors Compressed Air Industry EU Management Board Education & Training Thermal TSB Flexible Funding RCUK Energy Programme Core Programme ETI SUPERGEN Energy Storage Hub Research Grand Challenges Advisory Board Management Knowledge Transfer Science Board National Networks International Networks Associate Members Networking Outreach Whole Systems Integration Manufacturing MATERIALS - DEVICES - SCALE-UP - MANUFACTURING - INTEGRATION - WHOLE SYSTEMS - POLICY

6 Vanadium Hydrogen Flow Batteries Development of a Regenerative Hydrogen-Vanadium Fuel Cell for Energy Storage Applications V. Yufit, B. Hale, M. Matian, P. Mazur, and N. P. Brandon, J. of the Elec. Soc., 2013, 160,A856-A861. N P Brandon, V Yufit, Hydrogen-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, WO/2013/104664, 18th July 2013

7 Lithium and sodium batteries - Cost,safety, cycle and calendar life e - e Li + charge Li + discharge Graphite Li + conducting electrolyte LiCoO 2

8 Manufacture of supercapacitor electrodes -cost, power density, new materials To explore novel process approaches to supercapacitor and battery electrodes 1. Cost reduction 2. Enhance performance 3. Enable new materials FeOx based materials Layer-by-layer manufacture of graded electrodes Bead on string TiO 2 solid-state devices

9 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) UK UG Storage Sites

10 Thermal Energy Storage - cost, thermal capacity, integration Understanding of the multiphase & multiscale physics: linking materials properties to system level performance

11 Work Package 8 Storage Integration - vehicle to grid Integration for both stationary and transport use Electric DC Cobra 60kVA inverter & 12.5kWh, LiMn 2 O 4

12 Work Package 9 Manufacturing and Scale-Up Immediate evaluation of promising new materials and production techniques Diagnosis and prognosis for optimised battery management

13 The Hub Budget 40 % 40 % 20 % Hub will run calls for applications Relatively modest grants, less than 100K each 1 st call will be for young/new academics

14 Capital for Great Technologies 30 million EPSRC funding announced for grid-scale energy storage projects 14.3 million - Centre for Energy Storage for Low Carbon Grids 4.9 million - Grid Connected Energy Storage Research Demonstrator 3.3million - Advanced Grid-scale Energy Storage R&D facilities 5.9 million - Centre for Cryogenic Energy Storage 1.7 million - ThermExS Lab: Thermal Energy Storage Lab

15 H2FC SUPERGEN Our Structure Management Board: 10 Academics from seven UK universities, all leading a work package integrating a range of disciplines Advisory Board: A range of Industrial partners sit on our advisory board Associate Membership: Open to anyone working in H2FC research. The Hub has 240 Associate Members. Science Board: This Board comprises of around 80 UK-based academics working in H2FC research Around 330 members of H2FC community

16 Techno-economics of storage What characteristics do energy storage technologies need for grid scale application? What needs to be done to realise the potential benefits that storage brings to future low carbon energy systems? In the UK bulk and distributed storage are found to provide most value when placed in Scotland and Southern regions respectively. The former can support system balancing and firm-up wind generation, while the latter can also avoid distribution network reinforcements driven by electrification of heat and transport sectors. Strategic Assessment of the Role and Value of Energy Storage Systems in the UK Low Carbon Energy Future, Goran Strbac, Marko Aunedi, Danny Pudjianto, Predrag Djapic, Fei Teng, Alexander Sturt, Dejvises Jackravut, Robert Sansom, Vladimir Yufit, Nigel Brandon, Energy Futures Lab report for the Carbon Trust, June

17 Value of storage in future UK low Carbon energy systems DECC high renewables scenario Strategic assessment of the role and value of energy storage systems in the UK Low Carbon Energy Future, Report for Carbon Trust; G Strbac et al, (2012) Energy Futures Lab Imperial College London.

18 Strategic assessment of the role and value of energy storage systems in the UK Low Carbon Energy Future, Report for Carbon Trust; G Strbac et al, (2012) Energy Futures Lab Imperial College London. Predicted duty cycles for grid scale application Two predicted patterns of storage use in a future low carbon grid, showing state of charge against time in hours. The upper curve illustrates the pattern of use for a more distributed storage system, with 6 hours of storage capacity. This equates to around 350 deep cycles per annum The lower curve shows the pattern of use for a more bulk storage system, with 48 hours of storage capacity. This equates to around 250 shallow cycles per annum.

19 Strategic assessment of the role and value of energy storage systems in the UK Low Carbon Energy Future, Report for Carbon Trust; G Strbac et al, (2012) Energy Futures Lab Imperial College London. Energy vs Power The value of storage is not strongly affected by increases in storage duration beyond 6 hours (shown here is a 10 GW case in base case scenario in 2030, Strbac et al for Carbon Trust). Distributed storage initially gains more from an increase in energy at a given power than bulk storage. Low cost solutions are needed in both cases as energy requirements increase.

20 Strategic assessment of the role and value of energy storage systems in the UK Low Carbon Energy Future, Report for Carbon Trust; G Strbac et al, (2012) Energy Futures Lab Imperial College London. Fast storage for frequency regulation Although the market for fast storage (e.g. flywheels, supercaps), is not as large as bulk or distributed storage, the value and savings are substantial and come from a significantly reduced need to run conventional generation part loaded and hence enhanced capability of the system to absorb renewable generation. Flexible generation and low fuel costs reduce the value of fast storage

21 Strategic assessment of the role and value of energy storage systems in the UK Low Carbon Energy Future, Report for Carbon Trust; G Strbac et al, (2012) Energy Futures Lab Imperial College London. Importance of round trip efficiency Value of storage ( /kw.year) Bulk storage η = 50% η = 75% η = 90% Average Marginal Storage capacity (GW) Value of storage ( /kw.year) Distributed storage Average Marginal Storage capacity (GW) Round trip efficiency does not have as significant impact an impact on the value of storage as might be expected, but an increase in efficiency does open up a larger market as more storage is deployed (shown here is the 2030 base case with 24 hour capacity). It is therefore important to consider the overall costs, scaleability, and lifetime of storage round trip efficiency alone is not a good selection criteria

22 Sensitivity of annualised cost to technology risk and lifetime Value of storage ( /kw.year) Marginal Average Storage capacity (GW) 2030 Distributed storage Storage asset Economic Real Capital Annualised life Pre-tax cost cost (years) WACC ( /kw) ( /kw/yr) % % % 2, % % % 3, % % 1, % 5,

23 UK Energy Storage Needs Significant policy interest in grid scale storage in the UK has developed in recent years. But limited storage technology demonstrations to date. Broadly three forms of energy storage are required for the UK, clustered into those that deliver: Mostly energy (pumped hydro, CAES, flow batteries, P2G, liquid air, pumped heat) Mostly power (super-capacitors, flywheels) Both power and energy (batteries) As the UK is likely to need storage services for both power and energy, a range of storage solutions must be developed, capable of sufficiently long lifetimes at sufficiently low cost.

24 Rechargeable Zinc-Air Systems Battery Flow cell Load / Power generator Zn(OH) 4 2- KOH additives Zn + 4OH - Zn(OH) e - OH - OH - Air Zn 1/2O 2 + H 2O + 2e - 2OH - Pump Air Advanced Energy Materials. 2011, 1, Zn(OH) 4 2- ZnO + H 2 O + 2OH - Problems Cycle life Microstructural changes not fully reversible Multi-Scale X-Ray Tomography of Dendrite Formation in Zinc-Air Batteries 24

25 In-Operando Zinc Dendrite Formation Electrolyte Zinc Radiography mode, constant current at 10 ma (~20 ma/cm 2 ) during 15 minute deposition Electrolyte 0.15 M Zn(OH) 4 2-, 5M KOH X-Ray Tomography of Dendrite Formation in Zinc-Air Batteries 25

26 In-Operando Zinc Dendrite Formation Electrolyte Zinc X-Ray Tomography of Dendrite Formation in Zinc-Air Batteries 26

27 Time-Resolved Radiography All radiographs superimposed together X-Ray Tomography of Dendrite Formation in Zinc-Air Batteries A. Slow initial rate of growth Limited surface area B. Rate of growth accelerates More surface area C. Rate of growth decreases Mass transport limited 27

28 FIB-SEM and X-ray images of individual zinc dendrites

29 Panasonic Manganese rechargeable lithium battery (ML 414) using X-Ray Nano-Focus Micro Computed Tomography We can explore structural change during charge/discharge. Cathode expands on discharge/lithiation. Voxel size 5 µm at device level, 1.25 µm at electrode level. Cathode is a cylinder of diameter ~2300 μm, height ~ 800 μm. Steel casing 4 mm diameter Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4

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31 Tomography of Panasonic Manganese rechargeable lithium battery (ML 414) when charged and discharged Voxel size 1.25 µm. 6 hours for 2800 transmission radiographs when both charged and discharged. Li 1+x Mn 2 O 4 particles; red = charged 80 vol%, blue = discharged 81.3 vol%

32 Cathode Particle volume change on discharge 1412 particles with volume >5000 μm 3 were tracked and their change in volume (dilation) determined during discharge and hence lithium insertion. Grains closest to the current collector showed the greatest volume increase. The bulk dilation is only 2-3% showing that expansion is mainly accommodated by the pore/binder phase. Ohmic losses within the relatively thick cathode are believed to play an important role in influencing the non-uniform nature of the electrode behaviour Microstructural evolution in a Li-ion battery seen by digitally correlated time lapse 3D X-ray microscopy, D Eastwood, V Yufit, J Gelb, R Bradley, A Gu, S Harris, D Brett, N P Brandon, P Lee, P Withers, P Shearing, Submitted (2013).

33 Using Synchrotron X-Ray Nano-CT to Characterize SOFC Electrode Microstructures in Three-Dimensions at Operating Temperature P.R. Shearing, R. Bradley, J. Gelb, S. Lee, A. Atkinson, P.J. Withers, N.P. Brandon, Electrochem. S.S. Lett. 14 (10) (2011) B117-B120.

34 LSCF Electrode Imaging and Modelling 700 C Porosity 2 µm LSCF Phases Cooper SJ, Kishimoto M, Tariq F, Bradley RS, Marquis AJ, Brandon NP, Kilner J, Shearing PR, 2013, Microstructural Analysis of an LSCF Cathode Using In-Situ Tomography and Simulation, SOFC-XIII, Vol: 57, Pages:

35 Ex-situ Raman to study CO 2 electrolysis at nickel- YSZ electrodes, with and without a CGO interlayer Charge-transfer reactions that occur at the TPB in electrolysis mode were shown to facilitate carbon deposition next to electrolyte. SOC electrode w/o CGO interlayer Results suggest that the presence of CGO interlayer between the electrode and the electrolyte helps to suppress carbon formation in electrolysis conditions. SOC electrode with CGO interlayer CGO interlayer may provide an additional source of oxygen atoms thus helping to reduce carbon deposition. Duboviks V, Maher RC, Kishimoto M, Cohen LF, Brandon NP, Offer GJ, 2014, A Raman spectroscopic study of the carbon deposition mechanism on Ni/CGO electrodes during CO/CO2 electrolysis, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, Vol: 16, Pages:

36 Summary There is increasing recognition in UK policy makers of the need for energy storage for both low carbon grids and low carbon transport. The Energy SuperStore and Hydrogen and Fuel Cells SUPERGEN hubs have been established to help create an integrated research programme across the UK in these fields, and to act as focal point for stakeholders both in the UK and internationally. We welcome participation and engagement from industry, academia and policy makers please get in touch.