Figure 1.2 Projected growth in energy consumption. Toe is ton equivalent. * includes biofuels. Source: Reproduced with permission of BP [2016].

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1 Consumption by region Billion toe Other Other Asia China 5% 4% 3% 2% Shares of primary energy Oil Coal Gas 1% 3 Hydro OECD Nuclear Renewables* % Figure 1.2 Projected growth in energy consumption. Toe is ton equivalent. * includes biofuels. Source: Reproduced with permission of BP [216]. 6 5 Irrigation Domestic Livestock Manufacturing Electricity 4 km OECD BRIICS Rest of world World Figure 3.1 Global water demand: Baseline scenario, 2 and 25. Note: this figure only measures blue water demand and does not consider rainfed agriculture. Source: Data Obtained from OECD Environmental Outlook to 25. OECD 212. Water Energy Food Nexus: Principles and Practices, Geophysical Monograph 229, First Edition. Edited by P. Abdul Salam, Sangam Shrestha, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, and Anil Kumar Anal. 217 American Geophysical Union. Published 217 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

25 26 211 212 Built-up Vegetation Waterbodies Others Figure 5.

2 Built-up Vegetation Waterbodies Others Figure 5.2 Change in land use and land cover. Source: Reproduced with permission from Indian Institute for Human Settlements [211].

Energy Food External Scenarios Climate change Population Water Existing resources Surface water Ground water Low Impact Developments Rainwater Harvesting Bioretention Basin Permeable Pavement Reused

3 Energy Food External Scenarios Climate change Population Water Existing resources Surface water Ground water Low Impact Developments Rainwater Harvesting Bioretention Basin Permeable Pavement Reused water Conventional SW Wastewater treatment Daily high (ft below land surface) Ground water level Hot spot 1: Lubbock Agriculture vs. Water Legend EcoZones Corn Cotton Rice Sorghum Soybeans Winter wheet Pecan Dbl (WW/Sorghum) Dbl (WW/Cotton) Miles Hot spot 2: San Antonio Urban Agriculture vs. Water Daily high (ft below land surface) Daily high (ft below land surface) Ground water level Hot spot 3: South Texas Energy vs. Water Ground water level Figure 6.7 Water energy food nexus based on water management in various hot spots.

4 25 E 3 E 35 E 4 E N 3 N Legend 3 N Nile basin Rivers 25 N EGYPT Main Nile Water body Country borders 25 N Lake Nassar 2 N 2 N Atbara ERITREA 15 N 15 N SUDAN White Nile Lake Tana 1 N Blue Nile 1 N SOUTH SUDAN ETHIOPIA 5 N 5 N DRC km E 3 E Figure 1.1 Map of the Eastern Nile basin. UGANDA KENYA 35 E 4 E

Sudan Ethiopia Egypt 25% 1% 1% 8% 16% 75% 99% 75% Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) Electricity production from oil sources (% of total) Electricity production from

5 Sudan Ethiopia Egypt 25% 1% 1% 8% 16% 75% 99% 75% Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) Electricity production from oil sources (% of total) Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total) Electricity production from renewable sources excluding hydroelectric (% of total) Figure 1.2 Electricity production in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Sudan Ethiopia Egypt 1.37 %.5 % 1.26% 1.83%.19% 32.11% 4.16% 66.29% 56.56% 1.6 % 98.58% Crude oil Natural gas Hydropower Geothermal, solar, etc. Biofuels and waste Figure 1.3 Energy production sources in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Source: Data obtained from IEA Statistics [213].

6 Figure 11.2 Solar powered system installed in Baunsadiha village. Figure 11.3 Solar powered grinder used for sattu making.

7 Figure 11.4 Solar powered pump. Figure kwe micro hydro power plant in Thingnan village.

2 E 25 E 3 E Cities Case study area Provinces Urban, built-up Mining: minerals, oil, and gas Coal Coalbed methane Copper Copper & phosphate Gold Gold & uranium Platinum & chrome Shale oil and gas

8 2 E 25 E 3 E Cities Case study area Provinces Urban, built-up Mining: minerals, oil, and gas Coal Coalbed methane Copper Copper & phosphate Gold Gold & uranium Platinum & chrome Shale oil and gas Agriculture:areas showing agriculture in SA Cultivated Plantations Astronomy protection areas Astronomy no go area Astronomy proposed sensitive exploration area SKA CoreAAA SKA KCAAA1 area SKA KCAAA2 area SKA KCAAA3 area SKA station with 3 km buffer 25 S 3 S 1 2 km Figure 12.1 Locations of South Africa s population centers, agricultural areas, mining resources, and other land use patterns.

2 E 25 E 3 E Cities Case study area Provinces Main rivers in SA Areas highly dependent on groundwater sources as a domestic source Water transfer schemes Canals Pipelines Tunnels Weirs Water

9 2 E 25 E 3 E Cities Case study area Provinces Main rivers in SA Areas highly dependent on groundwater sources as a domestic source Water transfer schemes Canals Pipelines Tunnels Weirs Water transfers 25 S 3 S 1 2 km Climate features AW - Savanna BSh - Hot steppe BSk - Cold steppe BWk - Hot desert BWk - Cold desert Cfa - Humid subtropical (no dry season; hot summer) Cfb - Maritime temperate (no dry season; warm summer) Csa - Mediterranean (hot dry summer) Csb - Mediterranean (warm dry summer) Cwa - Humid subtropical (hot summer; dry winter) Cwb - Temperate highland tropical (warm summer; dry winter) Cwc - Temperate highland tropical (cold summer; dry winter) Figure 12.2 Overview of South African climate zones, areas of high groundwater use, and main rivers.

2 E 22 E 24 E 26 E 28 E 3 E 29 S 3 S 31 S 32 S 33 S Towns Case study area Provinces Urban, built-up Exploration licence application areas Bundu Falcon Shell Mining: minerals, oil, and gas Astronomy

10 2 E 22 E 24 E 26 E 28 E 3 E 29 S 3 S 31 S 32 S 33 S Towns Case study area Provinces Urban, built-up Exploration licence application areas Bundu Falcon Shell Mining: minerals, oil, and gas Astronomy protection areas Shale oil and gas Astronomy no go area Astronomy proposed sensitive Agriculture: areas exploration area showing agriculture in SA Cultivated Plantations SKA CoreAAA SKA KCAAA1 area SKA KCAAA2 area SKA KCAAA3 area SKA station with 3 km buffer 1 2 km Figure 12.4 Overview of land use patterns in the central Karoo region, energy resource exploration zones, and astronomy protection areas.

2 E 22 E 24 E 26 E 28 E 3 E 29 S 3 S 31 S 32 S 33 S Case study area Provinces Main rivers in SA Areas highly dependent on groundwater sources as a domestic source Water transfer schemes Canals

11 2 E 22 E 24 E 26 E 28 E 3 E 29 S 3 S 31 S 32 S 33 S Case study area Provinces Main rivers in SA Areas highly dependent on groundwater sources as a domestic source Water transfer schemes Canals Pipelines Tunnels Weirs Pump stations Climate features BSh - Hot steppe BSk - Cold steppe BWk - Hot desert BWk - Cold desert Cfa - Humid subtropical (no dry season; hot summer) Cfb - Maritime temperate (no dry season; warm summer) Csa - Mediterranean (hot dry summer) Csb - Mediterranean (warm dry summer) 1 2 km Figure 12.5 Overview of water resources and climate patterns in the central Karoo region. Source: Adapted from Esterhuyse et al. [214].

Range of energy intensity required to extract and convey one acre-foot of water kwh/acre-ft 1 North Coast San Francisco 2 3 4 Groundwater Local imports Local (Project) State (Project) Federal (CVP

12 Range of energy intensity required to extract and convey one acre-foot of water kwh/acre-ft 1 North Coast San Francisco Groundwater Local imports Local (Project) State (Project) Federal (CVP Project) Colorado (CVP Project) 5 Central Coast South Coast Sacramento River San Joaquin River Tulare Lake North Lahontan South Lahontan Colorado River kwh/acre-ft Energy intensity in this figure is the estimated range of energy required to move one acre-foot (af) of water from the supply source to a centralized delivery point. All water sources are presumed to have a minimum energy intensity greater than zero, but not all water sources in a region may be listed. The goal of this figure is to provide a general idea of the energy required to deliver water to a particular region to aid water managers who wish to include energy intensity as a factor in their management decisions. The regional energy intensity compiled in this figure is provided in the California Water Plan, Update 213, Volume 2, Regional Reports and in the Water-Energy Nexus. For detailed descriptions of the methodology used to calculate energy intensity in this figure,see the California Water Plan, Update 213, Volume 5, Technical Guide, Energy-Intensity of Regional Water Supplies. Figure 14.4 Estimated regional energy intensity range for hydrological regions in California. Source: CWPU [213].

3 275 25 225 2 175 15 125 1 75 5 25 Arabian Peninsula Mashriq West Asia 198 1987 1994 21 28 215 222 229 236 243 25 Figure 15.3 Per capita share of renewable water resources in West Asia (198 25).

13 Arabian Peninsula Mashriq West Asia Figure 15.3 Per capita share of renewable water resources in West Asia (198 25). Sectoral water withdrawals (MCM) Withdrawals by the agricultural sector Withdrawals by the industrial sector Withdrawals by the domestic sector 2,967 5,24 75,867 15,34 13,148 1,25,13 2 = (84,39) 212 = (153,582) Figure 15.4 West Asia regional sectoral blue water withdrawals (2 and 212).

2 175 Food production Tg 15 125 1 75 5 25 196 1965 197 1975 198 1985 199 1995 2 25 21 Year Africa Asia Europe America West Asia Figure 15.5 Global trend in food production (196 215).

14 2 175 Food production Tg Year Africa Asia Europe America West Asia Figure 15.5 Global trend in food production ( ). Source: FAO [211]. Billion US$ Food import Food export Dificit Figure 15.6 Deficit between food import and export in West Asia ( ).

15 Petajoules 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Iraq Jordan Bahrain Oman Figure 15.7 Energy consumption in West Asian countries (24 214). Kuwait Qatar Syria Yemen Lebanon OPT

85 2ʹʺE 85 3ʹʺE 85 4ʹʺE 85 5ʹʺE 27 1ʹʺN Karmaiya Raniganj 27 ʹʺN Manusmara Malangwa 26 5ʹʺN Legend Study area Kilometers 3.

16 85 2ʹʺE 85 3ʹʺE 85 4ʹʺE 85 5ʹʺE 27 1ʹʺN Karmaiya Raniganj 27 ʹʺN Manusmara Malangwa 26 5ʹʺN Legend Study area Kilometers Metereological Sarlahi Raniganj VDC of sarlahi district Legend Meters VDC boundry River Forest Agriculture Deep tubewell Shallow tubewell Figure 16.1 Location of Raniganj VDC in Sarlahi district, Nepal.