Wind Generation and Grid Operations: Experience & Perspective

Transcription

1 Wind Generation and Grid Operations: Experience & Perspective Yuri Makarov and David Hawkins California Independent Corporation Folsom, California, USA Participating Intermittent Resources Workshop March 23, 2005

2 TOPICS Fundamentals of Area Control: ACE, Load Following, Regulation Wind Generation Impact on CAISO Balancing Functions Summary of Observations We Need To Work Together For Optimal Solutions Conclusions

3 I. Fundamentals of Area Control: ACE, Load Following, Regulation

4 Area Control Error ACE Frequency California Independent F frequency, Hz I net interchange, MW G generation, MW L load, MW ACE area control error, MW B bias setting, MW/0.1Hz - deviation from schedule Interchange Load, Generation Area 1 ACE Rest of Interconnection Tie-line meter Frequency meter I ACE = I 10B F = G L 10B F

5 Understanding of Area Control Objectives 60Hz 6FKHGXOLQJ'D\ +RXU$KHDG /RDG)ROORZLQJ5HDO7LPH'LVSDWFK 5HJXODWLRQ$*& Load Generation & Interchange Balance Generation Against Load Maintain Scheduled Interchanges Support Interconnection Frequency Source: Craig Taylor and Don De Berry, California ISO

6 MW Area Control Load Profile California Independent Upward Regulation Real-Time Dispatch Hour Ahead Schedule Downward Regulation Day Ahead Schedule Hr Source: Craig Taylor and Don De Berry, California ISO

7 Actual Regulation Process California Independent Total Deviation from POP for Regulating Units Upward Downward Total Total Deviation from POP for Regulating Units 150 CAISO ACE 30 Regulation Overview 2/1/2005 4:43:33 PM 1000 CAISO ACE CAISO ACE Units on Regulation 30 2/1/2005 5:53:48 PM :00 17:10 17:20 17:30 17: :45 15:50 15:55 16:00 16:05 16:10 16:15 16:20 16:25 16:30 16:35 16: CAISO ACE 2/1/2005 5:53:48 PM Total Deviation from POP for Fixed Units Upward Downward Total CAISO ACE 30 Total Deviation from POP for Fixed Units /1/2005 4:34:33 PM :00 17:10 17:20 17:30 17:40 UPPER REGULATION LOWER REGULATION REQUIRED ACTUAL REQUIRED ACTUAL CAISO REG UP CAISO REG DOWN :05 17:20 17: :05 17:20 17:35 15:40 15:45 15:50 15:55 16:00 16:05 16:10 16:15 16:20 16:25 16:30

8 II. Wind Generation Impact on CAISO Balancing Functions

9 Total California Generation California Independent (Unscheduled) Impact on Generation Dispatches & Reserves MW Need to Dispatch 1000 MW Of Additional Generation Or Activate Non-Spinning Reserves TOTAL Pacheco Solano Tehachapi Altamont San Gorgonio Need to Decrease Generation By 800 MW Using Decremental Bids 0 0:01 1:01 2:01 3:01 4:01 5:01 6:01 7:01 8:01 9:01 10:01 11:01 12:01 13:01 14:01 15:01 16:01 17:01 18:01 19:01 20:01 21:01 22:01 23:01

10 Potential Impact on Other Generators Performance Total California Generation California Independent 1200 MW What If We Have To Cycle CC Units Because of Wind? Designed As Base Load Units Minimum Generation Is 70(50)% of Capacity Heat Rate Rapidly Increase When Generation Decrease Start Up Cost is $8,000 - $50,000 Start Up Time Up To 6 Hours (Cold Start) Equipment Wearing Problem More Frequent Maintenance (GE F Series After 400 Start-Ups) Additional Air Pollution Complaint That Wind Causes More ADS/AGC Actions Expect 16,000 MW Of New CCs by 2014 TOTAL Pacheco Solano Tehachapi Altamont San Gorgonio :01 1:01 2:01 3:01 4:01 5:01 6:01 7:01 8:01 9:01 10:01 11:01 12:01 13:01 14:01 15:01 16:01 17:01 18:01 19:01 20:01 21:01 22:01 23:01

11 Frequency Response System Frequency for Colstrip Power Plant Outage on April 28, MW Generation Trip In Western Interconnection Governor Response AGC Response Load Response At 59.4 (57) Hz Generators Start To Trip At 59.1 Load Shedding Begins Time [sec]

12 Frequency Response NERC Policy 1: - Governors should be fully responsive to frequency deviations exceeding ±0.036 Hz - Generators 10 MW or greater should have governors Frequency Response is Deteriorating Noticed Impacts of Reduced Frequency Response: - California-Oregon Operating Transfer Capability May Be Reduced by MW - Slower Frequency Recovery After Disturbances

13 Wind Generation And System Load Have Different Daily Patterns January 6, 2005 California Wind Generation TOTAL Load, MW :00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 MW

14 Overgeneration Problem Total monthly Wind Energy Production , ,000.0 Months When Hydro Power Plants Produce Must Take Energy 400,000.0 Megawatt Hours 300, , , Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02 Oct-02 Nov-02 Dec-02 Month

15 Ramp Rates California Independent January 9, 2005 California Wind Generation TOTAL Pacheco Solano Tehachapi Altamont San Gorgonio MW Ramps in 30 Minutes :00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 MW

16 Intermittency at High Wind Speeds January 7, 2005 California Wind Generation California Independent TOTAL Pacheco Solano Tehachapi Altamont San Gorgonio MW swings in very short periods Unit Trips due to High Wind Speeds?? :00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 MW

17 Impacts on Load Following Requirements (2002) 400 Additional Decremental Requirement due to Wind Additional Incremental Requirement Due to Wind Impact on the Inc and Dec Requrement, MW Hours

18 Impacts on Regulation Requirements (2002) California Independent 2002 Wind Regulation Procurement, MW MW Reg Dn Reg Up Poly. (Reg Up) Poly. (Reg Dn) Hours

19 III. Summary of Observations

20 SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS Certain operational issues with just ~2000 MW of wind (Unscheduled) Impact on Generation Dispatches & Reserves Potential Impact on Other Generators Performance Frequency Response Wind Generation And System Load Have Different Daily Patterns Overgeneration Problem in April-May Ramp Rates Intermittency at High Wind Speeds Impacts on Regulation and Load Following Requirements Need to be prepared to accommodate more wind energy in our system

21 IV. We Need To Work Together For Optimal Solutions

22 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THINK ABOUT OPEN LIST Better Forecasting and Scheduling WG Resources Should Be Equipped With Day- and Hour-Ahead Forecasting Service For Better Scheduling WG Resources Should Be Equipped With Meteorological Towers And Provide Real-Time Telemetry To CAISO For Near-Real Time Forecasting Report Capacity Derate Information To CAISO Quality Of Real-Time Information Including MW Production Should Be A Priority CAISO To Develop Wind Generation Displays, Alert Systems, And Near-Real Time Regional Forecast System Integrated With ADS

23 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THINK ABOUT OPEN LIST Limited Dispatchability WGs should comply with the CAISO dispatch instructions to reduce their output at system conditions endangering grid reliability: Congestion Mitigation Emergency, e.g. significant positive frequency excursions Excessively fast ramping of intermittent resources Overgeneration

24 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THINK ABOUT OPEN LIST Intermittent Resources Work Group II Grid Operations Using the successful experience of the Intermittent Resources Work Group created to develop principles of market integration of intermittent resources in California (PIRP), create a similar Work Group for operational issues. Based on the idea that ensuring the operational grid reliability is in the best interest of all participating parties, and that developing related principles of grid integration of intermittent resources will actually pave the road for more green power in California, by joint effort develop rules for this integration acceptable to the California ISO and Wind Power Producers.

25 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THINK ABOUT OPEN LIST New Technologies and World Experience Improved Unit Designs Energy Storage Devices, e.g. CEC/CAISO Project with Beacon Power Use European Experience (Germany, Spain, Denmark) Any Other Technologies??? Should We Think About Harmonization Of California Generation Portfolio The Longer-Term Future?

26 V. CONCLUSIONS

27 CONCLUSIONS We are committed to achieve the goals of the California Renewable Portfolio Standard, SB 1078 At the existing penetration of wind generation, we noticed certain operational issues related to this resource These issues will become problems with significant additions of WG and we need to address them before they appear We need to work together to pave the road for much more green power in California while maintaining reliability and controllability of the grid