Priority Environmental Investment Programme

Transcription

1 Priority Environmental Investment Programme EU strategic and legal framework in the waste sector. EU principles of integrated waste management. Pristina, 24 th February, 2008 Ruslan Zhechkov, REC This project is financed by the European Commission (EC).

2 Contents Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste (2005) Generation of MSW. Relation with GDP. Treatment of waste in EU Hierarchy of waste management options Waste Framework Directive Revised Waste Framework Directive Waste management plans Including all waste generators in WM system Waste Landfill Directive History of modern waste management Package of measures within WLD Landfill ban and year of introduction Closing of old landfills Selective collection of MSW fractions Financial Challenges for Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries Responsibilities for waste management Regional Approach to MSW Management Attitude of the Public towards Waste Management Producer Responsibility Principle Packaging Directive Possible Package of Measures Hazardous Waste Directive

3 Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste (2005) Waste is a huge industry: 1.5 million jobs only in recycling and turnover of 100 billion EUR in EU- 25; Substantial progress in EU waste policy during last 30 years; Waste seen as a resource for industry: re-use, recycling and energy recovery regulated: packaging, ELVs, WEEE, BMW; Still, waste volume is growing and remains a problem;

4 Generation of MSW. Relation with GDP. Generation of Municipal Waste in the EU (2006) 900 Waste per capita (kg/year) 800 CY 700 MT 600 EU-15 HU 500 BG ES LT SI 400 RO LV SK 300 CZ PL GDP per capita ('000 EUR) Source: Eurostat, Jaspers

5 Treatment of Waste in EU in 2005 Handling of Municipal Waste in the EU (2006) Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia EU (15 countries) Recycling Incineration Landfill 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: Eurostat, Jaspers

6 Hierarchy of Waste Management Options (new WFD) Source: EU Waste Policy, The Story Behind the Strategy, the European Commission Change: preparing for re-use; other recovery, i.e. energy recovery

7 EU Policy and Legislation Waste Framework Directive 2006/12/EC Revised Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC Waste Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC Packaging Directive 94/62/EC Sewage sludge Directive 86/278/EEC Waste Shipment Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 End-of-Life Vehicles Directive 2000/53/EC Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC Restriction of the use of some hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment Directive 2002/95/EC Mining Waste Directive 2006/21/EC Overview and texts at

8 Emphasis of Future EU Policy Full implementation of existing legislation; Simplification and modernisation of legislation: remove unnecessary admin burden Introduction of life-cycle thinking into waste policy. Minimization of the environmental impact through the life cycle; Promotion of waste prevention Better knowledge and information; Development of common reference standards for recycling;

9 Waste Framework Directive 2006/12/EC(1) Problems: lack of clear definitions of waste when does it become a product, recovery and disposal; measures for waste prevention; enhance life-cycle approach; incineration disposal or recovery?. It covered: Polluter pays principle - Cost of disposal must be borne by the holder or the producer of the product Measures to dispose of waste in a safe way (BAT without excessive costs); avoid dumping (our project falls within) Waste management plans Every waste generator should be covered by collection schemes Proper permits for public or private waste collectors: types and quantities of waste, technical requirements, safety, treatment method;

10 Waste Management Plans Competent authorities are obliged to draft WMP; WMP: type, quantity and origin of waste; technical requirements; special arrangements for streams; disposal sites; WMP: costs of recovery; operators; measures for encouraging selection, sorting and treatment Hazardous waste separate WMP Packaging waste specific chapter

11 Planning process General consideration Consultation process Consultation process Consultation process Background Status Planning Implementation Plan revision Source: Baltic Environmental Forum

12 Including All Waste Generators in WM System Rule: every generator of waste (household and business) should be covered by the collection system Will be a challenge for NMS, candidate and precandidate countries In rural areas coverage can be as low as 10% Situation is better in urban areas Improvement in population coverage should go hand in hand (or before) other improvements of the system like landfill construction

13 Revised Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC (1) Necessary: clarify definitions of waste, recovery and disposal; measures for waste prevention; enhance lifecycle approach; focus on prevention and re-use. Waste substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard Waste management collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste incl. after-care and actions of dealers and brokers; Waste ceases to be waste when it has undergone a recovery operation, incl. recycling but also when the substance (object) is used for specific purposes for which there is a market; Introduces extended producer responsibility

14 Revised Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC (2) Encourages re-use and recycling and prescribes establishment of separate collection systems; Reinforces the polluter-pays principle and the principles of self-sufficiency and proximity Introduces ban on the mixing of hazardous waste with other wastes and prescribes labelling of HZW Separate collection of waste oils Encourages the separate collection of bio-waste Prescribes the adoption of waste prevention programmes.

15 Waste Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) (1) Main principles: - safe landfilling contains relevant technical requirements. Link to IPPC Directive (96/61/EC); - encouragement of prevention, recycling and recovery; - polluter pays principle; - avoid dumping; - reduce quantity and hazardousness of waste for landfills; - higher technical standards linked to higher costs of landfilling; - reduction of landfilling of biodegradable waste; - definition of closing of a landfill; - Principle of proximity and self-sufficiency adequate, integrated network of disposal plants (our case)

16 Waste Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) (2) National strategies to be drafted for reduction of BMW going to landfills. Strategies set benchmarks/targets (5 years 75% of 1995; 8 years 50% of 1995; 15 y 35% of 1995) Wastes not accepted to landfills liquid, explosive, corrosive, hospital, whole tyres. Classes of landfill hazardous (for haz waste); nonhazardous (for municipal waste), for inert waste; Detailed permits for landfill operators. Prerequisites (quantity of waste, capacity, description of site, methods for pollution prevention and abatement, proposed operation monitoring and control plan, plan for closure and after-care procedures;

17 Waste Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) (3) Cost of landfilling all costs of in setting up, operation and closure will be reflected in the landfill charge. Waste acceptance procedures (appropriate documentation by the operator) Closure and after-care when conditions in permit are met, authorized by CA. After closure operator is responsible for after-care for a certain period. Upgrade of existing landfills (conditioning plan to CAs)

18 History of Modern Waste Management First Movers(1) DE and FL first movers Main driver increased consumption and waste generation - The first measure was closing old dumpsites strong pressure from public on health grounds DE introduced waste hierarchy in 1986 and separate collection of biowaste 1993; closed loop recycling management and safe disposal 1996; Fl introduced separate collection of biowaste in early 1990s

19 History of Modern Waste Management EU Accession (2) FI, HU and EE EU accession major driver for introducing modern waste management FI decisions on landfills and separate collection of some waste streams (tyres, packaging, waste paper, C&D) EE, HU problem with dumpsites successful process EE ( to ) Banning of landfilling untreated biowaste EE (2004); HU (2003); Big financial challenge EE and HU had to finance the solving of all past problems and investments in new infrastructure over the period of 10 years; IT solutions for dumpsites at the same time as EE and HU; waste hierarchy and separate collection (1997); each region a program for reduction of BMW to landfills;

20 Transposition of the Waste Landfill Directive by Country Germany 1 st country to limit organic content in waste to be landfilled (1993) Finland, Flanders also anticipated the WLD early strategies for diverting BMW from landfills in the 1990s (EU accession a driver for Finland) Flanders most measures before the WLD EE, HU EU accession main driver for transposition; EE reg. to close old landfills (2001); ban on landfilling untreated waste (2004) Italy actual transposition in 2003 set targets for BMW

21 Package of Measures EE FI FL DE HU IT User charge for waste management Environmental product charges Landfill tax Incineration tax Landfill ban Separate collection of biowaste Producer responsibility/ voluntary agreement for waste paper Producer responsibility for packaging waste

22 Landfill Ban and Year of Introduction EE FI FL DE HU IT Ban on landfilling of unsorted municipal waste (2004) Ban on landfilling of household waste and similar waste from industry & service, from which most of the biodegradable waste has not been collected separately; and non-pre-treated waste (1997) Ban on the landfilling of waste which cannot be prevented, recycled or incinerated (1998). The criterion to distinguish between combustible and noncombustible waste is a TOC content of 6% (EC 2005). Ban on incineration of certain waste streams (1998): separately collected wastes that can be recycled, except for some high calorific wastes for renewable energy purposes; unsorted industrial and household wastes. Ban on landfilling of waste with an organic content, TOC < 3% (1993). Amended in Higher limit values are allowed for residues from MBT. Ban on landfilling of organic waste (2003). Ban on landfilling of waste with a net calorific value of 13 GJ/tonne (2003) and a number of other waste streams in accordance with the Landfill Directive

23 Closing of Old Landfills Brings significant environmental and health benefits Goes hand in hand with providing collection and transportation services to 100% of the population Local authorities need to be provided with a guaranteed source of funding for this operation Good legislation with clearly defined responsibilities is needed Stakeholder involvement is of utmost importance

24 Selective Collection of MSW Fractions Available in all EU MS. Major tool for prevention of waste from landfilling Most common for paper, cardboard, plastic and glass Rarely available for biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) in NMS because of lack of tradition Need to extend the network of waste collection points for recoverable Very active communication and awareness raising needed to educate people

25 Financial Challenges for Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries Revenue side Expenditures Poor application of Polluter Pays Principle Producer responsibility not applied yet Constructing WLDcompliant landfills; Closing non-compliant landfills and dumpsites; All these costs to be invested over a relatively short period of time;

26 Responsibilities Policy making on national level; Policy implementation on municipal level. Municipalities are in charge of collection, transportation and disposal of waste. Challenges to municipalities: - Lack of human capacity; - Lack of financial resource for implementing legal responsibilities Inspectorates are in charge of enforcement Important: to define in law clear division of responsibilities between different administrative levels in terms of planning, permitting and enforcement of waste legislation

27 Regional Approach to MSW Management (1) Benefits Proven to be the most costefficient way Regions could afford modern, EU-compliant landfills Dominant system in Europe and many good practices available Municipalities could pool financial and human resources together Challenges Political conflicts between municipalities Requires a more complex system and therefore a higher level of organization and cooperation Legal challenges with setting up the regional body

28 Regional Approach to MSW Management (2) Required by law or voluntary different approaches; Forms of regional bodies public enterprises, inter-municipal associations, companies

29 Attitude of the Public towards Waste Management EE and HU before 1989 waste management a free service slow change of attitude ever since; material recovery widely accepted approach; HU low acceptance of incineration; NIMBY syndrome when selection landfill locations; EE incineration is accepted would replace energy from oil shale; no serious problems when selecting landfill locations good communication to public; FI - opinion on incineration evolved since 1970s with BAT, stricter emission standards and climate change debate;

30 Communication in Relation to Waste Management Need of active communication strategy from government (on national and municipal level) to citizens; Active communication from national level to municipalities; Intensive communication between municipalities

31 Producer Responsibility Principle Obligation for persons putting on the market certain goods to ensure their collection and recovery. Mainly applied for the Packaging Directive, Endof-life vehicles and old tyres (Estonia) Industries and offices better covered by producer responsibility organisations than households

32 Packaging Directive (94/62/EC) Aims at prevention of packaging waste Encouragement of reuse systems of packaging Directive sets benchmarks for recovery and recycling; Encouragement of return, collection and recovery systems;

33 Possible Package of Measures (examples from Estonia) Guarantee collection and recovery Take-back system Implementation of deposit system Excise duty on packaging Exemption from excise duty in case of high recovery rate

34 Hazardous Waste Directive (91/689/EEC) (1) One of the oldest EU legislative acts on waste Differentiation between hazardous and non hazardous waste All waste is subject to the WFD. Hazardous waste, except for domestic waste, is also subject to this HWD Stricter waste management requirements Hazardous waste must be recorded and identified; Permit requirement for waste disposal facilities Source: EMS Consulting

35 Hazardous Waste Directive (91/689/EEC) (2) Periodic inspections of all facilities handling hazardous waste (producers, treatment companies) covering in particular the origin and destination of the waste Transporters and all facilities handling hazardous waste must keep a record of their activities and make this information available to the competent authorities The MS must publish plans for the management of hazardous waste and the Commission evaluates these plans. Source: EMS Consulting

36 Thank you. For more information: Ruslan Zhechkov Tel.: