CO 2 Capture Technologies for Power Generation The Challenges Ahead

Transcription

1 CO 2 Capture Technologies for Power Generation The Challenges Ahead Dr. Prachi Singh, IEAGHG R&D Programme, UK CO 2 Capture and Storage Regional Awareness-Raising Workshop, th June 2012, Ankara, Turkey 1

2 Outline IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Pre Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 2

3 IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Pre Combustion Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 3

4 International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas (IEAGHG) R&D Programme A collaborative international research programme founded in 1991 from IEA Aim: Provide members with definitive information on the role that technology can play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions Scope: All greenhouse gases, all fossil fuels and comparative assessments of technology options. Focus: On CCS in recent years 4

5 IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Producing information that is: Objective, trustworthy, independent Policy relevant but NOT policy prescriptive Reviewed by external Expert Reviewers Subject to review of policy implications by Members IEAGHG is an IEA Implementing Agreement in which the participants contribute to a common fund to finance the activities. 5

6 Members and Sponsors 6

7 What IEAGHG does Technical evaluations of mitigation options Comparative analyses with standardised baseline Assist international co-operation International research networks Assist technology implementation Near market research GCCSI Disseminate information 7

8 Specific Focus on CCS Power Sector Coal, Natural Gas and Biomass Industrial sectors Gas production Oil Refining & Petrochemicals Cement sector Iron & Steel Industry Cross cutting issues Policy/Regulations Health & Safety Transport & System Infrastructure 8

9 IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Pre Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 9

10 World Primary Energy Demand by Fuel IEA World Energy Outlook

11 Strategy to Reduce CO 2 Emission CO 2 Abatement from Coal Fired Power Plants Requires a Twin Track Approach Source: DTI 11

12 Reducing CO2 Emission IEA Energy Technology Prospective

13 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Transport Capture Storage 13

14 CO 2 Capture Technology Options Source: EPRI

15 Outline IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Pre Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 15

16 Post Combustion Capture NH 3 CO2 Air Heater Boiler Selected Catalyst Reactor (SCR) Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Carbon Dioxide Capture Stack Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 16

17 Why Post Combustion Capture? State of Art Technology Technology is available by pilot demo Can be easily Retrofitted Capture readiness makes relatively easy to incorporate Into power plants Many Pilot Plant on NG Flour 80MW, MHI 30MW Few on Coal ABBLumus 33 MW Flour 5MW, MHI 25MW Learning by doing will lead to cost reductions Energy Power plant Absorbent & water Fossil fuel & air Exhaust gas with CO2 Scrubber Column Cooling Cleaned exhaust gas Heat exchanger Heating It has more operational flexibility in switching between capture no capture operation mode Regenerator Cooling CO2 17

18 Post Combustion Capture Unit 18

19 Chemical Versus Physical Absorption Low partial pressure (p 1 ): C 1ph < C 1ch Chemical absorption deserves preference p 2 : reverse 19

20 Main reaction with CO 2 and amine based solvent Acid Base Temperature Dependent Reversible Reaction Low Temp. 2R 2 NH + CO 2 R 2 NCOO + Fast reaction Carbamate R 2 NH + 2 N C C O Monoethanolamine (MEA) C N C C O Sterically Hindered H N N H Piperazine (Pz) 20

21 Commercially available solvents systems Process Concept Example Developers Conventional MEA Econamine + Fluor, ABB Ammonia Chilled Ammonia Alstom Hindered Amines KS-1, AMP, MHI, EXXON Tertiary Amines MDEA BASF, DOW Amino Acid Salts CORAL TNO, Siemens, BASF Piperazine HiCapt, DMX Mixture IFP Uni Texas Integrated SO 2 /CO 2 Amines Cansolv/Shell Amine Chemical solvents DEAB, KoSol, Calcium based, Aker Clean Carbon HTC, Uni Regina, KEPRI, NTNU, SINTEF, CSIRO, KEPRI, EnBW 21

22 Challenges in Post Combustion Capture CO 2 Absorption Capacity & Kinetics Degradation Corrosion Heat stable salt Volatile organic compound e.g. Nitrosamine Regeneration temperature Reaction enthalpy Detailed Model development Process Integration Source : AkerClean Carbon Pilot TCM, Mongstad, Norway 22

23 Post Combustion Pilot Projects Project American Electric Power Mountaineer Plant, Chilled Ammonia, USA Matsushima Coal Plant, Amine (MHI), Japan Munmorah Pilot Plant, Ammonia Delta, CSIRO, Australia CASTOR CO2 Capture to Storage Amine (Multiple) Denmark Eni and Enel Federico II Brindisi Power Plant, Amine Enel, Italy CATO-2 CO2 Catcher, Amine (Multiple), Netherlands CaOling project, Carbonate looping Spain Statoil Mongstad Cogeneration Pilot Chilled Ammonia Alstom; Amine, AkerClean Carbon, Norway PGE Bechatów Power Station, Amine Alstom & Dow Chem. Poland Plant & Fuel Type Coal-fired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Natural gasfired Power Plant Coal-fired Power Plant Year of Start-up Plant Size CO 2 Captured (Mtonne/year) MW MW MW MW MW MW ~0.6 MW 15 MW 7MW MW

24 What s Next MHI Large Scale Demo Unit Pilot Plants Nanko Pilot Plant (2t/d) Castor Pilot Plant (2t/d) Commercial Scale Demonstration 24

25 IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Pre Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 25

26 Oxyfuel Combustion Technology Three Key Development Issues Source: Alstom 26

27 Cryogenic Air Separation Capacity Increase Shell Pearl GTL, Qatar kg/h (0,1 ton/day) Source: Linde ,250 Million kg/h (30,000 ton/day) 27

28 Oxygen Production : Cryogenic Air Separation Source: IEAGHG 2010/07 28

29 Oxygen Production Cost Reduction Options Ion Transport Membrane Chemical looping Combustion Depleted Air Combustion Products N 2, O 2 CO 2, H 2 O M x O y Air Air (Oxidizing) Reactor M x O y-1 Fuel (Reducing) Reactor C 14 to 21 Bar Pure Oxygen Integration to IGCC Source: Air Products Air N 2, O 2 Fuel C n H m 29

30 Oxyfuel Boiler Flame Stability, Radiative Heat Transfer Ash Slagging, Fouling &Tube Corrosion Reduction of Recycled Flue gas Material Selection Source: Alstom 30

31 CO 2 Purification and Compression NO should be avoided Inert Removal 25 mol% CO 2 75 mol% Inerts Dryer Warm Exchanger CO 2 Compression Cold Exchanger Separator Corrosion Required CO 2 Purity? Source: Air Products 76 mol% CO 2 24 mol% Inerts 96 mol% CO 2 4 mol% Inert 31

32 CO 2 Purification and Compression NO should be avoided Required demonstration of Auto- Refrigeration Cycle of Impure CO Inert Removal 2 25 mol% CO 2 75 mol% Inerts Dryer Warm Exchanger CO 2 Compression Cold Exchanger Separator Corrosion Required CO 2 Purity? Source: Air Products 76 mol% CO 2 24 mol% Inerts 96 mol% CO 2 4 mol% Inert 32

33 25%mol CO2 75% inerts (~ 19% O2) 72%mol CO2 28% inerts (~ 5-6% O2) 98%mol CO2 2% inerts (~ 0.6% O2) 25%mol CO2 75% inerts (~ 15% O2) 25%mol CO2 75% inerts (~ 15% O2) 72%mol CO2 28% inerts (~ 5-6% O2) 99.95%mol CO2 0.05% inerts (~.01% O2) 72%mol CO2 28% inerts (~ 5-6% O2) %mol CO % inerts (~.0005% O2) Source: Air Products 33

34 Oxyfuel Large Scale Pilot and Demo Projects Project Schwarze Pumpe (Spremberg, Germany) Total Lacq (Lacq, France) OxyCoal UK (Renfrew, Scotland) CIUDEN (Cubillos del Sil, Spain) CS Energy Callide A (Biloela, Australia) FutureGen 2.0 (Meredosia, Illinois, USA) Datang Daqing (Heilongjiang, China) OXYCFB300 (Cubillos del Sil, Spain) Oxy CCS Demonstration (North Yorkshire, UK) Plant & Fuel Type Coal-fired boiler Natural gas-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Coal-fired boiler Year of Start-up Plant Size 30 MW th (~10 MW) 30 MW th (~10 MW) 40 MW th (~13 MW) 20 MW th (~7 MW) CO 2 Captured (Mtonne/year) N/A < MW th MW MW ~ MW N/A MW g ~2.0 34

35 Alstom Schwarze Pumpe MWth Lignite Hitachi Babcock Schwarze Pumpe MWth Lignite IHI Callide MWe Coal Alstom / AL Lacq MWth Gas/Oil? CIUDEN El Bierzo CFB Facility MWth Coal CIUDEN El Bierzo PC Facility MWth Coal 1980 s EC Joule Thermie Project - IFRF / Doosan Babcock / Int l Combustion NEDO / IHI / Jcoal Project ANL/Battelle/EERC completed the first industrial scale pilot plant Updated by S. Santos (03/11/11) Vattenfall (ENCAP ++) CS Energy / IHI Callide Project CANMET US DOE Project / B&W / Air Liquide 2008 B&W CEDF (30MWt) large scale burner testing started Vattenfall - Janschwalde (PC - 250MWe) KEPCO/KOSEP - Yongdong (PC - 100MWe) FutureGen2 - Illinois (PC - 100MWe) Endesa/CIUDEN - El Bierzo (CFB - 300MWe) World s FIRST 30 MWt full chain demonstration at Schwarze Pumpe Pilot Plant First large scale 35MWt Oxy- Coal Burner Retrofit Test done by International Combustion 3 Newly announced oxy- fuel projects in China Drax Power Plant Oxyfuel in UK 2009 Lacq World s first 30MWt retrofitted Oxy- NG 2011 Callide World s first 30MWe retrofitted Oxy- coal power plant boiler 2011 CIUDEN World s first 30MWt Oxy- CFB Pilot Plant By Demonstration of MWe full scale power plant. By the end of 2010/2011, Users (i.e. Power Plant Operators) will have 6 burner manufacturers fully demonstrating Utility Size Large Scale Burners which should give a high level of confidence toward demonstration Finish Line Target : Commercialised by 2020 B&W CEDF MWth Coal Alstom Alstom CE MWth Coal Doosan Babcock DBEL - MBTF MWth Coal

36 IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Pre Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 36

37 Pre-Combustion Capture Gasification CO Conversion CO 2 Capture Source: Vattenfall 37

38 Why Pre-Combustion Capture? Proven Industrial Technology in Oil refinery 90-95% CO 2 is captured Applicable to Coal, NG IGCC Source: Vattenfall 38

39 CO Shift Reactor: H 2 Selective Membrane Reactor Reduction in Steam Issues related to Catalyst e.g. Sulphur Heat Management H 2 39

40 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift Reactor (SEWGS) Catalyst is combined with CO 2 sorbent When sorbent is saturated with CO 2, it is regenerated with steam H 2 is produced at higher temperature and pressure. Increasing Lifetime Lowering Steam Consumption 40

41 Conventional CO 2 Scrubbing Selexol, Rectisol, Amine Based 90% CO 2 removal Co-absorbing H 2 S and CO 2 Operating at Higher temperature Increasing Pressure of Captured CO 2 41

42 Key Development Area for Pre- Combustion Development in Gasifier Technology Adaptation of the Gasifier for CO 2 capture... Development in Air Separation Units Membrane Technology??? Development in Shift Reactor Choice of Sour Vs. Sweet Shift Reaction Development in Separation of CO 2 using Physical Absorption technology 42

43 Pre Combustion Full Scale Demo. Projects Project GreenGen, Tianji Binhai, China Don Valley IGCC, Selexol, Stainforth, UK SummitPower, Rectisol, Penwell, Texas Hydrogen Energy, Kern County, California RWE Goldenbergwerk, Hurth, Germany Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan, Canada Kedzierzyn Zero Emission Power and Chemicals, Opole, Poland Nuon Magnum, Eeemshaven, Netherlands Plant & Fuel Type Coal IGCC and poly-generation Year of Start-up Plant Size CO 2 Captured (Mtonne/year) MW N/A Coal-IGCC MW 4.5 Coal IGCC and polygen (urea) MW g 3.0 Petcoke IGCC MW 2 Lignite-IGCC MW 2.3 Coal & PetCoke N/A 500 MW >1 Coal-biomass IGCC and polygen MW 500 ktons /yr methanol 2.4 Multi-fuel IGCC MW g N/A 43

44 Performance and Cost of CO 2 Capture Source: IEA

45 IEAGHG R&D programme Overview of CO 2 Capture Technology for Power Plants Post Combustion Oxyfuel Combustion Pre Combustion Key Issues and Research Direction Conclusions 45

46 Challenges for CCS in Power Generation Large Scale Demonstration Reducing CO 2 Capture Cost Reducing Energy Penalty Environmental Impact Building Infrastructure Safe CO 2 Storage Non-technological Issues 46

47 Concluding Remarks CCS will play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the power generation sector. Several activities have been initiated worldwide in the development of Carbon Capture for Power Generation industry. There are two set of horse race among the three options for newly build and retrofit plant. There is no leader at the moment! We need large scale demonstration of the carbon capture technology to build the confidence necessary for a rapid deployment. We need to overcome the challenges that CCS should face toward its path to commercialisation. 47

48 Thank you Website: GHGT-11 Kyoto, Japan 18 th - 22 nd Nov