Chapter 3 Evolution of Solid Waste Management System in Gujarat

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 Evolution of Solid Waste Management System in Gujarat 3.1 Introduction Waste issue is dangerous for human health and public hygiene. After the industrial revolution and globalisation, the whole world worried about waste management. In rural area, the waste issues is not become danger because of without plastic waste, households waste are it into convert in organic or fertilizers. In the urban area, it has become a serious issue for public health and environment. After the Surat plague has (1994) broken out, in a Public Interest Litigation, the Supreme Court suggested to formulate Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling Rules, 2000). The Solid Waste management is necessary for city dwellers. Because of globalisation, industrialisation and modernisation, the rural people to migrate to urban area for livelihood. The 74 th Indian constitutional amendment has given the responsibility of waste management to local authorities. The 21 st article of the Indian constitution is giving Indian people to right to life, means right to pollution free life. In this chapter, I discuss the history of solid waste management in Gujarat. It also suggest why we need to develop new system. 3.2 History of Solid Waste Management System in India Solid Waste Management is one of the obligatory functions of the corporation. Historically the solid waste managed by sweepers during this time most of women were engaged in this process. The women sweepers used to sweep with the brooms. Then the collected waste in trays and dump waste in near storage sites. The male sweepers used broomsticks to sweep streets and bullock carts to transport garbage to the disposal site (Ray, 2002). In India, urban area generate more than 1, 00,000 MT of waste per day (CPHEEO, 2000). According to approximately, in 2011 urban India generated 68.8 MT of Municipal Solid Waste (Bhaskar and Chikarmane, 2012). In India, The Ministry of Urban Development assessed the solid waste generation to be about 0.1 Million Metric Tonnes per day in year (Bhatt & Illiyan, 2012). In India, most of the local bodies, municipality and nagar panchayat had not provided proper efficiency of waste management service to citizens. In India no public system 34

2 for primary collection at waste generation source and the waste disposed any other places and the municipal sanitation worker had collected on the street (Indian Infrastructure report 2006 pp 162). Even street sweeping also not carried out on by daily basis in most of the cities and town in India, but important and commercial roads are prioritized swept occasionally. Even street sweeping tools are also out dated and inefficient such as the short handle broom, traditional handcart/tricycle are used for waste collection means this system is not scientific but most of the cities and town allocated work to sanitation worker. After the waste collection through handcarts or tricycle to dispose on depots of temporary storage of waste such as open sites, round cement concrete bins etc. Transportation of waste after the collection of waste storage depots is done through bullock carts, three-wheelers, tractors and trucks. But most of the solid waste collection, storage and transportation vehicles are open and old and out dated and loaded manually. The old and traditional manual solid waste management system had done by the specific caste. In most of the cities and towns disposed all the collected waste to dispose at dump yard or outside of cities. Most of the dump site emanated foul smell and breeding lots of dieses and the animal like cows, boar, dogs etc spread it on way. Around the dump site, Liquid extrudes on the way and polluted road, air and water and it create serious threat to health and environment such as plague broken down in Surat. In India, the main technologies for processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste are composting, vermin composting, anaerobic digestion/biomethanation, incineration etc. 3.3 Why the System? In 1992, the Earth Summit in Brazil, the agenda fulcrum of action under agenda 21, for the interdependence of health, environment and sustainable development because of the decision control of communicable disease and reduction of health risk from environmental pollution and hazards. In 1994, plague epidemic in Surat, because of large scale flooding occurred due to heavy rain and clogged sewer. The Indian government constituted High Power Committee (Bajaj Committee) 1995 which key references is review of existing technologies for urban solid waste collection, transportation and disposal to solid waste and suggest appropriate and eco-friendly and cost effective technologies option. At that time the Solid waste management system was very poor. 35

3 After the INTACH member Almitra Patel was filed a public interest litigation in Supreme Court in 1996 (Special civil application 888 of 1996) versus the Government of India because of the state government, municipal authorities are failed to provided services and failed in duty to manage solid waste management. The Supreme Court set up a committee Berman committee on (Judgement of Supreme court). The committee s main focus on suggestion and improvements in SWM practices in Class I cities in India. The Committee had detailed deliberations on the subject and interfaced with representatives of several States and ULBs in the country through four regional workshops (SWM practices in Class I cities in India, 1999). The Supreme Court gives direction for Municipal solid waste collection and which require segregation, processing and recovery and storage and disposal of waste and prove technologies on economic feasibility and given various technologies for solid waste management by choosing technology based on the urban local bodies and its financial capacity and improve the class 1 cities solid waste management system. 3.4 Cities, Urbanisation and Waste According to the World Bank, India is country, where 67.63% of total population are lives in rural area in When according to census report 2011, about 70% Indians live in rural areas 20. In India s total population 121 crore, 83.3 crore lives in rural area while 37.7 crore population stayed in urban areas. The ratio of urbanisation increased from per cent in the 2001 Census to per cent in the 2011 Census, while the proportion of rural population declined from per cent to per cent.(the Hindu Dated 15 July,2011). India is a second largest population of the world. Now the Country has 28 states and 7 territories. The one of the most effective and also problematic matter is, after the industrial revolution the world and India also run the information and technological era, knowledge era, smart cities, mega cities, communication and information tools etc. with this era urbanisation also grown. Peoples life style, habits, foods, hobbies and etc are changeable, one side the people change with the instruments and other side some

4 of 795 million people in the world do not have enough food to live healthy life means one in nine people on earth(world Food Programme). When economic growth, industrialization and urbanisation through structural transformation change whole scenario in most of the sector such as agriculture sector, where mostly used mussel power but in global era and ICT Information, communication and technology change the transformation structural system. The Central Pollution control board survey of 599 cities in India ( ) to assess the existing status of Solid Waste Management which included 35 metro cities and 24 states capitals based on this study the solid waste generation has been estimated to be grm/person in When the solid waste collection ranges is from 22% to 60%. 3.5 Urbanisation in India Urbanization is physical growth of urban area. Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one (Datta, 2006). Economic development, increasing population, changing life style, food habits, transportation, education purposes and industrialization, one by one city grown on the path. This kind of all activities is challenges for environmental sustainability and municipal solid waste management is a part of the sustainable environmental and social development. According to The 74 th constitutional amendment, the local authority, Nagar Panchayat and Municipal Corporation are service provider and facility provider for urban people. Another issues is the gap between population and waste generation is highly influence on environmental population, because of population growth is most influence to generate waste, waste is mostly food habits, consumer pattern, life style, standard of living and vegetables etc. India is second largest nation in the world and according to census 2011; approximately population of India is 1.21 billion which contributes to 17.66% of the world population. This kind of problem faces because of increasing population growth and rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. The growing population is one of the major causes of environmental destruction. Urbanization is a process and physical growth of urban areas as result of industrialization. In this table we see, in 1951 total population of India was million among them million population was live in urban area; means total population of India s 17.29% population lived in urban area. In the 2011 census it is 37

5 1210 million populations of which the urban population is million populations that is 31.16% of total population residing in 7,935 cities and town (Census of India 2011). The table clearly shows that urban population growth rate is high. Table: 3.1 Urbanisation in India Census Year Total Population Urban Population (in Millions) % of Urban Population to Total Population Decadal Urban Growth Rate (%) Annual compound Growth Rate Total Urban Source: NIUA Urban Statistics: Handbook 2000, National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi, January Urbanisation and Generation of Solid Waste In this table, we shown the towns increase day by day, in 1901 no of town is 1827 and 10.84% population lived in urban area of total population, when in 2011, total number of town is 4368 and 27.68% population are lived in urban of total population of India. The population of living in urban has increased from 17.29% in 1951 to 31.2%in This table clearly showed about population and the number of town increase day by day. 38

6 Table: 3.2 Numbers of Town, Percentage and Growth Rate of Urban Population in India Year No. of Towns % of Total Population % increase in Urban Population Rural Urban Source: Vij Dimple, In these cities lies 70% of India s urban population and generate 130,000 tonnes per day (TPD) or 47.2 million tonnes per year (TPY) with a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/day (Annepu, R. K., 2012). The Centre Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEOO) studies estimated a per capita waste generation in Indian Cities and Towns in range of 0.2 to 0.6 kg per day (Da. et al. 2008). The classification of urban local body (ULB) in India by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) divided the cities in India into eight types, and shoed the category wise distribution of cities. Now in India, there are 35 cities with population above 10 lakh. There are 393 cities with a population above 1 lakh (class1) and 401 towns with population above 50,000 and below 99,999 (class 2). A population between 20,000 39

7 and 49,999 (class 3) lives in 1,115 towns. The class 4 towns with population between 10,000 and 19,999 are 1,344, and the class 5 towns (above 5,000 and below 9,999). According to Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, 72.5% of the total solid waste is generated in Indian cities, where 0.1 million people reside 21. This clearly indicates that urbanization has a direct impact on the exponential growth of garbage generation in India. See the table 3.5 the classification of Cities based on population. Table: 3.3 Urban Local Bodies: Classification and Number of Cities Population Class No. of Cities >10, 00,000 and above (metro only) 35 >1, 00,000 and above Class ,000-99,999 Class ,000-49,999 Class 3 1,115 10,000-19,999 Class 4 1,344 5,000-9,999 Class >5000 Class Unclassified 10 Total 4377 Source: Solid Waste Management is one of the major environmental problems of Indian megacities (Sharholy et al., 2008). It is also linked to the question of health and sanitation. In India, solid waste management (SWM) is primarily the duty of the urban local body (ULB). Total quantity of solid waste generated in urban areas of the country is about 1.15 lakh tones per day. Out of this, tons of waste is generated in metro cities per day (CPCB 2005). As per CPCB estimates, around 57 million tons per annum of municipal solid waste (MSW) is presently generated in the country Sustainable MSWM in Indian Cities Challenges and Opportunities. 22 Report to the People on Environment and Forests , p.11 40

8 In India, Over 160,000 Metric Tons (MT) of municipal solid waste generated daily in country, per capita waste generation in cities varies from 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg per day depending on size of population. This is estimated to increase at 1.33%annually 23. According to FICCI survey 48 cities including 21 class I cities and 27 cities with population less than one million, 36% (8 out of 22) cities generate more than 1000 TPD waste (Ahmadabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Pune and Surat) when 13.6% (3 out of 22) cities generate waste between TPD (Indore, Ludhiyana and Vadodara). When another side 63.6% (14 out of 22) cities dumped their waste on dumpsite including Ahmadabad and Surat. The high rate of population growth, less than opportunity in rural area, and low paying of agriculture sector to occupation in urban area etc. the urbanisation process is highly. With this reason in urban area to increase slums and etc. so the local authority as Municipal Corporation haven t to provided basic services for urban agglomeration. Urbanisation process is directly engage with the waste generation. 3.7 Policies and Laws of Managing Waste In India, SWM is primary responsibility and duty of the municipal authorities under the 74 th Constitutional Amendment. Under The state government legislation and local authorities acts govern the municipal authorities including special provision for collection, transportation and disposal of waste, and they assign the responsibility to the Municipal Authorities. Most of the state legislation does not cover the technical and organizational details of SWM, but discussed about the sweeping street, providing storage of waste, transportation of waste to disposal sites. The Municipal Acts do not specify in clear terms which responsibilities belongs to citizens (Zhu Da et. All 2008). The evolution of the policy structure and the involvement of various stakeholders such as government departments, ministries, policy institutions, universities, R&D institutions, local governance machinery, NGOs, and private agencies engage to work in various levels. How to introduce this process? After the Bhopal gas Tragedy 1984, the India Government waked up, and the parliament of India enacted The Environmental Protection Act 1986 under the article 253 of the Constitution passed in March 1986.the main purpose of the act is to protection and improvement of human environment and to prevention of hazard to human being. This act is umbrella

9 legislation to provide framework and guideline for central government coordination of the central and state governments various activities. The EPA Act 1986 is to provided prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution. In 1995, the Planning Commission of India constituted a High Power Committee (Bajaj Committee) on solid waste management under the chair person J.S. Bajaj, So this committee famously known as Bajaj Committee. The Committee carried out an in depth review of the multi-dimensional issues in India. This commission suggests the development of cost effective methods and environment approaches to promote waste segregation at source, primary collection of waste, levy of user charges, use of appropriate equipment and vehicles, focus on sanitary land filling and composting and encouraging private sector participation. This committee recommended the micro ecosystem. This system is designed to meet the local environmental, economic and institutional requirements (Report of High Power Committee 1995). Table: 3.4 Timeline for Environmental laws in India Source: Solid Waste Management: Issues and Challenges in Asia.2007 p The Municipal Solid Waste (M & H) Rules 2000 After the Plague Broken down in Surat because of Flood and improper SWM, Public interest litigation was filed by Almitra Patel in the Supreme Court in 1996 (Special Civil Application no. 888 of 1996) against the Government of India, state government and municipal authorities for their failure to perform duty of managing municipal 42

10 solid waste adequately. After this petition, the Supreme Court appoints an expert committee who known Berman Committee to look into all aspects of MSW and recommendation to improve the situation. Which Committee submitted the detailed analysis of Class I Cities in Supreme Court in In the report of Berman Committee suggested the various stages for solid waste management services and given various technologies for solid waste management by choosing the technology based on the ULB s of its financial capacity. The committee suggested the law amendment needed at state level for solid waste management practice effective and directed the Government of India to initiate the public private partnership and private sector participation in selected areas for improving the quality of solid waste management in India. The committee also gave suggestions to improve the technologies and financial support to the urban local bodies (Berman Committee report 1999) (M.Phil Dissertation). The Berman Committee submitted report after the Ministry of Environment and Forest introduced special act for Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, The Municipal Authorities are responsible for implementation of Municipal Solid Waste (M & H) The Municipal Authorities must provide the well infrastructure and services to citizens with proper source level collection of waste, storage of waste, transportation of waste and disposal of waste and after this proper disposal, the municipal authorities has constitute scientific sanitary landfill site where laid down the waste. Another point is in Rules, municipal authorities will to engage the public private partnership for efficiency to provide proper collection, storage, transportation and disposal of waste. The main Objective of the Municipal Solid Waste (M & H) 2000, rules To provided to scientific management of MSW To ensure proper Collection, Segregation, Storage, Transportation processing and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste To upgrade existing facilities to arrest contamination of Soil and Ground Water To provide directions for segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of MSW To specify the landfill site selection criteria and standards for composting, leachate control and management and closure of landfill sites 43

11 The details of the environmental acts in India and the specific features of these acts concerning waste management Table: 3.4 Policies and its Responsibilities Year Acts Salient Feature and Amendment The Environment Protection Acts, Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules The Public Liability Act & Rules The National Environmental Tribunal Act The National Environment Appellate Authority Act The Bio-Medical Waste (Managing & Handling) Rules The Municipal Solid Waste (Managing & Handling) Rules The Batteries (Managing & Handling) Rules The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) The Biological Diversity Act Protect & improvement control pollution Control the generation, collection, treatment, import, storage & handling HW Insurance for providing immediate relief to persons by accident while handle HZ Award compensation for damage Respect to rustications of area in which classes of industries. Handling for segregation, disposal, collection and treatment Municipal authority responsibility for collection, storage, segregation transportation, disposal of MSW Safe Disposal of Batteries Reduce Noise Pollution Conservation of Biological Diversity Source: Chavda Mehul, Unpublished M.Phil Dissertation Institutional Set up for Waste Management in India Institution is a structure or mechanism of any social order and that shapes, cooperation, behaviour of governing the behaviour of a set of individuals. Institutions 44

12 are more identified with social purpose. The term Institutions is commonly used to denote customs and behaviour patterns important to society and organization of government and public services. Institutions are also the central concern of law and one of the most principle objectives of study in social science. Institutes are such as government agencies, universities and private companies. Solid waste management is global problem and whole world suffering in this problem. Because of changing life style, industrialisation, unplanned and undersigned urbanisation, highly migration to rural from urban, food habits and cultural changes the whole nation faces the problem of SWM. India is second overpopulated country in the world. According to report of Ministry of Urban development 2000, GOI that 1, 00,000 MT of municipal solid waste was generated in daily basis. During the , Central pollution control board and national environmental engineering research institute conducted the survey in 59 cities in India estimated 39,031 tonnes per day solid waste generated in daily. Again the survey in these 59 cities by Central institute of plastic engineering and technology, at that time CPCB reported 50,592 tones MSW generated per day in year Table: 3.5 Institutional Frameworks in India Source: Solid Waste Management: Issues & Challenges in Asia, the Asian Productivity Organization, Japan,

13 Institute are divides in three parts Central level In India, Central level institutions means institution, government ministries, research institute, control board etc such as Ministry of Environment and Forest, Ministry of urban Development, Ministry of non Conventional Energy, Central Public Health and Environmental engineering Organization, Central Pollution control Board, national Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Jawaharlal Nehru national urban Renewal Mission, Centre of Environment Education State level In Gujarat level, Gujarat Pollution control Board, Centre for Social Science, Gujarat Municipal Finance Board, Urban Development and Urban Housing Development- Gujarat, Gujarat Urban Development Mission, Centre for Planning and Environmental, Gujarat Technological University, L.D Engineering College Local level In Ahmadabad, Municipal Corporation, local authorities, Nagar Panchayat, Ahmadabad urban Development Authorities, SEWA, NGO, CBO Table: 3.6 Stakeholder and their Responsibility in Municipal Solid Waste Management Institutions Roles and Responsibility Ministry of Urban Development Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organization National level Formulation broad policies for sanitation sector include SWM Prepare guideline for SWM Support SWM project under JNNURM Facility role for ULBs capacity building Assist in technical matters on SWM Prepare guideline like technical manual on SWM Ministry of Environment and Forest Department Development of SWM rules under the Environment Protection Act,

14 Central pollution Control Board Monitoring role by convening meetings of members of state level pollution control board. Seek information in respect of initiative taken up by various SPCBs. Review information furnishes. State Government Department of Urban Development Overall responsibility for the SWM Rules (Managing and Handling) State level Nodal Agency Project Monitoring Units State Pollution Control Board Play monitoring role Issue and authorization to ULBs Source: Toolkit for PPP Frameworks in MSWM, Vol. I, Overview and Process, p Technological Advancement in Municipal Solid Waste Management Before year, the waste is to transfer into compost by natural process in the world including rural and urban India. This is only one method which useful for waste processing. But in urban India, the citizens are highly to produce or generate solid waste because of urbanisation, food habits, changing life style and industrialisation. So we need a proper scientific and processing and treatment for solid waste management. In India, average solid waste collection efficiency range from 22% to 60%. (ed. Siddiqui & Emran, 2012). But in this collected waste, solid waste characterization shows that 51% of organic waste, 17% recyclable, 11% hazardous and 21% inert waste, however 40% of all waste is not collected. There are 3R used in municipal solid waste management Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Waste to Compost The history of composting dates back to the history of early agriculture. Composting is as much of an art as a science. Composting is a way of harnessing the natural process of decomposition to speed up the decay of waste. Natural ecosystems have a proven method of breaking down organic materials into a useful end-product 24. In 1960, the Ministry of Food and agriculture offered loan to urban local bodies for

15 composting methods. 25 During this process bacterium, fungi and other microorganisms, including micro arthropods break down organic materials to stable (Bernal et al., 2008) Vermin Compost Vermin compost is method of municipal solid waste treatment. It is faster, economically inexpensive and eco-friendly method of municipal solid waste treatment. This methods increased small scale enterprises. During this process, Organic waste is eaten by a mix of bacteria, fungi and bacteria inside the bodies of earth worms, to convert waste to a digested soil Waste into Energy The energy recovery from municipal solid waste is viable option since the total quantity of MSW is reduced by 60 to 90%, depending upon the MSW composition (Ed. Siddiqui & Manuja 2012). Two types of energy recovery into waste There are different technological processes used for producing energy from waste. The most of waste to energy technologies are based on biological or thermal process. 1. Biological process: Biomethanation and Landfill to gas recovery 2. Thermal process: Gasification and Incineration Biomethanation Biomethanation system is nature and proven process that convert waste-to-energy efficiency and controlling and preventing pollution. Today, this method used in village and small towns. In India, has a wide spread and long standing and successful experience with production of Gobar gas or bio fuel from cow dung. Now in India, the Government of India gives subsidy for establishing Gobar gas plants. Incineration Incineration is a thermal process for waste burning method. This process is under control. This method produces ash, heat, fuel gases, water, vapour, nitrogen, CO2, which can used to generate electric power. 25 MSW in Indian cities- A Review,

16 The Incineration Method includes 1 Open burning, 2 Single Chamber Incineration, 3 Tepee burners, 4 Open-t incineration, 5 Multiple chamber incineration, 6 Controlled air incineration, 7 Central-station disposal and 8 Rotary kiln incineration Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) / Pelletisation This method is a processing for mix Municipal Solid Waste. This method through fuel produces into MSW. RDF consist most of organic components of MSW. And this RDF method used source of fuel in coal power plant, cement kiln industry, plasma arc, gasification modules, pyrolsis plants etc Pyrolysis / Plasma Gasification Pyrolysis method is complicated series of thermally driven decomposition reactions of organic compounds. And it is endothermic process. Gasification is the conversion of their molecules carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane, which is used generating electricity power and recycled valuables products such as paper, glass, metal, plastic and rubber Landfill Landfill method is disposal process for municipal solid waste management. Waste landfill is the dominant disposal route for MSW. Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste. Landfills are located in urban areas where a large amount of waste is generated and has to be dumped in a common place. According to European commission report 2003, in more than 60% of MSW is disposed of to land fill. The major advantages associated with landfill of waste are the low coast of landfill with other disposal options. And second advantages are the collection and utilization of landfill gas as a fuel energy generation. Landfill method permitted solid, namely, hazardous and non-hazardous waste and inert waste. The sanitary landfill methods Rejects for compost plant and recyclable and other construction debris in Municipal solid waste throw in landfill site (Unpublished Dissertation Chavada, 2012). 49

17 3.10 Solid Waste Management System in Gujarat Solid waste management is one of the major environmental problems of Indian megacities (Sharholy et al. 2008). It is also linked to health and sanitation. Solid waste management is primary duty of Indian urban local body under the 74 th constitutional amendment. A solid waste management service is provided by Municipal Corporation, municipality and nagar panchayats according to the 74 th constitutional amendments. In India, many of the municipal authority haven t separate department of waste management. Solid waste management is the responsibility of local authority. In Gujarat, the plague broken down, Almitra Patel file PIL in Supreme Court. Because of PIL, the state government, municipal authorities are failed to provide services and failed in duty to manage solid waste management according 74 th Constitutional amendment. The Supreme Court set up a committee Berman committee on (Judgement of Supreme court). The committee s main focus on suggestion and improvements in SWM practices in Class I cities in India. In this committee, court had been given direction for municipal solid waste such as collection, storage, segregation and processing and transportation. The committee submit their report in 1999, after this report GOI introduced The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules. According to in Gujarat, the Major cities have been started separated department for waste management system, before the law, the whole system had run by health department. The PHS, SI and SSI had been monitoring this waste management system. Than local authorities has been introduced Door to Door Solid Waste collection system, Surat, Ahmadabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Gandhinagar, Junagadh, etc. but the major issues like as Surat and Ahmadabad have more heap of waste, because of the indoctrination Ahmadabad is become mega city and Surat is diamond city, where out of region and out of District people to migrate to survival of life. The state level ministry urban development and urban housing department of Gujarat Government has been provided action plan for collection, storage, transportation and processing and disposal of waste. This department also provided procurement and distribution of equipment for collection and transportation of waste\ and to give design for constructing landfill sites. 50

18 According to the Central government JnNURM, under this scheme the central government allocated grant for urban development. The state government stake holder like as Gujarat State Pollution Control Board, Centre for Environmental Education, Centre for Environmental Planning, L.D institute of engineering, Centre for Social Studies, Surat, Ministry of Urban Development, Ahmadabad Urban Development authority, Pollution Control Committee, NGO, CBO, Trade unions etc also are involved for managing solid waste management system Conclusion Solid waste management is health, environmental and public hygiene related issues. This is more worried issues. For this issues will not became global and danger, the Supreme Court and Government of India introduced policy for management and processing and disposal facilities. I have discussed in this chapter, under the Environmental Protection Act 1986, the MSW (M & H) 2000 rules for management. The amendment of Constitution of India and MSW (M & H) given to derives of its primary necessary for human health and environment. In India including Gujarat, three types of institute like as national, state and local levels involved in the solid waste management system, such as ministries, departments, pollution control boards etc. In India, the GOI including Gujarat, are introduced policies by expert committee to protecting human health and environment. Urbanization more important factor for generating more waste. I have detail discussed about policy and Institute for SWM. In India, Over 160,000 Metric Tons (MT) of municipal solid waste generated daily in country, per capita waste generation in cities varies from 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg per day depending on size of population. For the SWM in India, national, state and local, institute are took responsibility and each and every institution has been perform their roles and responsibility. The Policy guidelines are also important for control and management of solid waste, the GOI formulated policy and I have discussed about it in chapter. Without processing and disposal technology, Nation cannot control and protect to health and environment for citizens, So, I have discussed about technology for processing and disposal of waste, after waste disposal at disposal site, the different types of techniques used for waste. 51