Energy. on this world and elsewhere. Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434)

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1 Energy on this world and elsewhere Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434) Course web site available at click on classes and find Physics or at August 29, 2013

2 Announcements If you are registered for this class, you will receive an later today with a link to the class website. - - You will find the slides from lectures 1 and 2 in pdf form. The Character of Physical Law by Feynman will be available on UVa Collab. Homework for Tuesday will include reading: - Chapters 1 and 2 of the class notes and - - Chapter 3 from The Character of Physical Law Keep up with the reading!

3 Is electromagnetic radiation a form of energy? Electromagnetic radiation comes in many different forms. They differ in having different wavelengths (shown above in meters).

4 We certainly know that electromagnetic radiation can deliver energy!

5 This isn t just science fiction

6 Is light pure energy?

7 Is light pure energy? Each photon carries a discrete amount of energy

8 Is light pure energy? Each photon carries a discrete amount of energy There is certainly no mass (not that that makes a difference)

9 Is light pure energy? Each photon carries a discrete amount of energy There is certainly no mass (not that that makes a difference) Certainly there is energy associated with the electromagnetic field that we associate with the light (and other types of electromagnetic radiation), but maybe we should just see this as another example of the energy being STORED in the light... this is actually a subtle question.

10 Primary Energy Sources The sources from which we extract the energy we use Oil Coal Natural gas Nuclear Biomass Hydroelectric Wind Geothermal Solar

11 Primary Energy Sources The sources from which we extract the energy we use Oil Coal Natural gas Nuclear Biomass Hydroelectric Wind Geothermal Solar Central to our thinking when considering an overview of society s energy infrastructure.

12 Which primary energy sources derive their energy from the sun?

13 Which primary energy sources derive their energy from the sun? Solar What we normally think of as solar energy, whether it involves photovoltaic cells or other technologies, certainly derives its energy from the sun.

14 Which primary energy sources derive their energy from the sun? Solar Biomass, whether it is ethanol from corn or biodiesel from algae, represents fuel produced using the sun s energy to grow the raw materials. Biomass

15 Which primary energy sources derive their energy from the sun? Solar Oil Coal Natural gas Biomass All fossil fuels are generally believed to result from the conversion of ancient plant material, which initially, got its energy from the sun.

16 Which primary energy sources derive their energy from the sun? Solar Oil Coal Natural gas Even wind and hydroelectric power derive most if not all of their energy from the sun. Wind comes largely from sun-driven weather systems, and hydroelectric power results from water that was evaporated by the sun. Biomass Wind Hydroelectric

17 Fossil Fuels We have been taking carbon dioxide and turning it into fossil fuels for 100 s of millions of years. Incidentally, the world was a very warm place during most of those periods...

18 Are all fossil fuels really from plant matter?

19 Are all fossil fuels really from plant matter? Jupiter has a huge amount of methane in its atmosphere...

20 Are all fossil fuels really from plant matter? Jupiter has a huge amount of methane in its atmosphere... I am not trying to assert that natural gas deposits are relics of the formation of our planet. I am just trying to point out that it is not crazy to ask the question.

21 If energy were like money...

22 If energy were like money... Using fossil fuels would be like spending our nest egg.

23 If energy were like money... Using fossil fuels would be like spending our nest egg. Luckily, if we can develop the technology, there is enough sunlight to pay as you go

24 If energy were like money... Using fossil fuels would be like spending our nest egg. Luckily, if we can develop the technology, there is enough sunlight to pay as you go Still... I wouldn t be to sanguine!

25 If energy were like money... Using fossil fuels would be like spending our nest egg. Luckily, if we can develop the technology, there is enough sunlight to pay as you go Still... I wouldn t be to sanguine! And incidentally, burning all of our fossil fuels, which are feedstocks for making all kinds of things, from plastics to fertilizers to drugs, etc., is a little like going into Ethan Allen, buying fine furniture, and burning it!

26 Does nuclear fuel come from the sun?

27 Does nuclear fuel come from the sun? Not our sun! Uranium and other heavy elements are actually synthesized when old stars burn out, collapse in on themselves, and explode as supernovae.

28 What is the origin of the energy associated with geothermal energy? Geothermal Geothermal energy results from two sources: 1) the heat that is produced when the gravitational potential energy associated with stuff in the early solar system was converted into heat as the stuff coalesced to form planets, and 2) radioactive decay within the material that makes up the earth.

29 2007 Primary energy source consumption and domestic production Consumption Domestic production Coal Nat. gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass 0 Shown, in quads, is the amount of energy consumed in the U.S. sorted by primary energy source. Also shown is domestic production by primary energy source.

30 2008 Primary energy source consumption and domestic production Consumption Domestic production Coal Nat. gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass 0 Shown, in quads, is the amount of energy consumed in the U.S. sorted by primary energy source. Also shown is domestic production by primary energy source.

31 2011 Primary energy source consumption and domestic production Consumption Domestic production Coal Nat. gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar Wind Biomass 0 Shown, in quads, is the amount of energy consumed in the U.S. sorted by primary energy source. Also shown is domestic production by primary energy source.

32 Energy consumption for transportation Figure 10. Transportation Total Energy Consumption Figure 10. Transportation Energy Consumption 32 Quadrillion Btu Total Petroleum Annual Energy Review 2007 Shown is both the total domestic energy consumption for transportation, as well as the energy consumed in the form of petroleum.

33 One of our primary sources

34 Renewable contribution to consumption 2011!"#"$%&'"()#"*+,(%-(./%*"(01(203%'(4*56%*,()#"*+,(70# #:(;<== D "&H$-7+I1J&'( "&9,$/C,+<7-&'( "&#7:/,R&5( 4 )*%+$,-,./+0. 1$2,+ 4! 68.-,7+&E-,./+0. 1$2,+ 67/8+7-&97: ';( A( 1,/+$-,8< 1,/+$-,8< 4;( 4=(?$7- '@( >( &&N,F,27O-, EF,+P* "&#0F%&G4( "&K0$L8,-:M&'G( " #$$%&''( Q87%+0--0$F&K/8 #$$% ' B5018"'- ; G B/C,+ D G>5@ G>;@ G>=@ G>A@ G>>@ '@@@ '@G@ ((((((!"#"$%&'"()#"*+,(70# #(&,(.08*>":(;<== D 4S' 4 "&)*%+$,-,./+0. 1$2,+3 45( Q87%+0--0$F&K/8 ' G 'S@ )*%+$,-,./+0. #$$% K0$L8,-:M #0F% #7:/,R 9,$T H$-7+I1J 1$2,+ 4 /C,+<7-

35 Renewable contribution to consumption 2008

36 Renewable contribution to consumption 2011

37 Renewable contribution to consumption

38 End uses for energy Too many to begin listing individually! There is no one unique way to enumerate end uses. Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electricity Transportation Other It will become clear in a moment why I include the list on the left. I prefer thinking about things with categorizations more along the lines of the list on the right.

39 Energy Delivery Energy Grids - Gas grid: lighting, heating, industrial processes, generating electricity - the Electrical Grid Solid fuels: coal, wood, other biomass Liquid fuels: gasoline, diesel, ethanol, biodiesel.

40 End uses for energy There is no one unique way to enumerate end uses. Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electricity grid Natural gas grid (excluding electricity) Transportation using liquid fuels from centralized distribution Other

41 Energy Flow

42 It all takes infrastructure! Railroads Mining operations Power plants Oil fields Pipelines Electrical power-line grids Natural-gas-line grids Vehicle fleet (cars, trucks, etc. and much much more Some authors estimate 50 years will be necessary to truly change our energy infrastructure.

43 Example of Energy Infrastructure Transportation fleet Over 150,000,000 vehicles domestically. Typically less than 10% replaced per year. No more than a few percent are hybrids.

44 Example of Energy Infrastructure Transportation fleet Over 150,000,000 vehicles domestically. Typically less than 10% replaced per year. No more than a few percent are hybrids. Even something dynamic, like the automobile fleet, would take well over a decade to replace with new technology (maybe many decades).

45 Example of Energy Infrastructure Coal - Coal Mines - Railroads Power plants Transmission wires Local electrical distribution

46 Railroads From postcard dated September 20, In 1840 s, was the western-most station in Virginia. Today the station is gone, but the tracks still carry CSX trains carrying coal that also go through Charlottesville.

47 Coal-fired power plants in excess of 60 years old Dominion Power s Bremo coal-fired power plant First two units (now retired) went into operation in Units 3 and 4 went into operation in 1950 and 1958 respectively. Also uses burners that minimize the emission of NO x s Produces 220 Megawatts using 2500 tons of coal daily (25 hoppers). Have been retrofitted with electrostatic precipitators to trap fly ash.

48 Estimates for replacing infrastructure are often around 50 years!!! We need to make good decisions early on!

49 Homework Read Chapters 1 and 2 of the class notes. Read Chapter 3 from The Character of Physical Law Get your books! Watch the web site and/or s.

50