GCSE GEOGRAPHY AQA CASE STUDY (CS) AND EXAMPLE REVISION

Transcription

1 GCSE GEOGRAPHY AQA CASE STUDY (CS) AND EXAMPLE REVISION Paper 1 Physical Tectonic hazards Haiti 2010 / Japan 2011 Earthquake Climatic hazards Typhoon Haiyan 2013 Storm Desmond UK 2015 Ecosystems Small scale: UK Epping Forest. Amazon Rainforest, Brazil (CS) Svalbard - Norwegian territory in the Arctic Ocean (cold environment) Alaska harmed by development in cold environments) (CS) Antarctica Treaty Coasts Jurassic Coast: Isle of Purbeck, Dorset Coast Holderness Coastline, NE Coast Rivers River Tees Flood management of Boscastle 2004 Paper 2 Human Urbanisation Mumbai, India (CS) London, UK (CS) Sustainable Urban Living Bedzeds Economic World Tanzania, tourism Nigeria as an NEE (CS) London, UK Resources Natural Gas Cow Dung biogas plants, Karnataka, India LIC OR HEP Nepal LIC Name: Class: Teacher:

2 UK Examples/Case Studies River Tees long profile of Storm Desmond, Cumbria Extreme Holderness Coast coastal landforms and Torr Quarry sustainable industry Epping Forest small ecosystem: Boscastle flood management Isle of Purbeck

3 Tectonic Hazards Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth. HAITI / JAPAN EARTHQUAKES Where are Haiti and Japan? Date and Richter scale of the earthquakes: Haiti: What are their levels of wealth? Japan: Effects: Haiti Primary Japan Primary Secondary Secondary Responses Haiti Japan

4 Weather Hazards Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses. TYPHOON HAIYAN Date: Category: Country Affected: Social Economic Environmental Look at the responses and decided if they are: Regional/National/International and Long or Short term Financial aid, supplies and medical support were promised Shelter kits were sent by UK government Cash for work programmes people paid to help clear debris and rebuild city Food aid and temporary shelters provided 1200 evacuation centres set up for the homeless Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food aid Oxfam and other aid agencies supported replacing fishing boats A no build zone was declared along the coast and 1000s of homes were built away from flood risk areas US navy assisted with Search and Rescue and aid delivery Bridges, roads and airport facilities (communication) were rebuilt Rice farming and fishing were quickly re-established. Coconut farming will take longer as trees take 5 years to bear fruit Replanting mangroves Foreign donors supported livelihood opportunities A new storm surge warning system is being developed A curfew was imposed after looting in Tacloban French, Belgian and Israeli field hospitals were set up The president televised a warning and authorities evacuated 800,000 people

5 Weather Hazards An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK to illustrate: causes, social, economic and environmental impacts and how management strategies can reduce risk. STORM DESMOND Date: Area Affected: Why did it flood? Social Economic Environmental Management Strategies

6 Ecosystems An example of a small scale UK ecosystem to illustrate the concept of interrelationships within a natural system, an understanding of producers, consumers, decomposers, food chain, food web and nutrient cycling EPPING FOREST deciduous woodland ecosystem Where is it? What can be found? Several native trees including oak, elm ash and beech. A lower shrub layer of grasses, brambles and bracken that form the main producers. Many insects, mammals and birds which are the consumers. How is Epping Forest interdependent? What would happen if: The number of owls increased? The number of insects, beetles, worms and caterpillars decreased? Highlight the; Producers Consumers

7 Ecosystems A case study of a tropical rainforest to illustrate: causes of deforestation (subsistence and commercial farming, logging, road building, mineral extraction, energy development, settlement, population growth) and impacts of deforestation (economic development, soil erosion, contribution to climate change) AMAZON RAINFOREST Where is it? Food Chain: Describe the climate: 2 plant adaptations: 2 animal adaptations: Why is it being deforested? Include named reasons. Social Impacts Economic Impacts Environmental Impacts How is the area being sustainably managed?

8 Hot Deserts A case study of a hot desert to illustrate: development opportunities in hot desert environments (mineral, extraction, energy, farming, tourism) and challenges of developing hot desert environments (extreme temperatures, water supply, inaccessibility). MOJAVE DESERT Where is it? Describe the climate: Opportunities: Tourism (Las Vegas) Energy (Oil/Solar/Uranium) Agriculture: Challenges: Extreme temperatures: Lack of access: Lack of water:

9 Coasts An example of a section of coastline in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition. Jurassic Coast Isle of Purbeck Landform Created How is it created? 1 Studland Bay Erosional Bay 2 Old Harry Rocks Erosional Stacks 3 Durslton Head Erosional 4 Lulworth Cove Erosional Cove 5 Durdle Door Erosional Arch 6. Chesil beach Depositional Tombolo

10 Coasts An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK to show: the reasons for management, the management strategy and the resulting effects and conflicts Swanage Locate Swanage Why did it need management? How is Swanage managing the coast line: 1. Beach replenishment 3. Wooden Groynes 4. Sea wall 5. Stone groynes 6. Concrete revetments 7. Fences Was the scheme successful for everyone? Protected beach has increased visitor numbers and seafront businesses are successful Increased visitor numbers have led to conflict with local people due to congestion Beach nourishment is unsustainable and needs to be recharged every 20 years New defences have stood up to recent winter storms Rock armour put in place to prevent landslips. Although these are less frequent massive slips are still occurring The new groynes are impacting beaches further up the coast The new revetments are considered ugly and some people think they spoil the natural coastal landscape The sea wall will need replacing soon as it is 100 years old and there has been scouring of the cliff base The management has helped protect the fisheries and businesses

11 Rivers An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition River Tees The Basics: Source Plynlimon, Cambrian Hills Length: 354km (220 miles) Mouth: Estuary, Bristol Channel UK s longest river Describe the change in the long profile of the River Severn:

12 Rivers An example of a flood management scheme in the UK to show: why the scheme was required, the management strategy and the social, economic and environmental issues. BOSCASTLE, 2004 Where is it? When did it flood? Why did it flood? Strategy Details H/S Road raising/ culverts Biodiversity Action Plan River Embankments Pumping station Flood Relief Area Social Economic Environmental Successful Not successful

13 Paper 2: Challenges in the human environment Urban Growth Urban Change in LICs/NEEs and the UK Urban Sustainability Global Economic Change & development gap NEE and UK economic development UK s resource Global water issues

14 Urban Issues and Challenges LAGOS A case study of a major city in an LIC or NEE to illustrate: the location and importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally causes of growth: natural increase and migration How urban growth has created opportunities: social: access to services health and education; access to resources water supply, energy economic: how urban industrial areas can be a stimulus for economic development How urban growth has created challenges: managing urban growth slums, squatter settlements providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy providing access to services health and education reducing unemployment and crime managing environmental issues waste disposal, air and water pollution, traffic congestion. Importance of Lagos Rural Areas Push factors Lagos Pull factors Impacts Impacts

15 Economic and social opportunities in Lagos Issue Details Solution Crime Area boys Kidnappings Corruption Health Water 55% getting water from Boreholes, which is becoming contaminated 16% rely on water vendors Only 10% have piped water Sanitation Energy Traffic LAMATA

16 Urban Issues and Challenges An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor, Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria Location of Makoko: Problems faced in Makoko: What is the Makoko Floating school? How is the Makoko Floating school addressing the problems? What other schemes are happening? Effective or not to help the urban poor?

17 10 Key facts about Lagos

18 Urban Issues and Challenges SOUTHAMPTON A case study of a major city in the UK to illustrate: the location and importance of the city in the UK and the wider world impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character of the city How urban change has created opportunities: social and economic: cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, employment, integrated transport systems environmental: urban greening How urban change has created challenges: social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal the impact of urban sprawl on the rural urban fringe, and the growth of commuter settlements. Southampton is a large city on the South coast, in Hampshire, its population is 253,000. Boat show Largest cruise terminal in UK Importance of Southampton 2 universities

19 Explain why people are migrating to Southampton: Social and Economic Changes Westquay Details Impacts Adanac Park Container docks to cruise terminal Universities Culture Mayflower theatre, O 2 Guildhall Urban Greening - Public landscaping and urban forestry projects that create mutually beneficial relationships between city dwellers and their environments ,000 of capital funding for early win projects to increase the chances of achieving Green Flag and biodiversity targets 2. Urban canopy initiative which will ensure large canopy trees are planted back into the city 3. Develop a green grid with green routes for walking and cycling which contribute to sustainable transport plan for movement around the city 4. Aim for everyone to be able to access green space within a 300m distance or a 5 minute walk.

20 Urban Sprawl: unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside Brownfield site: A site that was built on before, but can be redeveloped. For example, an old factory. Greenfield site: A site that has not been built on before. For example, farmland. Brownfield option: Centenary Quay, Woolston Greenfield option: Bishopstoke, Eastleigh Transport 182,000 cars in Southampton, plus all those who drive in as commuters or to use leisure and educational facilities. Integrated Transport Scheme: Solent Go linking buses, ferries, hovercraft and car clubs. Aims: Reduce parking problems Improve air quality Reduce congestion Effective or not?

21 Urban Issues and Challenges An example of an urban regeneration project to show: reasons why the area needed regeneration and the main features of the project. Westquay, Southampton Where is Southampton? What and where is Westquay? Why did the area need to be regenerated? What did they do? Impact

22 10 Key facts about Southampton

23 Changing Economic World An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to reduce the development gap. JAMIACA Where is it? Why is it a popular destination? Sector Positive Negative How can this support tourism and boost economy? Economy Employment Infrastructure Quality of life The environment Draw out the positive multiplier effect.

24 Changing Economic World NIGERIA A case study of one LIC or NEE to illustrate: the location and importance of the country, regionally and globally the wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed the changing industrial structure. The balance between different sectors of the economy. How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development. Advantages and disadvantages of TNC(s) to the host country the changing political and trading relationships with the wider world international aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving country the environmental impacts of economic development the effects of economic development on quality of life for the population. Describe the location of Nigeria Largest population in Africa: 182 million. Regions: North semi-desert Central Savannah South Forest with tropical climate. Economic NEE due to rapid economic growth st biggest economy in the world, highest GDP growth in world Highest GDP in Africa Supplies 2.5% of world s oil much of economic growth based on this. Developing diverse economy finance, media, telecommunications. 70% of pop involved in agriculture, most subsistence farmers. Problems: corruption and lack of infrastructure. Political 5th Largest contributor to UN s peacekeeping forces around the world 1960s Nigeria became fully independent from UK power struggles and civil war Lack of stability = limited development and high levels of corruption Stable government lead to investments, particularly by China (construction), South Africa (banking), and US (power plants and Walmart, IBM) Social/Cultural Multi ethnic/multi faith Yoruba 21%, Hausa/Fulani 29%, Igbo 18%/ Christianity, Islam and traditional religions Social diversity seen as great strength but source of conflict Civil war Economic inequality between N & S led to ethnic tensions. Rise of Boko Haram has had negative impact on economy and investment which has led to unemployment Home to Nollywood 2nd largest film industry in world African Cup of Nations Champions x3 Music capital of West Africa

25 Describe how Nigeria s industries have changed. Colour code the reasons why Nigeria s economy is developing TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATIONS Which factors are the most important? WHY? TNCS What are they Why did they invest in Nigeria Positives Negatives Social Economic Environmental

26 Why does Nigeria need aid? How much does it get? Who are the biggest donors? Industrial Growth Urban Growth Farming Reasons for Environmental Issues. Mining/Oil How is quality of life improving for Nigerians?

27 Changing Economic World An example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable in the UK Torr Quarry What is a quarry?: Where is Torr Quarry: In the Mendip Hills in Somerset, 7km from Shepton Mallet. Back Ground Info: Owned by Aggregate Industries, one of 8 limestone quarries in the Mendips that contribute 15 million to the local economy. Employs 100+ people, producing 8 million tonnes a year. Nationally important sources of construction materials. Harmful impacts of quarrying: How is the Quarry becoming environmentally sustainable? Using trains Monitoring noise/vibration/air emissions 200 acres landscaped Creating wildlife lakes Creating characteristic limestone features The future: 2012 planning permission given to deepen the quarry and extend operations until Deepening the quarry lessens the impact on the environment.

28 Water An example of a large scale water transfer scheme to show how its development has both advantages and disadvantages. LESOTHO HIGHLAND WATER PROJECT, LESOTHO/ SOUTH AFRICA Location: Date of project: Why do they need this? Remember to use SEE! Lesotho South Africa Advantages Disadvantages Who benefits most from the project? Is it worth the costs?

29 Water An example of a local scheme in an LIC or NEE to increase sustainable supplies of water. WAKEL RIVER BASIN PROJECT, INDIA Describe the location of Rajasthan and the Wakal Basin What are the issues with the water supply? Taankas Johads Pats Education Successful Not successful