Espacios para la Bioenergía en Chile Jueves 9 de agosto 2012, Coyhaique, Chile

Transcription

1 Espacios para la Bioenergía en Chile Jueves 9 de agosto 2012, Coyhaique, Chile Large Scale Utilization of Biomass for Biofuels - European Experiences, Models, Forecasts and Projects by Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Ph.D. et al. Head of Center for Bioenergy og Green Engineering Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark Niels Bohrs vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg Cell; jhn@et.aau.dk ~ search JBHN; 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 Source: IPCC Scenarios for the global mean temperature

6 Changes in the water balance in the 2050 ties

7 Growth Progress of a Conventional Silo Maize (SM) and an Energy Maize (EM) Clearly later harvest of the Energy Maize GTMyield/ha Harvest EM Flowering EM Harvest SM Flowering SM Source: KWS Time

8 Cultivation target: Stepwise increase of the energy yield to approximately 100 % in 10 years Energy Maize 30 t/ha Nowadays silo maize varieties t/ha Source: KWS

9 9

10 10

11 11

12 Fig. Worldwide extent of human land-use and land-cover change Published by AAAS: J. A. Foley et al., Science 309, (2005) 12

13 We are what we are eating! Food Feed Fuel considerations Global food requirement for three diets: vegetarian: 2388 kcal cap -1 day -1 of which 166 kcal cap -1 day -1 from animal products; moderate: 2388 kcal cap -1 day -1 of which 554 kcal cap -1 day -1 from animal products; and an affluent: 2746 kcal cap -1 day -1 of which 1160 kcal cap -1 day -1 from animal products. The actual population size in 1998 ( people) and the estimated population size in year 2050 ( people), as expressed in grain equivalents 10 9 tons dry weight per year. Adapted from Wolf et al. Diet type Vegetarian diet Quality diet (Moderate) Affluent diet Year Food requirement [10 9 tts year -1 ] Wolf J., Bindraban P.S., Luijten J.C., Vleeshouwers L.M.: Exploratory study on the land area required for global food 13 supply and the potential global production of bioenergy. (2003) Agricultural Systems, Vol. 76,

14 Percentage of present agriculture and arable land required for food production under moderate diet with crop yielding equal to 6 t TS grain year -1 (1998), and 9 t TS grain year -1 (2050) EU-27 World (1998) World (2050) Population [people] Agricultural area [1000 ha] Arable land [1000 ha] Land requirement [ha year -1 ] Percentage of total agricultural area [%] Percentage of arable land [%]

15 a. Crop lands -green area b. Pasturelands - partly green areas c. Rain forests and forests - no go!!! d. Deserts areas algal productions Solar-biofuels refineries.!!! e. More actions now - What are we waiting fore? 15

16 World energy scenarios Future goals No. Bioenergy potentials - terrestrial Predicted value Source 1. Non collected straw (50%) PJ/year Sanders J.: Biorefinery, the bridge between 2. Collected waste processing (50%) PJ/year Agriculture and Chemistry. Wageningen University and Researchcenter. 3. Forest/pastures (50%) PJ/year Workshop: Energy crops & Bioenergy % of arable land World Wide (20tTS/ha) 5. 20% of arable land World Wide (20tTS/ha) 6. 30% of arable land World Wide (20tTS/ha) Sum: PJ/y PJ/y PJ/y PJ/year Holm-Nielsen J.B., Madsen M., Popiel P.O.: Predicted energy crop potentials for biogas/bioenergy. Worldwide regions EU25. AAUE/SDU. Workshop: Energy crops & Bioenergy. Total energy consumption forcast Predicted value Source Total energy required year PJ/year Sanders J.: Biorefinery, the bridge between Agriculture and Chemistry. Workshop: Energy crops & Bioenergy. Total energy demand year PJ/year Shell s World Energy Scenario 16

17 Agriculture potentials: Energy crops today and land devoted for cropping 3,07% 1,54% World's 360EJ land area 0,85% 180EJ devoted for energy 0,38% 90EJ crops 0,19% 45EJ The agricultural land employment and primary energy consumption 720EJ 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% The share of current primary energy consumption (500 EJ) Forestry potentials: Wood including wood from forests, forest plantations and trees outside forests 0-93 EJ/yr. Wood residues including wood harvest residues (22 %), process residues (39 %) and wood wastes (39 %) to EJ/yr. Energy crops in EJ, IEA Bioenergy, 2009 Residues in 2005, Greg J.S Unit: EJ yr -1 Global Residu Wheat Corn Rice Other grain Oil crops Sugar crops Misc crops TOTAL 5,58 4,16 6,51 2,01 7,41 6,17 3,89 35,72 Final summary of projections and potentials of biomass resources analysis. Biomass from Agriculture Biomass from Forestry Concluding biomass table EJ EJ Residues in EJ, Smeets et al Assumed primary bioenergy potential in EJ

18 18

19 Comparison of the basic principles of the petroleum refinery and the biorefinery, Source: Kamm et al Two-platform biorefinery concept Source: NREL 2006, Biomass Programm, DOE/US] 19

20 Energy crops - Paradigm shift through land productivity and energy balance; Crop productions needs large changes! The Sun as energy source Special energy crops that use the entire vegetation period Total digestion of the whole plant Nutrient cycle possible Low Input - High Output Fermenter Digested plant residue Large installations work efficiently and are friendly towards the environment Upgrading of biogas enables complete utilisation of the crop (the gas can be stored) Biorefineries;biothanol/biogas/ biodiesel and higher value products Source: KWS, D Biogas Gas cleaning Heat Electricity Fuel 20

21 Biogas for a sustainable clean environment and renewable energy production LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS O 2 ANIMAL MANURE BIOFERTILISER H 2 O CO 2 ORGANIC WASTE BIOGAS PLANT CHP-GENERATION BIOGAS AS VEHICLE FUEL Source: JBHN/TAS 21

22 22

23 Biogas and biogas + separation, upgrading facilities Animal manure from farming problems to society resources! 23

24 Biogas Redistribution and treatment facilities Organic fertilizer plants Bioslurry, biofibres and other biomasses. Redistribution and surplus treatment as organic fertilizer sale products Electricity, heat and transportation fuels Water environment, Climate combat and odour reduction Further treatment of fibres Digested fibre incineration /gasification Increased utilisation of biogas Local and further distances from the biogas plants gas CHP utilisation and the transport sector * Biogas are biorefinery platforms step 1. - This is the future challenge Need fast tracks, by all new projects Joint biogas plants New plants (examp.) 24

25 AD Co-digestion - heterogeneous feedstock s - Manure - Food waste - Organic by-products - Crops 25

26 Estimated amounts of animal manure in EU-27 (based on Faostat, 2003) Country Cattle Pigs Cattle Pigs Cattle manure Pig manure Total manure [1000Heads] [1000Heads] 1000livestock units 1000livestock units [10 6 tons] [10 6 tons] [10 6 tons] Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech R Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden U.K EU

27 Energy potential of pig and cattle manure in EU-27 Total manure Biogas Methane Potential Potential [10 6 tons] [10 6 m 3 ] [10 6 m 3 ] [PJ] [Mtoe] 1,578 31,568 20, Methane heat of combustion: 40.3 MJ/m 3 ; 1 Mtoe = 44.8 PJ Assumed methane content in biogas: 65% Biogas Production & Forecast: Actual 2008 production of biogas in EU 27: 7 Mtoe EU forecast 15 Mtoe Manure potentials Mtoe Organic waste and byproducts Mtoe Crops and crop residuals Mtoe Total long term forcast Biogas 60 Mtoe Biogas can cover 1/3 of EU s total RES 20% demands year

28 Source: T. Al Seadi, Department of Bioenergy, SDU, Denmark

29 Source: T. Al Seadi, Department of Bioenergy, SDU, Denmark

30 Ribe Biogas; 15 years of production, m3 biogas/day.. Source J. B. Holm-Nielsen, Bioenergy Dept., SDU, Denmark.

31 Ribe Biogas Plant; a full scale test facility for several R&D projects. Sampling points for feedstock s and inoculums 31

32 Linkogas full scale trials, on-line PAT monitoring fermenter 3, 2400 m3 32

33 Biogas and separation Big perspectives liquid and gaseous separation

34 34

35 Enhacing biogas production from lignocelluloses and manure using steam explosion pretreatment Lignocellulosic biomass employed: Salix viminalis Christina. Source: Taherzadeh and Karimi, Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, ; ISSN Steam explosion Unit at UMB campus, Ås, Norway. (CAMBI, Asker, Norway) It is a high temperature treatment followed by a rapid pressure drop, causing a mechanical disruption of the lignocellulosic fibers. Porosity increases and hemicelluloses and celluloses become more available free from lignin for the microorganisms to degrade. No chemical addition is needed except H2O, no sample pre-treatment and minimum handling, many biomasses can be treated this way in the same unit. 35

36

37

38 Biogas trials in batch and semi-continuous systems Best Salix pretreatment? Best mixture ratio? 1st batch experiment- Steam Exploded Salix at different combinations of Temp. and time. 2nd batch experiment- Codigestion of best Steam Exploded Salix + cow manure at different C/N ratio mixtures Steam explosion proved to be an effective pre-treatment for Salix, methane yield increased up to 50 %. Higher and relatively similar methane yield values were obtained for all the treatment temperatures above 210 ºC. 210 ºC - 10 minutes chosen as pre-treatment conditions. Co-digestion gave an overall more stable process. First 20 days = 82 % of total CH 4 was produced, whilst in no-codigestion 20 days = 69 %. Up to 40% lignocellulosic biomass was possible to codigest giving a good methane yield (230 mlch 4 /gvs) 38 future experiments- Codigestion in CSTR of pretreated Salix + cow manure mixtures, monitoring of process balance (stability) and methane yield.

39 Small scale (batch): Experiment 1.- Salix steam exploded at different temperatures and times Steam explosion proved to be an effective pre-treatment for Salix, methane yield increased up to 50 %. Methane content in the biogas throughout the experiment varied from 45 to 56 %. Higher and relatively similar methane yield values were obtained for all the treatment temperatures above 210 ºC. 210 ºC - 10 minutes were chosen as the pretreatment conditions for Salix in next experiment. 39

40 Co-digestion of steam exploded Salix and manure at different C/N ratios (% VS of each substrate) Co-digestion gave an overall more stable process. First 20 days = 82 % of total CH 4 was produced, whilst in no-codigestion 20 days = 69 %. 23 % less methane produced with already digested manure. Up to 40% lignocellulosic biomass was possible to co-digest giving a good methane yield (ca.230 ml CH 4 /gvs) 40

41 Environmental and Nature Conservation considerations; Permanent grassland and pastures at such areas the nature has the highest priority. - Ruman grasing or small amounts of biomass harvesting from extensive grassland areas can take place if its in a strategy to support the management of species-rich grassland, to maintain a high biodiversity. 41

42 The open landscape Meadow, heather, marshland, moor, lakes Pressure from society: Intensive cultivation Urbanization Climate changes Nutrient pollution Lack of nature conservation

43 Engen er agerens moder (Meadow - the mother of arable land) Meadow Livestock Manure Crops

44 Meadow Livestock Crops Meadow Biogas plant Crops Energy

45 Energy Biodiversity Nature conservation- Biogas projects Environment

46 Benefits Production of Renewable Energy Alternative to fossil fuel Prevents leaching of nutrients Recycling of nutrients to croplands Potential for organic/ecological fertilizer Preserves the open landscape Increase in biodiversity Recreational value will increase

47 Biomass from nature conservation Protected nature: meadow, marshland Biomass from permanent grassland Agricultural residues Manure Biomass from other areas Airports Roadside grass Biomass from recreational areas Golf course Parks Football fields Others.. Algae, seaweed Household waste Industrial waste Large Scale Bioenergy Lab Project focus New biomass, innovations technologies, lot s of green jobs in the cross border region. Identification, Analysis, Mapping and Management of Sustainable Biomass Resources in the Region of Southern Denmark-Sleswig-K.E.R.N., Germany:

48 BIOGAS PLANTS DEVELOPMENT in operation under construction planned 48

49 Production start: Power: kw el Substrates: Manure 150 t/day Silage 110 t/day Other 4 t/day Biogas production: ~ m 3 / day Annual energy production: ~ MWh Budowa biogazowni rolniczej w Koczale - projekt współfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej 49

50 50

51 51

52 Utilization of the post-fermented mass as natural fertilizer, using the soil injection method Highly efficient logistics, only spring application 52

53 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A BIOGAS PLANT - OBSTACLES Organizational- Technical Legal Financial 53

54 Thank you for your attention! Q & A s R, D & D cooperation partners; AAU, Denmark: Bioenergy Research Group; - Ane Katharina Paarup Meyer, Ehiaze Augustine Ehimen, Michael Madsen, Kim H. Esbensen, Felicia Nkem Ihunegbo (HIT), Saqib Sohail Toor, Lasse A. Rosendahl UMB, Norway: Biogas and Bioenergy Center; - Kristian Fjørtoft, Maria Magdalena Estevez, Magdalena Bruch, Zehra Sapci, John Morken. FHF, Germany; Biogas R&D group - Lars Jürgensen, Thorsten Philips, Jens Born Poldanor, Poland; Biorefinery test-platform Benny Laursen, Pawel Krawat, Bjarne Møller, Grzegorz Brodziak. Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Ph.D., Associate Professor Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering, Head of Energy Section Esbjerg Campus, Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Cell: jhn@et.aau.dk 54