PM Distance Decay Evidence from CA. Zhu, et. al.

Transcription

1 PM Distance Decay Evidence from CA Zhu, et. al. 1

2 Mobile Source Pollutants National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 1 hour 8 hour 24 hour Annual Mean Adverse Health Effects PM ug/ m ug / m aggravation of asthma * depressed lung PM ug /m 3 50 ug /m 3 Ultrafines (0.1micron) function in children *aggravation of acute respiratory symptoms * increased risk of bronchitis in infants Traffic / Environmental Health Studies van Vliet et al Gehring et al 2002 English et al 1999 Wjst et al Ozone 0.12 ppm ppm (as of 2008) (0.08 ppm) CO 35 ppm 9 ppm *aggravation of asthma *reduced lung function *increased cardiac ischemia NO 2 VOCs 0.11 ppm (WHO) ppm urban air toxics: e.g. benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, diesel particulates (California) etc. * increased respiratory morbidity *aggravation of asthma *reduced lung function increased response to allergens *increased risk of lung cancer * increased risk of childhood leukemia * The hatched area means there are no criteria set by the CAA in the US Nitta et al 1993 Delfino et al 2003 Gauderman et al Janssen et al Crosignani et al

3 PM Penetration into Lungs TSP Coarse PM Fine & Ultrafine PM 3

4 Freeway Air Pollution Shed (FAPS) -Bae, Sandlin,Bassok, Kim PM declines with distance from freeway edge at a negative exponential rate Falls to background level beyond 100m. This is our criterion for the spatial definition of FAPS Slide 18 (of 47)

5 FAPS Phase 1 Residential (SFH & MFH) Land Use analysis Schools & Daycare centers Phase 2 Demographic analysis EJ analysis Socioeconomic analysis Phase 3 Housing Market analysis Cluster analysis Hedonic pricing analysis 5

6 Slide 21 (of 47)

7 Senior Citizen Housing & a Day Care Center in the ID/Chinatown Future Land Use 8 acres City of Seattle Parks Dept. Zoned: Golf course & SF Residential 7

8 Fife Multifamily Complex Chateau Rainer Apartments Pierce County Housing Authority Built 1989 I-5, south towards Tacoma Slide 45 (of 47)

9 playfield Cleveland High Maple Hill Georgetown Traffic Volume (AADT) 203,000 9

10 The Spatial Distribution of Residential Clusters in Central Puget Sound, WA 10

11 Mobile Air Quality Monitoring - Bassok, Hurvitz, Bae, Larson Measure Black Carbon a surrogate for Diesel fuel and PM Measurements carried out during the PM rush hour between May and August Spring and Summer months were used to avoid capturing wood smoke. PSAP photo

12 Initial Results

13 Results Instance of BC measurements above those recorded at the regulatory monitor percent above median freeway primary collector minor local Feet ,000

14 Bicyclist Exposure to Air Pollution in Seattle and Seoul Christine C-H Bae E-Sok Andy Hong University of Washington 50 th WRSA Conference, Monterey, CA March 2, 2011

15 Seoul, South Korea

16 Equipment Portable Aethalometer (AE51) Detecting the changes in optical absorption of light transmitted through the accumulated BC particles captured on a filter Capture black carbon every 1min (typically < 0.3 μm) Pollution Monitor Tube fixture

17 Equipment Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS borrowed from other lab for testing purpose Tracking spatial information while collecting black carbon data Using time stamp to sync data Pollution Monitor Tube fixture

18 Basic Exposure Concept Source-to-Receptor Model for Bicyclists Ambient Concentration Effects Pollution Source Dose Exposure Receptor Copyright 2010 Andy Hong

19 Conceptual Framework for Bicyclists Exposure Scope of Our Research CONCENTRATION EXPOSURE DOSE EFFECTS Time of day/week Traffic Traffic volume Traffic speed Common type of vehicle on streets Bicyclist s timeactivity pattern Duration of bicycling Travelling speed Frequency of stops Bicyclist s proximity to pollutant source Breathing rate Gender Age Health condition Meteorology Wind speed / direction Humidity / rainfall Temperature Types of vehicle nearby bicyclist Proximity to road center while bicycling Proximity to vehicle while bicycling Land use Building height / density Topography / elevation Bike facility type Shared lane Bike lane Off-road trail Environmental Factors Human Factors

20 Seattle Route Segments E F G A H Segmen t Length Facility Type Land Use Traffic (ADT) A 3.9 Roadway Residential 29,200 B 1.3 Bike Lane Mixed use 20,200 C 1.1 Bike Lane Mixed use 10,200 D 3.2 Trail Park 0 E 1.6 Trail Industrial 0 F 4 Roadway Industrial/ Commercial G 3.1 Trail Residential 0 23,700 H 1 Bike Lane Commercial 10,100 D C B

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22 Seattle Morning BC Variation AM Peak-hour (6:30-8:30) June 8 June 9 June 10 June 11 Sept 22 Sept 23 Sept 24 Sept 27 Sept 28 Sept 29

23 Seoul Morning BC Variation AM Peak-hour (7:30-9:30) 8/9 8/10 8/11 8/12 8/17 8/18 8/19 8/20 8/23 8/24 8/26 8/27 8/31 9/1