NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)

Transcription

1 NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA) (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District C of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh. July 2012 The Energy and Resources Institute Consultant

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3 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Ganga River Basin Project World Bank Assistance Project Components Component One: Institutional Capacity Development Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments... 5 Chapter 2 Project Description About the City Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP-I) Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II On-going works in Sewerage District D Under JNNURM Works Approved Under NGRBA City Sewerage Plan Necessity of the present project Location of Proposed Sewerage Project Proposed Sewerage System Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Implementation Schedule Financing Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology Methodology Screening Activity for Project Impact Assessment Conclusion of Screening Activity Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework Applicable Laws and Regulations Environmental Legal Framework of Government of India Key Environmental Laws and Regulations... 51

4 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social National Policies and Acts National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) Forest Rights Act Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Chapter 5 Baseline Status Baseline Environmental Status Physiography and Topography Climate Geological and Geophysical features Soil Ambient Air Quality Noise environment Water environment Storm Water Drainage Waste Water Management Solid Waste Management Biological Environment Green cover Baseline Social Status Details of Social Survey Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Potential Environmental Impacts Design and Development Phase Impacts during construction phase Impacts during operation phase Potential Social Impacts Social impacts during construction phase Social impacts during operation phase

5 6.3 Conclusion Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan Environmental Management Plan Social Management Plan Social mitigation plans during construction phase Social mitigation plans during operation phase Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Capacity of Institutions Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Cost information of EMP Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues Social Development Outcomes of the sub project Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project Gender Assessment and Development Framework Chapter 9 Conclusion Annexure 1: Questionnaire Annexure 2: Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders Annexure 3: Census Data Annexure 4: Letter of Request (dated 24/09/2009) for Consent to Operate for 29mld STP at Baxi Bandh, Salori

6 List of Tables Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Table 2.2 District wise Population Projection Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in mld) Table 2.3 Size wise details of the sewers proposed for sewerage work in District C Table 2.4 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed 14 MLD SPS & STP Table 2.5 Overall Estimated Project Cost for proposed sewerage system project Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample Table 5.4 Latest air quality data (µg/m 3 ) of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in db (A)] Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district C Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m 3 /s) Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April Table 5.10 Parameter exceeding the desired limit in sewerage district C Table 5.11 Wastewater characteristics of Salori nala in sewerage district C Table 5.12 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Salori STP... 78

7 Table 5.13 Solid waste generation in sewerage district C Table 5.14 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad Table 5.15 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use Table 5.16 Ward wise population density of Allahabad Table 5.17 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table Table 6.1 Comparative analysis of various sewage treatment technologies Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments Table 7.2 Social Management Plan Table 7.3 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation Table 7.4: Cost information of EMP

8 List of Figures Figure 2.1 City Sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Figure 2.2 Location map of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Figure 2.3 Key plan of proposed sewer network system in sewer district C of Allahabad city Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District C (Source Google Earth) Figure 3.3 Satellite image demarcating the planned expansion area for the Salori STP (Source Google Earth) Figure 5.1 SO 2, NO 2, and PM 10 (RSPM) concentration ( g/m 3 ) in Allahabad during Figure 5.2 Month-wise variation of NO 2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad (Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011) Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and Source: UP Pollution Control Board, Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district C Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district C Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agriculture practice area in sewerage district C (Source: Google Earth) Figure 5.9 Some of the eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city, and approximate distance Figure 5.10 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report Figure 5.11 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District C Figure 5.12 Location of STP and its relative distance from all the surroundings Figure 5.13 Connection to sewers... 91

9 Figure 5.14 Perception of problems encountered during construction phase Figure 6.1 Road network map of District C indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high Figure 8.1 Slum location in District C

10 List of Plates Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right) Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) Plate 3.1 Consultation with Mr. Devanand Shukla an individual committed to saving the Ganga Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community around Salori STP Plate 3.3 Image showing stagnated stormwater behind the Salori STP barricade, limiting its flow outwards Plate 3.4 Image showing flooded street due to water pipe burst in front of a shop in Allahabad District Plate 3.5 Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material Plate 3.6 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad Plate 3.7 Image showing a typical busy street near the Telarganj area, of sewerage district C Plate 5.1 Storm drainage system in residential area Salori area (left) and Flooding due to rainfall in sewerage district C (right) Plate 5.2 Drain in Shukla Market Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Subzi Mandi area (left) and Shukla market area (right) Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Govindpur area (left) and Telarganj area (right) Plate 5.5: Salori STP Plate 5.6: Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbhmela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbhmela (Source: 90 Plate 6.1 Narrow road through Salori with open drains on both the sides

11 Plate 6.2 Vegetable vendors at Sabzi Mandi area Plate 8.1 Direct discharge of sewage to river; Salorinala, Amitabh Bachan Culvert Plate 8.2 Open drains at Sadiabad Plate 8.3 Cultural sentiments associated with river Ganga Plate 8.4 Slums in District C near Salori STP

12 Executive Summary As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for Allahabad sewerage district C has been recently proposed, as this area is completely unsewered and waste water finds its way into the river through open drains. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed Project Report for the above components has been prepared by an independent consultant and TERI has been working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (ESAMP). Sewerage district C in Allahabad city, which covers mere 9% of the total area, holds 13% population of the total city. Considering the density of population, absence of sewerage network, proximity to the Ganga River and the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district C. As per the detailed project report for the proposed project, with the growing population of Allahabad District C, the total waste water generated in this district during the year

13 2025 would be 43 mld against the installed capacity of 29mld, thus an additional unit of 14 mld will be needed. District Existing STP Capacity [MLD] Required STP in 2025 [MLD] Proposed Capacity for Subproject [MLD] Total Capacity by 2025 [MLD] Required in 2040 [MLD] Augmentation Required for 2040[MLD] Total STP Capacity by 2040[MLD] District C & Allahpur Proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major components of the proposed project include: 141 km long sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer. Augmenting Salori STP with additional 14 MLD capacity for sewage treatment. Additional 14 MLD of sewage pumping station (SPS). Sewer cleaning equipment As per the DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be lac Rupees. The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, conducting scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter, environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was developed in response to the aforementioned adverse impacts. The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included

14 environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive regions in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and dust levels, emissions from fuel use in machines and on-site vehicles, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes/local population, loss of livelihood and gender issues. Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of sewerage works in Sewerage District C in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which does not involve any fresh land acquisition and has an overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river Ganga. As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district C was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyze the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental/social status of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater generated from sewerage district C is observed to be mostly from residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district C area has no sewer system and wastewater flows through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxi Band nala. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Salori nala located in sewer district C indicates that the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges standards as laid out by CPCB. Discharge of untreated wastewater may worsen the river water quality, causing direct impact not only on the drinking water supply but also other usage such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Parameter Salori Nala General standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB BOD(mg/l) COD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l)

15 ph to 9.0 Temperature ( C) 27 shall not exceed 5 C above the receiving water temperature While in baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage district. Based on field survey, stakeholder consultations and assessment of the baseline status, in the context of upcoming future sewerage works and also keeping in view the already underway JNNURM sewerage work in the city, potential environmental and social impacts were identified and analyzed. It was found that although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, there may be certain temporary impacts on water resources, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of public utilities and infrastructure such as water pipes, telephone lines, etc. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of sensitive areas (such as Labour Chauraha Mandi (Allahpur) area, low lying area near Sabji Mandi and Chhotta Bhaghara that are vulnerable to flooding and crowded/congested areas such as Allahpur, Telarganj, Shukla Market, Allanganj, Chandpur Salori. Other impacts fell under air quality, noise levels and impact on water resources. Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood would be noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected party will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which is to be adopting to overcome any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A prominent suggestion which was received during the consultations was execution of construction

16 work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents and shopowners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also presented. Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures Environmental Construction Phase Environmental sensitive areas There are no environmental sensitive areas in the proposed project area. Further the small residential parks and road side trees, will not be affected, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. - Air quality Probable increase in the dust levels (RSPM and SPM), during the construction may temporary deteriorate the air quality, causing health problems of respiratory ailments, leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to control dust especially places where soil is stockpiled and provision of top cover for vehicles involved in disposal of the excess soil material Emissions from fuel use in construction equipment and vehicles deployed at the site. Ensuring use of low fume emitting, newer generators and vehicles with wellmaintained engines and control devices. Noise levels Increased noise levels due to construction activities like plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, machinery such as Providing curtains or sound barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all around the construction site.

17 cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc, may cause general disturbances to the human habitations like sleeplessness in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. Define and follow a fixed construction schedule which would limit construction to day-light hours, to avoid elevated noise levels at night. Ensuring the use of low noise generating equipment. Proper maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles Water resources Contamination of nearby water bodies via storm drains (during rainfall) by un-managed construction related material like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Suggestion to ensure proper handling and disposing off construction wastes at identified refusal sites. Proper stock piling of excavated soil and not in any storm drains or any other areas where water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. Operation Phase Noise and air quality No air and noise problem from sewer line as they will be laid underground. Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines at STP may lead to increased noise and odour nuisance during operation activity causing disturbance to surrounding human habitation Proper handling and regular maintenance of operating machines at STP including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc. Ensuring the use of low noise generating equipment Water environment Water contamination and temporary flooding due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines may cause unhygienic conditions. Regular monitoring of sewer line and STP. Suggestion to ensure appropriate repair work in less time period. Social

18 Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no impact on livelihood of any permanent shop-owners, licensed kiosks If noticed during construction, then it is suggested that the concerned people should be compensated according to ESMF Land acquisition Inconvenience to public Health issues-due to dust, noise pollution No impact, as no fresh land is required for any construction There will be some minor inconveniences to the public due to construction like access to their premises, etc. During construction dust and noise generated, can cause nuisance to the more vulnerable population i.e. elderly and children, but the impact is very limited. - Public notice to be circulated, construction should be completed in the given time, debris should be cleared in time Use of acoustics and water sprinkling These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. A lumpsum cost of probable environmental management plans, which were not a part of DPR was estimated to be approximately Rs. 62,00,000/-, which is about 0.35% of overall proposed project cost. However, keeping in view, the temporary disruptions and impacts, it was concluded that the larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs them. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.

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20 Chapter 1 Introduction As per the World Bank 1, the river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga Basin which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh accounts for 26 per cent of India s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious activities along the river, agriculture and livestock as well as poor solid waste management are the main causes for pollution in river Ganga. 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives 2 The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan (GAP), launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste management, environmental monitoring, 1 As per information provided in the World Bank s, Project Information Document (PID): Concept Stage, Report No: AB5397 (2010), 2 Ibid, World Bank 1

21 regulation and water resources management; and (3) inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation, participation and awareness-raising. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach: Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions); Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and, Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support) 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project 3 As a major first step in achieving the above, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, , for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA will adopt a river-basin approach and has been given a multi-sector mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects. The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be discharged into River Ganga. Building on the high-level dialogue with GoI on Ganga, The World Bank has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program development under the proposed project will focus on the entire Ganga main 3 Ibid, World Bank 4 (Last accessed on 2 July 2012) 2

22 stem, the initial emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal in India. These pollution abatement programmes in cities on the banks of these States, would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, river front management and solid waste disposal. This is expected to be enabled through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such several phases of support aims at; i) Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and; ii) Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. To achieve the above, the proposed World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin Project (NGRBP) envisages two main components World Bank Assistance The Government of India has sought programmatic assistance from the World Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This project is the first operation under this agreement, and aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority investments. 1.3 Project Components The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments funded by the second component Component One: Institutional Capacity Development 3

23 Objective The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA s operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under this component are grouped under the following sub-components: (a) Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management (b) Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers (c) Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators Sub Component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management This sub-component is aimed at supporting the nascent operational institutions established for implementing the NGRBA program at the central and state levels on a full time basis. The NGRBA s operational institutions comprise the Program Management Group (PMG) at the central level, and State Ganga River Conservation Authorities SGRCA, Program Management Groups (SPMGs) at the state level. The PMG is being established as a fully owned society of the Government of India, with suitable structure, staff, powers and leadership, to lead the planning and programme management of the NGRBA programme at the national level. It is supported and housed by the MoEF as the nodal Ministry. Similarly, the SPMGs are being established in the form of registered societies 5, to ensure effective planning and program management at the state level. Separating Program Management from Investment Execution: The rationale for establishing the PMG and SPMGs is to have institutions with single point responsibility for the NGRBA s program planning, management and long-term sustainability. 5 With exception of Jharkhand, where instead of establishing a dedicated SPMG, the nodal state department (Department of Urban Development) will implement the NGRBA program as only a small stretch of the Ganga main stem passes through Jharkhand. 4

24 Program Management for the Entire NGRBA Program: The sub-component will provide for initial setup costs of office infrastructure and equipment, as well as provision of critical consultancies, incremental staffing, training, and operation costs. Key NGRBA program management activities included under this sub-component are described below 6 : (a) Enhancing Ganga Knowledge Resources (b) Communications and Public Participation (c) Innovative Pilots (d) Program of Action for Carbon Credits Sub component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Provider The long term operation and maintenance of the NGRBA-funded assets is the responsibility of the ULBs and local service providers, and this sub-component is aimed at providing assistance that can gradually enable them to take on their role Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulator This sub-component is aimed at addressing the key constraints faced by the CPCB and SPCBs related to their functions regarding the Ganga. The subcomponent will support: a) Capacity building of the CPCB and SPCBs b) Up-gradation of Ganga Water Quality Monitoring System Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments Objective The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river Four Investment Sectors 6 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 5

25 The majority of investments are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), solid waste management (e.g. collection, transport and disposal systems), and river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, and the conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these sectors The Framework Approach In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA program. The objectives of the investments framework are to: a) provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads; b) make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and c) ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner Framework Criteria The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical 6

26 preparation, financial and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity Investment Execution The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA PMG and SPMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and tap private sector efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure investments are setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to execute NGRBA and other similar investments in the respective states in the medium to long term Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be included on priority, due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga. 1.4 Structure of the Report The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the proposed project is being prepared by an independent consultant and TERI has been working closely with them while carrying out the environmental and social assessments. This report deals with the Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District C of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It rolls out the baseline status of the existing sewage infrastructure and analyzes the situation if the proposed project were to be implemented, with its potential implications and impacts. In order to mitigate and manage these 7 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 7

27 impacts, a management plan is advised which is in accordance with the Environment and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. The report starts with an introduction of the programme to clean up River Ganga and various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project. In second chapter specific project description is discussed pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in District C of Allahabad. This chapter provides insight into the various component of the proposed project and briefly discusses about the previous projects attempted for River Ganga in Allahabad. The third chapter of the report talks about the methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment including secondary data analysis and identifying information requirements and their sources, defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA. Chapter 4 of the report presents the applicable laws and guidelines relevant to the current projects and are in accordance with the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA.. This chapter provides an insight into applicable environmental and social laws such as the land acquisition act and the forest act. While in chapter 5, a detailed baseline scenario of the information available for city and for sewerage district C is presented for both environmental and social aspects. Baseline scenario helps to assess the current situation and provides an indication of the scenario after the project execution. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management. The social section brings out the status of demographic composition, general land-use pattern of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage district C. 8

28 Thereafter, in chapter 6 environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed which include the key issues related to (amongst others) health and safety, environmental concerns and livelihood. The environmental and social impacts have been described for the design and development phase, the construction phase and lastly, the operation phase. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, the project is expected to have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards, temporary damage to public utilities, possible interruption in traffic commercial activity, etc. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of environmentally sensitive areas, air quality, water resources and noise quality. The social impacts were further classified under impacts on human health, traffic congestion, impact on livelihood, land acquisition, impact on utilities and existing infrastructure, noise levels, safety hazards and failure to restore temporary construction sites. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well in Chapter 7 of the report, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. Chapter 7 also draws out a management plan with specific environmental management plan and social management plan and also brings out cost components related to them. For better execution of the project it presents the consultation framework for participatory planning and also talks about the capacity of institutions involved. Chapter 8 is presentation of social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues. It showcases the benefits of having this project and how this project can also benefit the marginalized sections of the society. It suggests measures to extend the benefit of the proposed activity. In last chapter, the overall conclusion is provided, highlighting the inferences from the environmental and social analysis of the project. The chapter concludes, based on the analysis and screening activity, that the proposed project is categorized as Low Impact. 9

29 Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 About the City 8 Allahabad city lies on the North latitude and East longitude. Main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam) of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical 'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance can hardly be over emphasized. The chequered history of Allahabad with its religious, cultural and historical ethos also gave rise to several renowned scholars, poets, writers, thinkers, statesmen and leaders. The city being an important cantonment during the British Raj has some beautiful remnants of colonial architecture. In the early 20th century, Allahabad University was the foremost center of learning in the country. Allahabad, today has served as commercial, academic, tourism and industrial center of eastern Uttar Pradesh and adjoining parts of the nearby States. 8 Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, DPR for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District C under NGRBA in Allahabad City: Volume I, AND A Report on State of Environment, Allahabad, Central Pollution Control Board, November 2003, CUPS/55/

30 Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right) Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year The facility was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 90 mld was diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have outlived their design life and suffer from a number of challenges such as heavy silt deposition, and severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in most of the stretches. At present, there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the 9 Allahabad district government website, < 11

31 ongoing scheme under JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under scheme pending for approval and new DPR s are under preparation for tapping of remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on-going/ approved sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below. Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP-I) 10 With the objective of pollution abatement to improve the river water quality and to reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by Ministry of Environment & Forest, Government. of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad city are summarized below: 10 Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, DPR for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District C under NGRBA in Allahabad City: Volume I,

32 Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations Relieving sewer in Kydganj area Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station Relieving sewer in Daraganj area Tapping of Mumfordganj nala Tapping of Chachar nala Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala 60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II 11 In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in 1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs crore has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below: Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station 29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station On-going works in Sewerage District D Under JNNURM Ibid, UPJN 12 Ibid, UPJN 13

33 To order to encourage the cities for taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in the existing services levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JNNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in Completion period of the approved works is 3 years. Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km Replacement of old Trunk Sewer Km Lateral & Branch sewers Km Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer Km Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS 55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj 25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur 60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur Works Approved Under NGRBA 13 The prime objectives of the NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to Rs Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Component wise approved works are proposed in the Sewerage District A, B & E of Allahabad city as summarized below. 13 Ibid, UPJN 14

34 Laying/ Replacement of Trunk Sewers m Rehabilitation of Existing Trunk Sewers m Desilting & Rehabilitation of Existing Trunk Sewer m Renovation/ Up-gradation of Existing SPS- 3 No.s Construction of New SPS- 4 No.s Construction of Rising mains- 8050m Renovation/ Capacity enhancement of existing 60 mld capacity Naini STP- 1 No. (20mld) Construction of New STPs- (Numaya Dahi 50 mld + Kodra 25 mld + 10 Ponghat) 3 No.s (75 mld) Sewage farm channel & minor channels for Numaya Dahi STP m City Sewerage Plan As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1. District A: District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river. District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. Wastewater from Allahpur area has been re-assigned to the Salori STP catchment since crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. 15

35 District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east. District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement. District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP. Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present. In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design horizon, a population density of more than 120 person/ha. Hence, the sewerage system needs to be extended to FSAs in the future. Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Sewer Service Areas Population in 2001 Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in MLD District A District B District C* District D District E District F District G Total Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 16

36 *Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb Mela and population of Allahpur region. 17

37 Figure 2.1 City Sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam, < Assessed on June

38 2.3 Necessity of the present project Under the Mission clean Ganga no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged in to the river Ganga by the year In Allahabad, total estimated sewerage generation of the town in the year 2025 is expected to be mld against which 89 mld treatment capacity is available (Naini 60 + Salori 29), 60 mld treatment capacity is under execution at Rajapur, Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for construction of 105 mld treatment capacity (Numaya Dahi 50 mld + Kodra 25 mld + Ponghat 10 mld + Naini up-gradation by 20 mld = Total 105 mld) has been approved by the NRCD under NGRBA. Further DPR for 59 mld treatment is under preparation (Naini 35 mld + Phaphamau 10 mld + Salori 14 mld) under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA). Presently, the sewerage district C area is un-sewered and waste water finds its way into the river through open drains. Under Ganga Action Plan phase II, interception & diversion works of Salori & Allenganj Nala, 42.5 mld capacity MPS along with 29 mld capacity STP has been constructed. Later about mm diameter trunk sewer in a length of about 3.2 km has been added to this system under state sector projects. However total waste water generated in this district during the year 2025 would be 43 mld against the installed capacity of 29 mld, thus an additional unit of 14 mld will be needed (refer Table 2.3). While the area under the sewerage district C is mere 9% of the total area, it holds 13% population of the total city. Considering the density of population, absence of sewerage network, proximity to the Ganga river and the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district C. With the aim of providing complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district C all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer network has been taken in this proposal. 19

39 Table 2.2 District wise Population Projection Sewerage District Projected Population District C (Zone 1 to 4) Allahpur Total Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in mld) District Existing STP Capacity Required STP in 2025 Proposed Capacity for Subproject Total Capacity by 2040 Required in 2040 Augmentation Required for 2040 Total STP Capacity by 2040 District C& Allahpur Source: Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project As per the latest master plan, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G. Out of those seven, sewerage district C lies at North latitude and East longitude, located in the north eastern part of the city and adjoining the river Ganga in the upstream and confluence point in the downstream side. Area north of cantonment is the primary area conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. There are totally 12 wards falling under this project area, having a total population of as of The area is mostly residential with no industrial area and very less commercial area, which is very randomly distributed in the whole study area. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. 14 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 20

40 Figure 2.2 Location map of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam, < Accessed on June Proposed Sewerage System The proposed sewerage network in sewerage district C is divided in to 2 major areas as shown in Figure The area North of Salori STP comprises four zones starting from Zone 1 being farthest in North of Salori STP, with zone 2 and zone 3 enroute up to Zone 4 which is just adjoining to Salori STP. The sewer networks and trunk mains are 21

41 also planned more or less flowing towards the Salori STP. The notable areas in Zone-I include Uptron chauraha, Narayani Ashram, Kuti Mahadev and Rambah; Zone-II & III include: Govindpur, Kailaspur, Katju colony, Bholai Ka Pura, Salori, Ramchandra Dharamshala, Gayatri Nagar, Rajeev Nagar colony, Bada Baghada, Galla Bazar, Sadiya bad, ISU Degree college and hostel, IERT college and St. Peter s Academy; Zone IV include Chotta baghada, Baksi Bandh, Sabzi Mandi, Ram Priya, Dharhariya, Smt. Anibesant Girls College and Kisnayan Public school. 2. The Allahpur area sewer network is an Independent zone. The proposed sub-project aim to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district C of the Allahabad city. The project mainly includes: Approximately 141 km long sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer. Augmenting Salori STP with additional 14 mld capacity of STP and SPS Additional 14.5 mld of sewage pumping station at Chilla Village of sewerage district C. Sewer cleaning equipment 22

42 Figure 2.3 Key plan of proposed sewer network system in sewer district C of Allahabad city (Source: Draft DPR of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District C of Allahabad City, Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad) Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district C to cover entire area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with base period of 2010 and design year

43 A. Sewer System (i) Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay approximately 141 km long sewer network in sewerage district C of the city. Size wise details are given in the Table 2.3 below. Table 2.3 Size wise details of the sewers proposed for sewerage work in District C Sewerage area Sewers Dia (mm) Length (Km) District C- Zone I District C- Zone II & III District C- Zone IV Allahpur Total Say 141 km The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The provision is also made in cost estimation for HDPE pipes for initial stretches in very congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. (ii) Manholes: the ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at all junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on straight run of sewer. Drop manholes are proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral/ branch sewer and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than 600mm. Scraper manholes are proposed for sewer diameter greater than 450mm at interval of about 150m to facilitate lowering of equipment for cleaning purpose. (iii) House connection: Laterals are proposed along the roads to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch sewers. 100% house connections are proposed for sewerage district C since this area is unsewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is proposed to be achieved by year More information can be obtained in Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 24

44 Following two options are been studied by the external consultant for proposed sewerage system in sewerage district C. Option 1: Laying of trunk sewer along the bank of Ganga river and conveying entire sewage to Salori STP by gravity. Option 2: Laying of trunk sewer on the internal roads by avoiding route on bank of Ganga river except last portion near Zone-IV to Salori STP. Based on pros and cons of each options and life cycle cost analysis conducted by external consultant, it has been recommended that option-2 is techno-economical solution for proposed system in sewerage district C. B. Proposed mld (design peak flow) Sewage Pumping Station near Chilla village The proposed SPS near Chilla village in the sewerage network of Allahabad, sewerage district C is designed to pump the sewage of Zone-1 to nearby manhole. The pumping station will be wet well type, wherein submersible type of pumps with auto rail and guide, coupling will be installed. The pump capacity is 159 cum/hr, 18 meters of water column (mwc). At present, 3 numbers of pumps will be installed and additional 3 numbers of same capacity will be installed in the year The pumping station has been provided with DG back up for average flow condition, where in during power failure 2 numbers of pumps and coarse screens will be operated. C. Augmentation of existing Salori STP and SPS (i) mld capacity Sewage Treatment Plant In addition to the existing 29 MLD STP, a separate mld sewage Treatment Plant has been proposed for the treatment of additional flow to be generated in future. This STP will be based on Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) technique for better effluent quality as effluent of the STP will be discharged in to the river 25

45 Ganga about 3.0 km upstream of Sangam (Confluence of river Ganga & Yamuna). Various units of the STP are: Stilling Chamber Fine screen channels Grit removal units Anoxic basins SBR basins Chlorine contact tank and chlorination house Sludge sump and pump house Sludge thickener Thickened sludge sump and centrifugal feed pumps Sludge Dewatering system Air blower room Laboratory/ SCADA building Staff quarters (i) Installation of mld capacity New Pumping Plants in existing sump Since the capacity of existing sump is designed for 42 mld flow, an additional SPS of 14 mld is proposed, which can be sufficient for the feeding both of the STPs of 29 mld & 14 mld. Submersible raw sewage pump (Non-clog, semi open/ open impeller) is proposed with maximum solid handling capacity of 100mm. The pump capacity is 345 cum/hr, head 18m. A new RCC inlet chamber is proposed for existing SPS which will have two coarse screen channels with sluice gates and mechanically cleaned screens, each capable of handling design peak flow of year D. Sewer Cleaning Equipment For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one jetting cum suction machine, submersible dredger pump, safety equipment, and sewer cleaning machine of power bucket type. 26

46 2.5.2 Implementation Schedule It is anticipated that construction duration for the contractor is estimated to be 24 Months (including monsoon period) for proposed sewerage system and 18 months for augmenting the STP and SPS at Salori STP, after appointment of contractor which will include construction activities and commission of the system. The operation and maintenance of proposed sewerage system is also considered for five years after commission of the system Financing Detailed Project Report(DPR) of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur of Allahabad City under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme provides an estimate amounting to Rs lacs. Table 2.4 and 2.5 gives the summary of cost of the proposed STP and sewerage work in sewerage district C of Allahabad city. Table 2.4 Abstract of Cost of Works Proposed 14 MLD SPS & STP Sl. Item Amount (Rupees in No. Lacs) 1 Sewage Pumping Station Sewage Treatment Plant Total Cost of Project Operation & Maintenance for first 5 years of commissioning of project Grand Total (4+5)

47 Table 2.5 Overall Estimated Project Cost for proposed sewerage system project Sl. No. Project Components Amount (Rupees in Lacs) 1. Sewerage System for District C and Allahpur 2. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station at Chilla Village in Distrct C Augmentation for existing Salori SPS Sewer cleaning equipment Total Cost of Project years O&M of proposed sewerage system in District C and Allahpur including New SPS after commission Grand Total (5+6)

48 Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology 3.1 Methodology As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011) 16, the river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP are anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social challenges. Hence, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district C of Allahabad City has been conducted using the following methodology: Secondary data analysis Field survey Brief description & analysis of the sub-project activities Discussion with host population and key stakeholders Detailed environmental and social profile of the project influence area Screening activity Identification and assessment of environmental/ social impacts Developing management plan Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment 16 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 29

49 a. Secondary Data analysis: All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with stakeholders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and NRCD, City Development Plan of Allahabad and others. Using this secondary information, a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence area was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted before conducting the field survey. b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and transect walk through the sewerage district C area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts. Plate 3.1 Consultation with Mr. Devanand Shukla an individual committed to saving the Ganga 30

50 c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District C including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of society. The team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it, how the ongoing JNNURM project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how the planned project activities will affect them (during operational phase). They were also asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1). Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community around Salori STP d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Interactions with most of the important key stakeholders were done during informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2). e. Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to distinguish non-significant 31

51 impacts from significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. The team carried out the screening activity using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in the subsequent section. f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to the environmental and social components were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the study region. g. Develop a management plan: Based on the environmental and social issues identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were suggested. The management plan covers all three stages of development: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase. 3.2 Screening Activity for Project Impact Assessment Screening activity was undertaken in the initial stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out and distinguish between non-significant impacts from significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Based on the secondary data analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation, the screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011) 17 as given in the Table 3.1 below. 17 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 32

52 Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Environment and Social information format for screening Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District C in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad Project cost: lac Rupees Project components: a). Sewer System (~141 km long) b). Installation of 14.5 mld capacity New Pumping Plants at Chilla Village c). Augmenting Salori STP with mld capacity Sewage Treatment Plant and Sewage pumping station. d). Sewer Cleaning Equipment Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District C in Allahabad Located in the north eastern part of the city and adjoining the river Ganga in the upstream and confluence point in the downstream side. The area is mostly residential with no industrial area and very less commercial area. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flows through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. The total waste water generated in this district in the year 2025 will be more than the capacity of the existing STP and hence an additional unit of 14 mld will be needed. Screening Criteria Assessment of category Explanatory note for categorization Evidence and references 1 Is the project in an ecosensitive area or adjoining an ecosensitive area? (Yes/No) If Yes, which is t h e area? Elaborate i m p a c t accordingly. No There are no ecosensitive areas such as water bodies, monuments or protected forested areas surrounding the project. 2 Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts? Figure 5.9: Map showing the Ecosensitive areas closest to Allahabad District C. Field visits, secondary information and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam and other Government officials. 2.1 Land acquisition resulting in loss of income from agricultural land, plantation or other existing land-use. No social impacts Land acquisition is not required. As per observations in the field and interviews with key stakeholders, residents, local people, and other sources such as DPR, it has been established that no private land would be acquired for either laying of sewer network or for Figure 5.11: indicating that the sewer line will pass through the residential colonies, commercial areas of the district and would not enter or pass through agricultural fields. Figure 3.3: Indicating that the STP area is well demarcated for even 33

53 building a new STP. Project land for STP expansion is already available with government. For the Sewage pumping station, (as informed by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), UP Jal Nigam, Allahabad), the required land is under government ownership and does not require acquisition. A charge of Rs.1000 to Rs will be paid to the District Administration for availing use of land. Sewer line would be laid on the public roads and for STP land is already available with the government, as confirmed by Revenue department also. So there is no loss of income from agricultural land Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises which will get affected due to it 2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood would not take place. There exist mobile vendors who can change their location. Only minor disruption in terms of access to shops. provision of building new STP in the given area. Moreover the only land available for agricultural practice as seen in sewerage district C is a flood plain area where no construction will take place. Field visits, consultation with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. Consultation with stakeholders, like (for JNNURM projects), DPR & CRR 34

54 2.3 Land acquisition resulting in relocation of households. 2.4 Any reduction of access to traditional and river dependent communities (to river and areas where they earn for their primary or substantial livelihood). No social impacts No social impacts Land acquisition is not required. As per first hand observation from the field and through interviews of key stakeholders, residents, local people, and other sources like DPR, it is established that no private land would be acquired for either laying of sewer network or for building new STP. The project land is already available with the government and also Revenue department has confirmed the ownership. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the premises which will be affected. No access problem to river Field survey, Consultations with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. DPR & CRR Field visits and consultations with the shop keepers, mobile vendors, expert opinions 2.5 Any displacement or adverse impact on tribal settlement(s). 2.6 Any specific gender issues. No social impacts No social impacts There are no tribal settlements in the project area. No gender issues were reported during survey. Consultations with stakeholders, like local people (for JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. Consultations, interviews, which were taken up with females specifically. 3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 35

55 3.1 Clearance of vegetation/ treecover 3.2 Direct discharge of construction runoff, improper storage and disposal of excavation spoils, wastes and other construction materials adversely affecting water quality and flow regimes. No environmenta l impacts Limited The major land use pattern of sewerage district C is mostly residential, with limited agricultural and no forested areas. Vegetation and tree cover were insignificant in the proposed project area. Also, sewer lines will be laid in the centre of the roads hence no impact on trees (which are aligned along the sides of roads) or on residential parks such as Singh park, Durga puja park-1, Durga puja park- 2, Irrigation park, Ram park, Katju Colony park, Ram Leela park and Shiv Nagar park. Possibility of temporary flushing away of unmanaged excavation spoils and construction wastes during rainfall to river Ganga via storm water drains. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporary effect on storm water flows by obstruction to flows and blockage of drains, especially during rainfall. This may cause floods. Field visits and Interaction with UP Jal Nigam, Nagar Nigam department. Figure 5.11: GIS map of ward localities in District C. Figure 3.2: Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District C. Figure 5.7: GIS map of identified parks in District C. Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials and consultation with local residents of sewerage district C. Figure 5.6: GIS map showing the drainage network of District C. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR (STP) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume III, Annexure XI, BOQ and Cost Estimate covered under: (A) Option 1 Augmentation of existing SPS (pp. A-XI- 1 to A-XI-4); (B) Option 2 New 14 MLD SPS (pp. A-XI-9 to A- XI-13); (C) New 14 MLD STP (pp. A-XI-19 to A-XI-44) 36

56 Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR (sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221); (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 3.3 Flooding of adjacent areas Limited For the expansion of Salori STP, flooding is possible, given that the construction site is in a depression; however, for the same reason, even if flooding did occur, it would have limited impact on the surrounding area. For sewerage works in the entire sewerage district C, flooding could be an issue during the monsoons, since the drainage system in sewerage district C covers approximately %, which is further ineffective due to blocked drains and poor solid waste management. The areas which are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Labour Chauraha Mandi (Allahpur) area, low lying area near Sabji Mandi and Chhotta Bhaghara. Figure 3.3: Satellite image demarcating the planned expansion area for the Salori STP. Plate 3.3: Image showing stagnated stormwater behind the Salori STP barricade, limiting its flow outwards. City Development Plan for Allahabad, Final Report by Feedback Ventures. Plate 5.1: Image showing flooded streets of Allahabad District C after rainfall. Plate 3.4: Image showing flooded street due to water pipe burst in front of a shop in Allahabad District C. 37

57 3.4 Improper storage and handling of substances leading to contamination of soil and water Limited Additionally, if water pipes are inadvertently breached, flooding will result. One such event was also recorded during field observation of ongoing JNNURM project (Plate 3.4). The storage of construction related material will not cause any contamination since these materials would typically include: Concrete, pipes, masonry, rubber pipes. Plate 3.5: Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material. Figure 5.6 highlights the drainage network. There are no water bodies within the study area. However, with other finer materials such as construction powders, fluids and greases, if not appropriately managed or in the event of an accident, there may be potential for temporary contamination of the river Ganga via the various drains and nalas in sewerage district C, during rainfall. The agricultural land in sewerage district C is limited to the area situated behind Salori STP (used only during the dry season) and may be temporarily contaminated via powders, fluids and greases if construction material is not handled appropriately. Section provides details about agricultural land in sewerage district C. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR(STP) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume III, Annexure XI, BOQ and Cost Estimate covered under: (A) Option 1 Augmentation of existing SPS (pp. A-XI- 1 to A-XI-4); (B) Option 2 New 14 MLD SPS (pp. A-XI-9 to A- XI-13); (C) New 14 MLD STP (pp. A-XI-19 to A-XI-44) Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR (sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost 38

58 estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221); (B) Option 2(Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 3.5 Elevated noise and dust emission Limited For sewage works, construction is likely to increase dust and noise levels temporarily. There may also be effects from exhaust emission from fuel use in machines and on-site vehicles. Consultation with local residents, and interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges (St. Peter s Academy, Annie Besant School, IERT, MNNIT, Institutes of Ishwar Sharan, Kidzone School), hospitals (Narayani Asham Hospital, Royal Hospital, Sachan Nursing Home), cultural centres like Narayani Ashram. Refer to Construction schedule : DPR for proposed STP/Sewerage system in Sewerage District C, Volume II, pp Provided that construction works near schools and colleges are carried out during vacations and preferably during night and works near hospitals are completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.), the impacts may be limited. Specifically for the STP, the enclosed nature of 39

59 the site will limit this impact. If construction schedule is followed, then impacts will be temporary as 1 km of sewer line is approximated to be completed within 5 days. 3.6 Disruption to traffic movements Limited Sewer construction leads to the temporary tearingup of roads and increase in large construction vehicles, which might impair traffic movement, especially in the narrower roads and lanes as seen mainly in Allahpur region. This effect can also be expected in busy areas like Telarganj, Shukla Market, Allanganj, Chandpur salori. For the expansion of STP at Salori, the site is away from the busier areas of Allahabad, and thus should not have a major impact on the city as a whole. Figure 6.1: GIS map distinguishing road network of District C with majority of roads in the Narrow category (<=5 units). Plate 3.7: Image showing a typical busy street near the Telarganj area, of sewerage district C. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR(sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221): (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 3.7 Damage to existing infrastructure, public utilities, amenities etc. Limited If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporarily affecting the existing public utilities like water supply, telephone, electricity cables etc. Figure 5.12: Location of STP and its relative distance from all the surroundings Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Refer to Plate

60 Records and layout plans of existing underground utilities and cable networks (like telephone, electricity water etc.) were unavailable. However, it is expected that main utility lines might run along main roads such as Bandh road, Salori-Govindpur road, Talerganj road, MLNR road and roads around Uptron chauraha as well as Baghambri road and Matiyara road in Allahpur. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR(sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221): (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 3.8 Failure to restore temporary construction sites Limited From field visits and as per JNNURM project reinstatement of dismantled roads after filling and proper compaction was observed. Field visits and interaction with U.P. Jal Nigam and other Government officials and consultation with local residents. Although temporary, concerns regarding failure to restore construction sites including failure to close and appropriately fenceoff open pits were cited as safety concerns especially for children. Plate 3.6: Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Allahabad. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR (sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-IV and Volume V, Cost estimates and measurement sheets covered under: (A) Option 1 (Vol.-IV pp. 1, 84, 221): (B) Option 2 (Vol.-V pp. 123, 202, 339) 41

61 3.9 Possible conflicts with and/or disruption to local community Health risks due to unhygienic conditions at workers camps Limited Limited For the laying of sewer works, there will be temporary disruption to the local community in terms of access to roads (narrow roads), shops and residences. Conflicts/disruption to local community was inferred as limited based on survey responses which indicated the community s ability to adapt to temporary disruptions, and their overall preference for the project. For the expansion of the STP at Salori, the likelihood of conflicts/disruptions to the local community also appears low, given the isolated and enclosed nature of the site. The same is true for safety concerns. Field visits and as per JNNURM project no worker camps were seen. However there might be small camps within which, if hygienic conditions are not maintained, there may be temporary impacts. Consultation with local people. Refer to Figure

62 3.1 1 Safety hazards during construction Limited From field visits and as per JNNURM project practices for safety precautions such as fencing-off construction areas, sign posts etc. were observed. If not appropriately managed, there may be potential for temporary hazards such as injuries and damage to property during the construction phase. Consultation with local residents of sewerage district C and interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. Plate 3.6: Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase sewerage project in Allahabad. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR (sewerage system) for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-IV Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume -V Page no. 123, 202, 339. Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-II, Section 9 of DPR for STP: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no And Volume-II, Section 8 of DPR for Sewerage system: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 4.1 Flooding of adjacent areas Limited Due to the construction of sewer lines, raw sewage that currently flows into Interaction with UP Jal Nigam and other Government officials. 43

63 4.2 Impacts to water quality due to effluent discharge No impacts the river and/or overflows into the streets will now be routed to the STP. This will prevent flooding of adjacent areas. However, accidental leakages during the operational stage may lead to flooding and possible contamination of groundwater. Additionally, overloading and blockage of sewage lines will also lead to backlogging of sewers and flooding of branch sewers. There will be a significant improvement in water quality due to effluent discharge being treated. Refer to Plate 3.4 Table 5.12: Sewage flow quality values before and after existing STP. section Gas emissions No impacts There will be reduction in gas emissions from open sewage drains since the proposed sewage networks will be underground. With regard to the STP expansion, there may be gas emissions in the case of anaerobic treatment without gas trapping, accidental leakages etc. However the suggested treatment method of SBR will have no/ limited gas emissions. 44

64 4.4 Safety hazards No impacts There will be minimum safety hazards since the pipes will be underground. 5 Do projects of this nature / type require prior environmental clearance either from the MOEF or from a relevant state Government department? (MOEF/ relevant State Government department/ No clearance at all) No clearance at all Project such as these have an overall positive impact for the environment and society. Hence no clearance would be required under the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, Refer to Figure 5.9 Refer to Figure Does the project involve any prior clearance from the MOEF or State Forest department for either the conversion of forest land or for tree- cutting? (Yes/ No).If yes, which? No As the project is in urban provinces and does not cover any forested area (protected nor reserved forest area), hence no prior clearance is required from relevant authorities (MoEF and State Forest departments) under the Forest (Conservation) Act, Refer to Figure 3.2 Refer to Figure 5.9 The following figure/ pictures given below provide substantial insights into potential problems during construction which have been addressed in screening checklist. 45

65 Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District C (Source Google Earth) 46

66 Figure 3.3 Satellite image demarcating the planned expansion area for the Salori STP (Source Google Earth) Plate 3.3 Image showing stagnated stormwater behind the Salori STP barricade, limiting its flow outwards 47

67 Plate 3.4 Image showing flooded street due to water pipe burst in front of a shop in Allahabad District Plate 3.5 Image showing a typical sewage construction area with material Plate 3.6 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad 48

68 Plate 3.7 Image showing a typical busy street near the Telarganj area, of sewerage district C. 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011) 18 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification. Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations. Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District C in Allahabad 18 For more details refer Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 49

69 City falls under low impact category, which does not require any fresh land acquisition. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for pedestrians,, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 50

70 Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework Applicable Laws and Regulations Environmental The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme: Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI) Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments Legislations applicable to construction activities Legal Framework of Government of India The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, Acts and regulations pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) Key Environmental Laws and Regulations The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 1 Environment To protect and Yes Protection Act-1986 improve overall environment Reason for Applicability As all environmental notifications, rules and schedules are issued under this Act. Authority MoEF, Gol, DoE, State Gov. CPCB, SPCB 19 Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF

71 S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 2 Environmental To provide Yes Impact Assessment environmental Notification clearance to new 14th Sep-2006 development activities following environmental impact assessment 3 Municipal To manage the Yes Wastes(Management collection, and Handling) Rules, transportation, 2000 segregation, treatment, and disposal of municipal solid wastes 4 Coastal Regulation Zone(CRZ) Notification 1991 (2002) 5 The Land Acquisition Act 1894 (As amended in 1985) 6 The Forest (Conservation) Act Wild Life Protection Act Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974 Protection of fragile coastal belt Set out rule for acquisition. of land by government To check deforestation by restricting conversion of forested areas into nonforested areas To protect listed species of flora and fauna and establishment of a network of ecologically-important protected areas To control air pollution by controlling emission of air pollutants as per the prescribed standards. To control water pollution by controlling discharge of pollutants as per the prescribed standards No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Reason for Applicability This notification is applicable only for Sewage Treatment Facility and Solid waste Treatment facility investments This notification is applicable only for Municipal Solid waste Treatment facility investments If Project location is located along coastal belt This Act will be applicable to as there will be acquisition of land for investments Applicable if there is diversion of forest land for non-forest activities i.e. forest land if required for any of the investments This Act is will be applicable, if there are any points of wildlife crossing s in proximity to project locations This Act will be applicable during construction. This Act will be applicable during construction. Authority MoEF, EIAA MoEF, EIAA, CPCB, SPCBs Revenue Department State Government Forest Department, State Government and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Chief Conservator Wildlife, Wildlife Wing, State Forest Department and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India SPCBs SPCBs 52

72 S. No Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Yes/ No 10 The Noise Pollution The standards for Yes (Regulation and noise for day and night Control) Rules, 2000 have been promulgated by the MoEF for various land uses. 11 Ancient Monuments Conservation of Yes and Archaeological cultural and historical Sites and Remains remains found in India Act Public Liability and Insurance Act 1991 Protection form hazardous materials and accidents. 13 Explosive Act 1984 Safe transportation, storage and use of explosive material 14 Minor Mineral Concession Rules 15 Central Motor Vehicle Act National Forest Policy, 1988 For opening new quarry. To check vehicular air and noise pollution. To maintain ecological stability through preservation and restoration of biological diversity. 17 The Mines Act 1952 The mining act has been notified for safe and sound mining activity. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Reason for Applicability This act will be applicable for all construction equipment deployed at worksite. This act will be applicable, only if any investment is in proximity to any Ancient Monument, declared protected under the act. Contractor need to stock hazardous material like diesel, Bitumen, Emulsions etc. For transporting and storing diesel, Oil and lubricants etc. Regulate use of minor minerals like stone, soil, river sand etc. This rule will be applicable to vehicles deployed for construction activities and construction Machinery. This policy will be applicable if any eco sensitive feature exists in and around the investments The construction activities for investments will require aggregates. These will be procured through mining from approved quarries SPCBs Authority Archaeological Department Gol, Indian Heritage Society and Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH). SPCBs Chief Controller of Explosives District Collector Motor Vehicle Department Forest Department, State Government and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Department of mining, State Government 53

73 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under: National Policies and Acts i) National Tribal Policy, 2006 ii) National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007 iii) Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended) iv) Forest Rights Act, National Policies and Acts The National Tribal Policy (2006) The Policy has the following objectives: Regulatory Protection Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these. Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands. Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages. Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in 54

74 the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV). Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families 2007 The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement. The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project-affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under the Land Acquisition (LA) Act. This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to natural calamities, etc Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose. The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement including income restoration aspects. 55

75 Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process Legal Provision Actions Section 4 Declaration of Public purpose Section 5(a) Enquiry Section 6 Section 9 Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice locality No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one month) Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose Declaration is published Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department, State Government Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month) Enquire objections to LA Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections are raised (one to three months) State government issues notices LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government s intention to take possession of land Time and place set for claims to LAO Public notice given Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months) LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable LAO determines compensation (12 months) Section 11 and 12 Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after inquiry of total valuation Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency (14 months) Forest Rights Act 2006 The Act basically does two things: Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws. Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and wildlife conservation 56

76 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following: 1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment); 2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years); 3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions by the employer plus workers); 4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.); 5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour); 6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act); 7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers); 8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees); 9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages); 10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment); 57

77 11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment); 12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities); 13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry); 14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.); 15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.); 16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities); 17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste); 18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-site emergency plans). 58

78 Chapter 5 Baseline Status The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam, Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. 5.1 Baseline Environmental Status Physiography and Topography Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of water during the rainy season. Sewerage district C is located in the north eastern part of the city, adjoining the river Ganga in the east side. The highest recorded flood level of river Ganga is meters (1978). 21 Number of drains carrying sewage and storm water from different areas forms the natural drainage of the sewerage district C. Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following geomorphic features, out of which sewerage district C falls under the older alluvial plain. 21 Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, DPR for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District C under NGRBA in Allahabad City: Volume I,

79 Active flood plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system. Older alluvial plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces found in patches along the active plain. Rocky surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-yamuna area formed mainly of quartzitic nature. Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-ganga or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-yamuna or the Yamunapar tract which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of trans-ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from m above MSL Climate The climate of Allahabad is tropical with moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. As inferred from climatological data of the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Allahabad experiences both very dry hot summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to September. The annual average rainfall being mm takes place normally in 53 days. The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given in Table 5.1 below. 22 Ground Water Brochure of Allahabad District, UP, CGWB (2009) 60

80 Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad Month Temperature ( o C) Mean Humidity (%) Maximum Minimum rainfall 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs in mm January February March April May June July August September October November December Source: India Metrological Department data from (except Humidity data which is ) Geological and Geophysical features The sewerage district C and the entire city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium. The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. 23 The older alluvium overlies the Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-cambrian formation. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of these 23 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 61

81 formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary alluvium. Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m) Recent to 0.01 m year Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay Sand, clay, pebble, gravel Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium and Kankar Unconformity Pleistocene & Conglomerate, sandstone Siwalik Above 350 m Pleocene shale etc Unconformity Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Limestone Not known Unconformity Bundelkhand Archean Granite Basement massit Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Soil Soils in sewerage district C usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface, with a thickness ranging between m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the east side of the district C along the banks/ flood plain of the rivers, clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety. Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been presented in the Table 5.3 below: Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample S. No. Parameters Range of test results 1 Type Silty Clay 2 ph Bulk density (g/cm)

82 4 Conductivity (µmhos/cm) Water holding capacity (% by mass) Organic matter (% by mass) Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Ambient Air Quality Presently, air quality monitoring is conducted by the NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB) and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Out of these two monitoring stations, Square Crossing near Laxmi talkies is the nearest station for describing the air quality status of sewerage district C region. Although, Allahabad city does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM 10 (RSPM) has exceeded the annual average standards of 60µg/m 3 from 2007 to The sulphur-di oxide (SO 2 ) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards of 50 µg/m 3. The nitrogen-di-oxide (NO 2 ) concentrations, though not violating the standards of 40µg/m 3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular activities. Table 5.4 Latest air quality data (µg/m 3 ) of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Location Landuse Sulphurdi-oxide Square crossing circle of Laxmi talkies Nitrogendi-oxide Respirable Suspended particulate matter (RSPM) Mixed Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Bharat Yantra Nigam Ltd. Residential Source: UP Pollution Control Board,

83 Concentraiton ( g/m³) Concentraiton ( g/m³) Concentraiton ( g/m³) Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District C -Allahabad) 2012 SO2 25 Annual avg std. 50 g/m³ NO2 Annual avg. std. 40 g/m³ PM10 Figure 5.1 SO 2, NO 2, and PM 10 (RSPM) concentration ( g/m 3 ) in Allahabad during Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Annual avg. std. 60 g/m³ (RSPM)

84 Seasonal Variation Month-wise variations of NO 2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations are presented in Figure 5.2. It is observed that air quality with respect to RSPM is poorer at the Square crossing near Laxmi talkies station which is nearer to sewerage district C. However, both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death. Figure 5.2 Month-wise variation of NO 2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad (Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011) Noise environment Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; 65

85 hence it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do not come under sewerage district C, but provide a probable idea of expected noise levels. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively. Noise levels similar to Numaya Dahi can be expected in sewerage district C, which is mostly residential and has limited commercial and no industrial area. Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in db (A)] S.No. Location Levels in db(a) Leq* Day Night Average 1 Numaya Dahi Sulem Sarai Near Office DM Note: Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) * db(a) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Seasonal Variation The more recent results of monitoring carried out by the UP Pollution Control Board, during on various days and at various locations in Allahabad city are presented in Figure 5.3. Results are averaged for various locations in different area categories (residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive). It can be seen that overall, 66

86 day noise levels are higher than the night ones and are above the standard at most of the locations. From Figure 5.3, it can be seen that for residential area (like sewerage district C ), the noise levels are almost within the permissible limits for most of the days Night Day Mar Oct Aug Apr Mar-10 26th April Nov Feb Jan Dec Sep Jul Jun May-10 26th April 2011 Res Com Ind Sens 28-Mar May Nov Jul Feb Jan Dec Sep Jun Apr Mar Oct Aug-10 Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, Water environment Both ground water and surface water sources are utilized to cater the drinking water requirement of sewerage district C and Allahabad city in general. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water consumption of 150 litres, as provided in the Detailed Project Report (DPR) 67

87 for sewer works in sewerage district C by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district C is approximately 29.8 million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization. Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district C Location Population (as of 2010) Per capita water consumption per Sewerage District C of Allahabad city Total water consumption in day as per DPR million litres Surface Water The Ganga and Yamuna Rivers are two important surface water systems for Allahabad. The Yamuna river lies to the south of the main city. The Ganga flows in an eastward direction and then abruptly turns southwards close to eastern end of city and finally meets Yamuna River close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the city. River Ganga lies to the eastern side of sewerage district C. Allahabad often experiences flooding near banks due to the combined discharge of the two rivers especially during the rainy season, which can be observed from the available data given in Table 5.7. For the period , the maximum average discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is between m 3 /s, mainly during the months of August and September. The minimum average discharge, however, can fall as low as m 3 /s May. Low flow in rivers increases their susceptibility to water pollution, due to reduced dilution and due to discharge of untreated waste water, especially during the dry season. 68

88 Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m 3 /s) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 69

89 Surface Water Quality Water quality status of river Ganga at two locations in Allahabad (Rasoolabad and D/S Sangam) is shown in Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a slight increase in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentrations has been observed during last few years. The values have crossed the 3 mg/l mark and depicts that the quality is not within permissible limits. But, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high (as per CPCB s surface water classification for Designated Best Use) and consistent over the past few years (Figure 5.5). There is an overall increase in BOD concentrations as the Ganga passes sewerage district C, the most prominent of which is the increase from 2mg/l to 3 mg/l that was observed in In recent years, there had been an overall increase in the BOD concentrations of incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water (Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. There is a possibility that this increase may be due to the untreated sewage that has been directly discharged mostly from sewerage district C to the river Ganga. Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years 70

90 Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Source: Ganga water quality trend, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8 shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha). It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution levels are very high with Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration of more than 6mg/l, crossing the permissible limit (as per CPCB s surface water classification for Designated Best Use) of 2mg/l for drinking water without conventional treatment and 3 mg/l for outdoor bathing (organised). The Biochemical Oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and faecal coliform levels were all elevated during bathing Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., Water quality of the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11:

91 Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 Location BOD DO (mg/l) (mg/l) Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) Ganga at Shastri Bridge (U/s sangam) Sangam Yamuna at Karella Bagh Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad Recent Data As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table 5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often above the permissible 3.0 mg/l limit for outdoor bathing waters and hence also not fit for drinking purposes. However, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen (DO) is above the minimum level for outdoor bathing 25. Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature the bacterial activities increases to break down the organic matter, discharged into the water from various domestic and industrial sources. Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011 Parameters U/S Rasoolab ad Ghat, Ganga Rasoolabad Ghat, Ganga Main Sangam Temp ( C ) ph DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) D/S Ganga on Mawaiya Ghat 25 As per CPCB s surface water classification for Designated Best Use. 72

92 COD (mg/l) Turbidity (NTU) Alkalinity CaCO 3 (mg/l) Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Calcium as CaCO 3 (mg/l) Magnesium as MgCO 3 (mg/l) Conductivity (umho/cm) Total Coliform (PN/100 ml) Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Ground Water As discussed before, in addition to Jal Sansthan tube wells, there are many other private/ institutional tube wells which are unaccounted for, in the region. According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones within Allahabad city: i) Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl 26 ii) Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and iii) Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl. Although the extension of individual zones is variable over the district, the sewerage district C comes under shallow aquifer zone, which is mainly along the Ganga belt. The ground water generally occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south. The gradient of the water table in the sewerage district C is towards river Ganga particularly in the northern part of Ganga river (within the district) is 0.6 meter/km. 26 Meters below ground level 73

93 Ground Water Quality 27 Pre Monsoon water quality** The ph at all the locations in residential area is ranging between The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are ranging between 281 to 1372 mg/l and the Conductivity ranges between 475 to 1875 mhos/cm, which shows that both TDS and Conductivity greater in the residential area. The BOD ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/l in the residential area and COD ranges from 1.0 to 6.0 mg/l, which though being negligible is slightly higher than the industrial area, indicating thereby that this increase is due to higher organic content in the effluents from residential area. The values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.24 to 1.03 mg/l and Hardness between 180 to 1128 mg/l which are within the specified limits at all the locations in district C. The value of Phosphate is ranging between 0.38 to 0.61 mg/l at all the locations, which is acceptable. Also no pesticides were found in this area. Post Monsoon water quality** The average value of ph, of pre and post monsoon period, at all the locations in the residential area is almost neutral ranging between which is well within the standard limit for drinking water indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking. In regard to sewerage district C the values of TDS are higher than the desirable limit at Bakshi Bandh, but within the permissible limit at this location. The average values of Phosphate are ranging between 0.24 to 0.55 mg/l at all the locations in District C. The average values of Chloride are higher than the desirable limit at Bakshi Bandh, but they are within the permissible limit at all the places. The average values of Nitrate are higher than the desirable limit at Bakshi Bandh, but they are again within the permissible limit at all the places. None of the samples showed the presence of Pesticides. 27 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar in Status of Groundwater Quality in India Part II, Groundwater Quality Series(GWQS/10/ ), CPCB (2008) ** As per the GWQS/10/ , groundwater quality data obtained during Survey were evaluated against drinking water quality requirements [BIS 10500, (1991) & WHO (1996) standards]. 74

94 Table 5.10 Parameter exceeding the desired limit in sewerage district C Parameter TDS Chloride Nitrate Location Bakshi Bandh Bakshi Bandh Bakshi Bandh Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, approximately percent of area in sewerage district C has storm drainage system as shown in Figure 5.6. The regions in sewerage district C which have storm drains include: area near Govindpur police station, Shukla market, Chandpur salori, and most part of Allahpur area. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga. The human and animal waste accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic conditions. Since there is no sewerage system in district C, the discharge from outlet of STPs to storm drains were also practiced as shown in Plate 2.2 under section 2.2. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon. Storm drains Plate 5.1 Storm drainage system in residential area Salori area (left) and Flooding due to rainfall in sewerage district C (right) 75

95 Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district C 76

96 5.1.8 Waste Water Management As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. As per the DPR, as of 2010, about million liters of waste water is estimated to be generated every day in Allahabad city at an average per capita wastewater discharge of 132 liters. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of Allahabad city. Sewerage district C is located in the north-eastern part of the city, with river Ganga on its eastern side. As per the detailed project report, practically, sewerage district C area has no sewer system and wastewater flows through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxiband nala. Plate 5.2 Drain in Shukla Market Source of wastewater generated from sewerage district C is mostly residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Salori nala located in sewer district C can be seen in Table 5.11, which indicates that the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharge standards laid out by CPCB. The major issue of waste water disposal is the associated environmental impact which is derived from worsening of water quality and causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. 77

97 Table 5.11 Wastewater characteristics of Salori nala in sewerage district C Parameter Salori Nala General standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB BOD(mg/l) COD (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) ph to 9.0 Temperature ( C) 27 shall not exceed 5 C above the receiving water temperature Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad 28 As per 2010 population data, nearly 26.2 mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district C which generally flows in the open drains (Salori, Allenganj and Buxiband nala.). Under GAP II, 29mld capacity Salori STP has been constructed in sewerage district C for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such drains. Table 5.12 provides information about the wastewater treatment characteristics of STP at Salori, monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board. It can be seen from the table below, BOD removal efficiencies in the STP is 80 to 87 percent. Therefore, significant reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. It is further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to mld by the year 2025, thus creating a gap of 14 mld as shown in Table 2.3 in section 2.3. Table 5.12 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Salori STP Parameter Influent Effluent Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) BOD (5 day sat 20 C) (mg/l) Fecal Coliforms (MPN/100ml) 10 7 < 1000 ph Sulphides (mg/l (as S)) Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad 28 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District C of Allahabad City, Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad 78

98 5.1.9 Solid Waste Management As per Nagar Nigam, about MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad city. As per Allahabad Nagar Nigam, the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and hospital wastes non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town. The solid waste from sewerage district C is mainly from residential areas and very little comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam, the total solid waste generated from sewerage district C is approximately 79.4 MT as shown in Table With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase thereby increasing the solid waste. Table 5.13 Solid waste generation in sewerage district C Location Population (as of 2010) Average solid waste generation per Total solid waste generated in MT capita per day in grams Sewerage District C of Allahabad city Source: Data provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam during field consultations. The solid waste management in sewerage district C is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam, which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under JnNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further, the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district C is shown in Plate 5.3. As a result of such practices, the entire area in and around the disposal 79

99 sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city. Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Subzi Mandi area (left) and Shukla market area (right) Biological Environment Green cover Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in sewerage district C. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district C is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Singh park, Durga puja park- 1, Durga puja park-2, Irrigation park, Ram park and Katju Colony park majorly falling in Govindpur area of study region and the Ram Leela park and Shiv Nagar park exists in Allahpur region. Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district C, especially near the flood plain area, IERT institution, near Ishwar Sharan college area, Govindpur and less in residential area like Subzi Mandi area, area near Annie Basant school, Uptron Chauraha. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate

100 Govindpur area Allahpur area Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district C 81

101 Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Govindpur area (left) and Telarganj area (right) Agriculture: The agricultural practice in sewerage district C of Allahabad city is limited to the area situated near Salori STP as shown in Figure 5.8. This is generally a flood plain area, which is utilised for agricultural practices during non-monsoon seasons and during monsoon the area is completely flooded due to rise of water level in river Ganga. Crop rotation and mixed cultivation practices are common features of locals in Allahabad district, and locals in sewerage district C generally grow seasonal vegetable. As shown in Figure 5.8, the agriculture area in district C is located away from the proposed sewer work area and will not be affected. Agriculture practice in Flood plain area River Ganga Salori STP Figure 5.8 Satellite image showing agriculture practice area in sewerage district C (Source: Google Earth) Flora Allahabad district as a whole has around hectares of reserved forest area falling under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century, 82

102 patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-yamuna tracts in Bara tehsil and the southern tracts of tehsil Meja. 29 Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district C of Allahabad city. The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest area. The site also does not fall under India s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is evident from Figure 5.9, which shows some of the surrounding eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D) and their average distance from Allahabad. Figure 5.9 Some of the eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city, and approximate distance. Source: Google Maps Fauna The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-yamuna tract than elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do 29 District Model Land Use Plan. District Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Final Report -Bimal Kumar. Sponsored By. State Land Use Board, Uttar Pradesh. 83

103 much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, As mentioned in section above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the sewerage district C and Allahabad city as a whole.. The proposed project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality. 5.2 Baseline Social Status Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade In this particular decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown. Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state. Figure 5.10 Allahabad urban population growth rate 30 District Model Land Use Plan. District Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Final Report -Bimal Kumar. Sponsored By. State Land Use Board, Uttar Pradesh. 84

104 Source: City Development Plan report Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Accroding to census of India 2011 data its Scheduled Caste population (21.58%), consists primarly of the Chamar and Pasi castes. In terms of literacy rate Allahabad district witnesses a relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% (Census 2001) in which, predicatbly, women fall far below the average at 46.38% while men with the average rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6 population shows an increase of females from 879 to 917 per 1,000 males. Employment situatation is not well off as many people in the district are in the category of non-workers (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district s population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalent or above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes to populations overall vulnerability. Analayzing housing structure in the distirct, roughly half of all houses are permanent, while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage are considered temporary. Table 5.14 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad 85

105 Source: Measurement Learning and Evaluation Study: City Report, Allahabad 2010 Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is 318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity access is more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones, only 26.6% of households of the ditrict have access to toilet facility. Fitting with the educational background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are very few. Medical facilties also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to Annexure (3). Allahabad s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project). Allahabad sewarage district C comprises of 12 wards. Most of the land use in District C has been identified as residential, through the field survey. The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described in the table below; Table 5.15 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use. Ward Ref. No. Wards Land use observation in field Population Projected Population (Source: DPR) 2 Sadiabad Residential, middle to low income groups, very small roads 7 Ishwar Saran Commercial/residential with some institutions, not too congested 9 Sheqkuti Residential, some green pockets, congested in some areas 14 Alenganj Mostly residential, not too congested, present of slums near railway crossing before Subji Mandi at Bandh Road

106 18 Engineering Institutional area, there is an engineering college & hostels, not congested, large open areas 25 Bhardwaj Puram/Allahpur Also known as Allahpur. Residential, congested, some markets, High income to middle income groups 26 Govindpur Residential, middle class, some parts not very congested, very few shops on road side 37 Bagambari Residential, middle class, congested 44 Pura Parain Residential with a mix of commercial 48 Chandpur Salori Residential, rural village and middle class 54 Salori Residential, rural village and middle class Bakshi Khurd Residential, middle class, congested Sub Total (C ) Source of population data : DPR Population density in Allahabad Ditrict C: As mentioned district C has 12 wards, and most of these wards have population density less than 200 people per hectare. Not a single ward falls in the category of highest density. Table 5.16 Ward wise population density of Allahabad 87

107 The table shows that ten wards out of the twelve are falling in category with density of less than 200 person per hectare. Only two wards i.e. Bhardwaj Puram and Bagambari are in the category of density of people per hectare. Figure 5.11 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District C Location of STP: Salori STP is located in District C. It is surrounded by residential colonies at varying distances at three sides and flood plain area on the fourth side, where the land is used for agricultural use. 88

108 Figure 5.12 Location of STP and its relative distance from all the surroundings Plate 5.5: Salori STP 89

109 Cultural Significance Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also famously known by the name of Prayag and Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India s holiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name 'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate 5.6), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists. Plate 5.6: Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbhmela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbhmela (Source: Details of Social Survey The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as for the social survey has been discussed in the Section 2.6. Group discussions and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned stakeholders. Household owners in all the 12 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile 90

110 vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. All these 12 wards have various academic institutions and most of them are residential in land use. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the fact stated by census of India also. All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project. Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not. Figure 5.13 Connection to sewers 91

111 One of the important questions that was asked to communities was on the consequence of construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed the following result; Figure 5.14 Perception of problems encountered during construction phase The figure clearly shows that traffic nuisance is ranked the highest as a consequence and almost 90% of the respondents cited it as a problem. After traffic congestion, pollution mainly in the form of dust was the reply given by around 60% of the respondents. Around 30% of people surveyed, stated that damage to basic services like water pipe, electricity lines happen during such construction activities and almost 20% of interviewed people told noise caused during construction is a problem for them. 92

112 Table 5.17 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table Consulta tion no. Place Date No. of Participants Nature of participants Key issues raised 1 Sadiabad 23/8/11 4 Residents Inconvenience But want it to be executed and also should be executed in time 2 Ishwar Saran 23/8/11 10 Academic Institution members: students, teachers Noise and dust during construction, inconvenience to daily life Positive overall impact is expected 3 Sheqkuti 23/8/11 8 Residential Dust is too much and at times debris is not cleared on time 4 Alenganj 23/8/11 12 At Railway line crossing: Mobile vendors, mandi, shopkeepers Overall satisfied if this project is executed and would like it to get completed in time 5 Engineering ward 6 Bhardwaj Puram/Allah pur 23/8/11 8 Academic Institution members/engi neering college: students, teachers 23/8/11 5 Residents : females Noise and dust pollution, access problem at times, traffic congestion Traffic congestion, dust, casualties due to construction, disruption in supply of basic facilities like water 7 Govindpur 24/8/11 8 Residents and shop keepers Traffic congestion, dust, noise 8 Bagambari 24/8/11 5 Residents: Inconvenience to daily 93

113 females life routine, dust, problems to pedestrian 9 Pura Parain 24/8/11 4 Shop owners Dust, traffic congestion, in-convenient access to shop 10 Chandpur Salori 24/8/11 14 Residents, mobile vendors Dust and inconvenience in daily activities 11 Salori 24/8/11 12 Residents, priest of a temple and pedestrians Daily life gets disturbed, no prior intimation is provided to residents about upcoming construction in the area 12 Bakshi Khurd 24/8/11 7 Residents and pedestrians, students Improve the water quality of river, water from which they use for their household chores and at times for bathing also 94

114 Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Pollution abatement projects may prove beneficial for the environment and society or they may have some adverse impacts as well. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have started taking steps to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the major findings obtained from the field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and social issues with reference to the proposed sewer works in sewerage district C of Allahabad city is been discussed in these sections. 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district C would influence the environment over different phases. During Designing phase During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term; During the operation phase which would have long term effects The design and development of sewerage works is an important step towards assessing the needs for the relevant technologies and in planning out a design that ensures least possible impact on the environment. Costruction is the phase during which most of the impacts would be seen and the operation phase may also have certain impacts on the project area, in the long term Design and Development Phase Sewer lines All sewer lines including trunk, lateral and branch sewer lines must be designed considering the future population and waste generation rate. Otherwise the constructed sewer may not carry the waste load, leading to failure and financial loss. The laying of sewer lines and sewerage pumping station must be properly planned; else it may lead to both technical and 95

115 social problems along with environmental issues of back flow creating foul smell and unhygienic conditions. Sewage treatment plant Selection of a suitable technology for sewage treatment is governed by many factors such as the location of STP, availability of land area, raw sewage characteristics, capacity of plant, required effluent quality, proven technology and reliability of process, intended disposal method or reusing the treated effluent, capital cost, O&M requirement and other local cultural and social factors. Comparative analysis of various technologies considered for selection is shown in Table 6.1 below. Table 6.1 Comparative analysis of various sewage treatment technologies S.No, Technology Merits Demerits 1 Conventional High Capital cost Activated Sludge Process (ASP) High Power Land requirement is less compared to others Reduced flies and odour nuisance Better control possible requirements Skilled labour is required for O & M. 2 Extended Aeration (EA) 3 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 4 Cyclic Activated Sludge (CAS) High quality effluent Lesser complicated design and operation Capable of treating shock loads Well stabilized sludge Simplified process Final clarifiers and Return Sludge pumping not required. Compact Operation is flexible; nutrient removal possible Better SS settling and high effluent quality Batch system eliminates peak surges Automatic control of MLSS and SRT through sludge wasting. External clarifiers, sludge scrappers, recycle pumps not required. Well settleable sludge flocks. Control in time enables Higher power requirements for aeration Relatively larger tanks Mainly used for smaller plants High Peak flows can disrupt operation Skilled labor required Batch discharge may require equalization prior to disinfection Frequent sludge disposal Higher specific energy consumption Extensive piping and valves / gates required. Higher maintenance skill required 96

116 5 Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) flexibility by adapting times for nitrification, Denitrification, Biological phosphorous removal, sedimentation, depending on influent characteristics. Easy & compact construction. No moving mechanical parts Less head loss High quality nitrified effluent Compact Plant expansion is simple Capable of absorbing hydraulic and organic shock loads. No secondary clarifier required. High capital & O&M cost Extensive piping and valves Higher maintenance skill required 6 Trickling filter Capacity to handle shock loads Dependable performance Minimum supervision. Lesser land requirement in comparison with other conventional systems. Capital costs and power requirements are high. Mosquito and odour nuisance is high. Equipment is prone to heavy corrosion. 7 Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor (FAB) Moving Bioreactors (MBBR) and Bed Long SRTs. High quality effluent (low SS and COD) Compact -lesser land requirement. Low temperature sustaining capability No sludge recycling Fully digested sludge High coliform removal. Separate secondary settling tank required with sludge removal facility Sensitive process High power requirement Skilled Manpower required for O & M. Sequencing Batch Reactor technique has been selected by the independent consultant for the proposed sewer work over the other available technologies primarily because of following reasons:- ensures 98% BOD removal complete nitrification and de-nitrification consistent outlet results irrespective of input variation by 0-250% handles wide ranges of temperature (5 35 C) 97

117 fully automatic process Uses 50 % less space as compared to anaerobic process. Adequate planning for treated effluent disposal which is currently land applied, and provided as irrigation water to farmers, and sludge disposal is required to ensure an environmentally benign treatment process Impacts during construction phase The proposed sub-project consists of four major activities which include: Construction of approximately 141km long sewerage network including all required trunk/ branch/ lateral sewer. Construction of additional 14 mld capacity STP in the existing Salori STP premises Construction of 14.5 mld sewage pumping station The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below: i) Environmental sensitive areas Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1). As explained in section of baseline environment status, sewerage district C area of Allahabad city does not have any flora and fauna components of concern. As seen in Figure 5.9, the nearest ecosensitive areas such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. However the region has small residential parks (Figure 5.7 in section ) and road side trees (Plate 5.4 in section ), which will not be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. There are no ecologically sensitive aquatic areas and water bodies in the surrounding area. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of District C is 98

118 residential, with limited agricultural and no forest areas. Hence there would be no loss of cropping land, forest cover, natural vegetation or protected wildlife. There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district C, except the banks of river Ganga which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or hommhavans and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. The four ASI (Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort, Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj are also not within the boundary of sewerage district C and hence will not be affected by the proposed sewer works. Even the river banks will not be impacted by the sewer works as, the construction and operational works will take place inside the residential areas which are away from river banks. ii) Air quality Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNURM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon monooxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO & NO 2 ) is likely to increase during the construction phase mainly because of: Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved roads (increases dust level) Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases SPM, SO 2 and NO 2 ). Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases SPM, SO 2 and CO). With reference to sewerage district C, the air quality with respect to dust level has already violated their annual average standards (60µg/m 3 ) from past three years as described in section of baseline chapter. Further these construction activities cause temporary deterioration of the air quality, causing health problems of respiratory ailments due to increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern. 99

119 iii) Noise levels As raised during stakeholder consultations and interaction with locals, the proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations, particularly during the night time. Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances, causing sleeplessness in people in the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is extended into the night hours. As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in sewerage district C, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (St. Peter s Academy, Annie Besant School, IERT, MNNIT, Institutes of Ishwar Sharan, Kidzone School), hospitals (Narayani Asham Hospital, Royal Hospital, Sachan Nursing Home) and cultural centres like Narayani Ashram. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction period. iv) Water resources From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the following ways: Direct discharge from construction activities If the construction wastes and construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find their way to the river Ganga via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for drainage network of District C). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section of baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During construction of sewerage works in District C, there may be flooding due to the already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Labour Chauraha Mandi in Allahpur area and other low lying areas such as Sabji Mandi, 100

120 Chhota Bhagara. Temporary flooding in the STP area may occur due to its low lying position and may also cause stagnation of water promoting breeding of mosquitoes and create unsanitary condition. The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report. 31 As explained in Section of per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often above the permissible limits indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage district C (Salori STP) and would not be let into the Ganga 32. Improved water quality provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious pilgrims that visit the city Impacts during operation phase i) Water environment Water resources in the project area would be positively impacted by the sanitation project since additional sewage will now be routed to the expanded STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include unpredictable events such as: Temporary flooding of adjacent areas may be caused due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to blockages and backlogging of lines. There may also be contamination of groundwater from such leakages. 31 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 32 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad 101

121 Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply and possible contamination of groundwater due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process. ii) Noise and air quality Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during operation, most of the works will be laid underground. 6.2 Potential Social Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district C would influence the social sector in two distinct phases: During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term; and During the operation phase which would have long term effects Social impacts during construction phase i. Impact on human health One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies in the district which can be impacted by dust emissions are Sadiabad, Govindpuri, Ishwar saran, Salori, Chandpur salori, Allen Ganj, Bakshi Khurd, Bagambari, etc. 102

122 ii. Traffic Congestion Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Residents of Allahpur reported traffic congestion happening during the construction under JNNURM project. Streets of Labour Chauraha are very narrow and congested and hence witnesses traffic jams during peak hours. Also many of the roads in many pockets of the district are very narrow specifically in areas like Sadiabad, Salori, Chandpur salori etc. Any excavation along the roads in these areas will inhibit traffic movement. Since Allahpur is comparatively having higher population density and narrower roads than other wards, there would be more traffic congestion in this ward. The ward houses around 18,000 residents. Plate 6.1 Narrow road through Salori with open drains on both the sides 103

123 Figure 6.1 Road network map of District C indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high. iii. Impact on livelihood The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage on temporary basis and as a result the commercial establishments and vendors may have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. Vendors in areas like Sabzi Mandi near Salori STP, parts of Govindpuri, and area near Prayag railway crossing, Sabzi Mandi at Labour Chauraha are particularly vulnerable to such obstructions. As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and working conditions. They are aware of, and 104

124 prepared to face temporary inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long duration of construction work. Plate 6.2 Vegetable vendors at Sabzi Mandi area iv. Impact on existing utility services The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs. Flooding of areas has been witnessed in localities like Allahpur, some parts of Salori Chandpur salori, and Bakshi Khurd. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some complaints about water line breakage during the construction phase (JNNURM project). With no other alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue. v. Safety hazards There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing, that of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have 105

125 witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR. vi. Elevated Noise Levels Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction equipment. This will disturb residents, and especially schools and institutes in Ishwar Saran area. Especially for elderly and students, noise is more disturbing and affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and hospitals. vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern. viii. Affect to daily life Resident of Allahpur, Bakshi Bund colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects, they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was no space outside for parking. ix. Land Acquisition Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, officials from Revenue Department, community, other sources 33 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional land is required for the project, as land is available for construction of proposed 14 mld STP and also sewage construction will not result in fresh land acquisition. Also there are no squatters and encroachers present in and around the STP premises. Thus, given that there is no land acquisition, there are no R&R issues related to land acquisition, including but not limited to loss of property, resettlement, land regulations, etc. Also Figure 5.11 indicates that the project construction will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land requirement for laying sewer lines. Sewer lines will pass through various residential colonies of sewerage district C. Figure 3.3 clearly shows the 33 Draft Detailed Project Report of Proposed Sewerage System and STP in Sewerage District C and Allahpur, Allahabad, 2011 by Tata Consulting Engineers Limited. 106

126 well demarcated boundary land of existing STP, which has barren area to accommodate new STP and pumping station in the same premises. Moreover there would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey and consultation with the local people Social impacts during operation phase Noise pollution: Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity, which would affect the daily life of the surrounding neighbourhoods. 6.3 Conclusion Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and then the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid waste Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health hazards within the cities/towns Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial risks and other health hazards Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 107

127 Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan 7.1 Environmental Management Plan Table 7.1 summarizes the environmental management plan that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in sewerage district C. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study. Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments Activity Potential Negative Impact/Concern Duration of impact Mitigation Measures Responsible agency Sewerage and Sanitation Investments A. Design and Development Phase Sewage Treatment plant Treated water disposal into nearby stream Pollution of stream water and other water bodies receiving STP discharges due to reduction in efficiency or non- working of STP Temporary Selection of best available technology- Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) 1) ensures 98% BOD removal 2) complete nitrification and denitrification 3) consistent outlet results irrespective UP Jal Nigam Design consultants 108

128 of input variation by 0-250% 4) handles wide ranges of temperature (5 35 degrees C) 5) Fully automatic process 6) This process uses minimum 50 % less space as compared to anaerobic process. On a like to like comparison of outlet requirement, land cost, material of construction and automation, this technology has the lowest capital cost Overall operating cost is in the range of Rs/m3 Ensuring proper construction techniques Ensuring proper O & M practices The treated water quality will comply with the prescribed standards by the state pollution control board as discussed in Section 3.8 of baseline environmental chapter. Sludge disposal Disposal of sludge leading to contamination of land and water. Permanent Shifting from current treatment process 34 to new and improved technologies such as SBR, which generates fully digested sludge which is excellent manure and can be directly applied as manure to plants. Mechanical dewatering of sludge has been proposed in place of sludge drying bed. Providing adequate and safe disposal of UP Jal Nigam Design consultants 34 Current sewage and sludge treatment at Salori STP is via Fluidized Aerobic Bio-Reactor (FAB), Clari-Settler, Sludge Drying Bed (SDB), 109

129 screened material from STP and SPS and grit from grit chamber. Providing adequate and safe sludge disposal facilities Sewerage Provision for accidental leakages/ bursts Location of STP Accidental leakages/ bursts Low lying areas in the site, which can get flooded during monsoons Noise/Odour/fly nuisance hazards to neighbouring areas. Due to accidental burst or leakage of sewers, flooding of the nearby areas could take place Backlogging due to unexpected heavy flow rates Temporary Permanent Temporary Provide proper drainage arrangements so that the water does not stagnate on the site especially for new STP and SPS building site. Lesser nuisance of noise/ odour/ fly hazards to neighboring area, because of the enclosed nature of STP and its location away from the city. Following options can be adopted to reduce such nuisance: Provision of trees as noise barriers. Preferable large canopy/ broad leaves tree like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc) Designing sewers with adequate capacity and flow velocity Regular inspection and maintenance of the sewers UP Jal Nigam Design consultants UP Jal Nigam Municipal Corporation UP Jal Nigam Design consultants Sewage Pumping Station Pumping of sewage from District C to STP Noise and odour nuisance to surrounding areas. Permanent Selection of appropriate location away from sensitive locations such as schools and hospitals. Ensuring that the pumping station is located within a noise reducing structure or in an enclosed space (such as concrete/brick structure) Use of less noise generating equipment UP Jal Nigam Design consultants Jal Sansthan (for O and M) 110

130 such as submersible pumps, enclosed generators, with regular maintenance and switching off equipment when not in use to meet standards as per the Noise Pollution Control Committee, CPCB 35. B. Construction phase Sewerage (laying of sewers) Excavation, cutting, back filling and compaction operations Damage to underground utilities like water, gas line, electricity and telephone conduits, etc due to construction activities. Temporary Review all available drawings, notes, and information on the existing underground lines and structures in determining the location of the existing facilities. Concerned authorities should be informed and their assistance sought to remove, relocate and restore services of these utilities prior to commencement of construction. All these underground utilities encountered in excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and protected from injury or interruption of service until backfill is complete and settlement has taken place. Minimize time for replacement operations; and appropriate scheduling as necessary especially for water supply line. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam

131 Accidents/ damages due to erosion/ sliding of vertical sides of excavated trenches while places the pipes Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring trench sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other materials to resist pressures surrounding the excavation Contractor Project management consultant Exposed surface will be resurfaced and stabilized by making the sloping sides of trench to the angle of repose at which the soil will remain safely at rest. UP Jal Nigam Dust Generation due to excavation, cutting, back filling and compaction operations Temporary The dust levels in sewerage district C are already above the permissible limits, further this construction activity may increase the dust causing nuisance to local residents and vendors. Contractor Project management consultant Dust is generated due to the disturbance of soil and roadways. It is recommended to minimize dust generated by wetting all unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles with water, especially during dry and windy periods. UP Jal Nigam Additionally, it is recommended to wet and cover excavated material transported by trucks. Noise and vibration disturbances to residents and businesses Temporary Noise is a temporary nuisance caused due to construction activity. It is recommended that construction activities be carried out only during normal working hours after providing prior intimation to local residents and shop Contractor Project management consultant 112

132 keepers. Construction work near schools and colleges should be carried out during vacations and preferably during night and work near hospitals should be completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.). Wherever possible, the use of less noise generating equipment (such as enclosed generators with mufflers, instruments with built in vibration dampening and improved exhaust), for all activities is recommended to meet standards as per the Noise Pollution Control Committee, CPCB 36. Construction noise is not only a nuisance for the local community, but can also be a health hazard to construction workers due to prolonged exposure. Provision of protective equipment like ear muffs and plugs for operating personnel is recommended. It is recommended that where feasible, sound barriers be provided in inhabited areas, particularly if there are sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. UP Jal Nigam

133 Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoons or blockage of surface drains Temporary Ensure that excavated soil material is stored on the higher lying areas of the site and not in any storm water run-off channels or any other areas where it is likely to cause erosion or where water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. The areas where excavated soil will be stockpiled must be bordered by berms to prevent soil loss caused by rain. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access) Temporary Since most of the roads in the project area are narrow there will be some traffic congestion, hence alternate traffic routing must be adopted in consultation with concerned traffic police authorities. Contractor Project management consultant Settlement of backfilled area after construction Temporary Traffic dislocations also have some adverse impact on trade and commerce, hence works at business and market area must be completed earlier. Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts at schools and hospitals Provide temporary crossing/ bridges to facilitate normal life and business The backfilling material shall be free from petroleum products, slag, cinders, ash or other material. Backfilling activity should follow the construction schedule, as recommended by the DPR, which estimates that a 1 km stretch of construction work is to be UP Jal Nigam Traffic police Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam 114

134 completed in approximately 5 days. Proper compaction as per the soil condition and retain the original level/ alignment and grade as it was before the work commenced. Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Store tanks and drums for excess capacity; forbid pouring into soils or drains; enforce adequate equipment maintenance procedures Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Sewage treatment plant and Sewage pumping station Excavation Damage to topsoil due to excavation activities. Temporary Other than built-up area, the proposed STP site contain general soil surface covered with naturally grown small grass/ shrubs. To prevent excessive disturbance of natural vegetation, the top soil excavated should be stockpiled and utilized for re-vegetation after completion of work. Topsoil and subsoil must be stockpiled, in driest possible conditions, on opposite sides of the trench and must be kept separate throughout construction and rehabilitation. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam 115

135 Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste should be properly managed by storing and disposing off at identified refusal sites. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Soil erosion during excavation/ filling operation (while constructing foundation of structure) Temporary Proper stock piling of excavated soil and must be bordered by berms. Shoring trench sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other materials to resist pressures surrounding the excavation Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Dust Generation due to construction activities Temporary Excavated material transported by trucks will be covered and/or wetted to prevent dust nuisance. Suppressing dust generation by spraying water on stockpiles Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam Temporary flooding due to uneven dumping of construction waste Temporary The construction waste material should be stored on the higher lying areas of the site and not in any storm water run-off channels or any other areas where it is likely to cause erosion or where water would naturally accumulate causing flooding. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam General: Air Environmen t due to all construction Air pollution due to particulate matter from excavation, construction material handling, transportation of materials and Temporary Providing curtains (polysheets/ sheets) all around the site to control dust spreading beyond the site. Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to Contractor Project management consultant 116

136 activities General: Noise Environmen t due to all construction activities fume emissions from fuel in machinery equipment and vehicles on site. control dust especially places where soil is stockpiled. Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to meet emission standards. Ensuring use of low fume emitting, newer generators and vehicles with well-maintained engines and control devices. Noise hazards Temporary Noise attenuation with sound proof barriers between source and receiver for noise generation sources like pumps, generators or using less noise generating equipment Proper maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles to ensure low noise levels Construction activities need to be suspended during the night hours in the neighbourhood of hospitals and in day time in the neighbourhood of educational institutions UP Jal Nigam Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam 117

137 General waste during construction Nuisance due to solid waste disposal Temporary Ensure that no litter, refuse, wastes, rubbish, rubble, debris and builders wastes generated on the premises must be collected in rubbish bins and disposed of weekly at registered refuse facility sites. Toilet facility must be provided at construction site and should be maintained properly. Toilets must be emptied regularly at treatment plants and every effort must be made to prevent the contamination of surface or sub-surface water Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam General: safety during construction Safety hazards to labours and public Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and Safety act of India Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam 118

138 Constructio n camps (if adopted) Nuisance due to absence of facility of sanitation and solid waste management Temporary Labor camps are not required, if the laborers are from the native place. If laborers are not from native place, than following measures must be undertaken: 1) The camps must not be in an environmentally sensitive area such as in close proximity to a watercourse, on a steep slope or on erosive soils. 2) Camp sites will have adequate provision of shelter, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management as far as practicable. Contractor Project management consultant UP Jal Nigam C. Operation phase Sewer line Leakage/ overflows Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line Permanent There is a temporary concern of leakages and overflows leading to flooding of adjacent areas in the sewerage district C (screening checklist). However this can be mitigated and managed by: Regular monitoring of sewer line and manholes for visible leakages/ overflows. Immediate repair operation for the damaged portion of sewer line. De-siltation of blocked sewers/ manholes with sewage pumping machines-storing and disposal at appropriate refusal area after treatment. Ensure proper covering of manhole and avoid dumping of solid waste to prevent chocking of sewer line. Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam 119

139 Sewage treatment plant and Sewage pumping station Noise pollution from operation activities Treatment and Disposal Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient treatment. Contamination of groundwater supplies due to leaching and impact on soil and agriculture Permanent Permanent Proper handling and regular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc. Contamination of groundwater and soil for agriculture is a low risk threat (as discussed in screening checklist). The standard for discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB can be referred to in Table 3.11 Monitor the treated sewage/effluent quality and ensure compliance with PCB standards for effluent disposal into surface water bodies, on land or for the agricultural use. The treated water quality shall comply with the standards laid down by the state pollution control board for disposal onto the land, water body or for irrigation use. Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam UP Jal Nigam Treatment and Disposal Problems arising due to bad odour, insects, polluted air, noise pollution, etc. Permanent Provide buffer zones in the form of green belt around the STP; to be ensured during the design and development phase itself. UP Jal Nigam Indiscriminate disposal of sludge leading to contamination of land and soil. Reduced land values in nearby areas and aesthetics affected. Permanent Permanent Prepares a sludge disposal plan and adheres to the same. Ensure proper functioning of STP for digestion of sludge and ensure adequate functioning of dewatering units for efficient functioning of system Adequate buffer zones in the form of green belt, around the STP during development and construction phase should mitigate the affect considerably. UP Jal Nigam UP Jal Nigam 120

140 General Waste General Safety Sanitary conditions at construction camps and site. Workers exposed to toxic gases in sewers and hazardous materials in sewage during maintenance work Contamination of water resources, blockage of storm drains, bad odour, Health hazard and public nuisance Serious/health/ safety hazards The toxic gases are likely to contract communicable diseases from exposure to pathogens present in the sewage. Temporary Temporary Ensure regular monitoring of provision of water supply, excreta and solid waste management. Waste should be emptied regularly at disposal area until the work is completed. Maintaining proper hygienic environment in and around camps and site by regular surveillance and monitoring of waste. During cleaning/ maintenance operation, the sewer line will be adequately vented to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases are present in the line. Gases present in the sewer line should be analyzed for hazardous/toxic gases before commencing cleaning operation. Provision of adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. during maintenance operation Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam Jal Santhan UP Jal Nigam 121

141 7.2 Social Management Plan Social mitigation plans during construction phase Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders. i. Impact on human health Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are practicing water sprinkling in the construction area for JNNURM project, and this measure of water sprinkling should also be carried out during proposed sewerage project to suppress the dust. ii. Traffic Congestion Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement. Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signages should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already included in the DPR. iii. Impact on livelihood Sewer constructions will invariable lead to part or full road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, 122

142 etc. to a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption. Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions. In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report. iv. Impact on existing utility services Mitigation Measure: Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site. Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging 123

143 near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to disruptions. v. Safety hazards Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards. As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains. Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not. vi. Elevated Noise Levels According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with functioning of the schools. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution. vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR. viii. Public Notice: according to the suggestion given by locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions. ix. Health Programme for Workers: If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp, health programmes for their well-being should be implemented Social mitigation plans during operation phase 124

144 Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded; Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or shops Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate construction area for the time when construction is on Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period. Mr. Devanand Shukla since 2001 has taken up upon himself the task of trying to prevent the big drains from polluting the Ganga in Salori area. He has two main tasks viz, to minimize pollution and prevent erosion of the bank. With the help of his brother Mr. Shobhanan Shukla and a few hired laborers, he placed thousands of sand filled gunny bags along the banks of the river to prevent erosion. To improve the quality of water discharged by the Salori drain he had adopted an ingenious method comprising of equating the flow of sewage by damming the drain with a few of the sand bags. He then screens the sewage using boulders that have been placed in a crisscross manner to prevent the flow of solid and semi-solid waste. This water is then diverted to open land where the water is further passed through more boulders and using the constructed wetland method the sewage is further treated leaving the final discharge cleaner. 125

145 The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures to sewage construction projects. Public Grievances Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials. Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework. Table 7.2 Social Management Plan Activity Potential Negative Impact/Concern I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects A. Design and Development Phase Land Acquisition for NA new pumping station Location of STP* B. Construction Phase Nuisance hazards to neighboring areas. Mitigation Measures SPS is planned on land already owned by the government and confirmed by the Revenue department and in fenced off location, where in only this new pumping station would come up STP is planned next to current STP, in same isolated area. Future growth of the surrounding areas shall be considered. Map in Figure 6.3 shows that there is considerable distance of residential settlements from the existing STP location, thus limiting any of such nuisance. NA NA Cost Issues 126

146 Activity Laying of sewer network * Potential Negative Impact/Concern Safety hazards to workers and residents Dust generation, with resulting implications for human health Reduced pedestrian and vehicle access to residences and businesses, with inverse effects on livelihoods Temporary water, electricity, supply interruptions Mitigation Measures Provide workers with adequate safety equipment such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, etc. Fences/temporary enclosures should be put around construction sites (even inactive ones, if hazards, like open pits, remain); enclosures should be properly marked with caution signs Water sprinkling, removal of excess materials, cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust. Work should proceed on schedule so as to minimize road closures Upon project completion, quick clearance of debris, etc. will facilitate access by customers to local business and residents to their households Circulation of layout plan for all underground infrastructure to ensure that contractor is aware of water/electricity lines in construction zones Local utilities should be made aware of timing/location of all construction, enabling them to respond swiftly to supply disruption, especially in the event of flooding, etc. Cost Issues Safety gear already provided by contractor Putting fences or other barricades to demarcate the area, is already being done DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-I, Table 6.24 & Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 Water sprinkling NA Debris clearance budgeted for in DPR DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-I, Table 6.24 & Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 Provision for temporary shifting of water/power lines, etc. already in DPR DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume.- IV, page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202,

147 Activity Construction of new STP * Potential Negative Impact/Concern Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times) Impact to daily life Safety hazards to workers Mitigation Measures Use of alternate traffic routes; signage should clearly indicate dates of road closures and new routes so residents can plan accordingly Placement of traffic officers at busy intersections to facilitate easy of movement Prior public notice indicating the date of start of construction and end date of construction should be provided road-wise to the locals, allowing them to make adjustments accordingly Provide workers with adequate safety equipment such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, etc. Cost Issues Provisions for traffic diversion, with signage already in DPR DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume- IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221& Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District C, Volume-II, Section 9: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no. 1 to10. C. Operation Phase None identified Dust generation, with resulting implications for human health Water sprinkling, removal of excess materials, cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust. Note: *** denotes Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact. Water sprinkling Fences already in place around current STP Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback is solicited from the 128

148 community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders government officials, relevant NGOs, etc. could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction. Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan include; All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of vulnerable households; decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and citizens, NGOs etc; staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and Representatives of the various state government departments, as required Capacity of Institutions Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. Currently all the departments or institutions concerned have a strong technical capability. They have rich pool of engineers and technical personnel. However it is required that there should be synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination and may be achieved through mutual knowledge dissemination. The area where the capacity of the institutions can be built is that of the officers of the relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc. This will help in implementing social development aspects. Every department can have a social management specialist and/or increase in-house expertise on gender issues to look into the gender issues, and tackle all social issues that may arise. Also, it is suggested that an officer from the implementing agency should be given the responsibility for ensuring project activities as per the ESMF and safety guidelines. The financial implication for this should be included under supervision cost of the project. 129

149 Also some of the important technical issues like disaster management, application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS), and other relevant software and tools can be taken up and focused training can be imparted to the concerned staff of institutions. Training of Trainer approach can be adopted, and then trained officials from all the institutes can train their colleagues and subsequently build the capacity of their own institute. Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be sustainable. Table 7.3 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan is implemented well Ensuring funds for mitigation plan execution Executing agencies (UP Jal Nigam, Ganga Pollution Control Unit) Jal Sansthan Municipality Implementation of the project by awarding the project to the suitable contractor and regional coordination Informing the relevant departments about the progress of the project While execution of projects related to sewerage line, Jal Sansthan is responsible for the damage caused to the public utility functions like drinking water pipe lines Ensuring better access to households Ensuring that the relevant departments are available for mitigation plan Enough safety provisions are available for the project implementation. Should ensure that the basic amenities are in order during the construction and operational phase of the project Should ensure all the households envisaged at project planning phase gets access to the services. Weaker section of the society should get equitable share. 130

150 State, local Government NGOs, CSOs, Research Institutes ( Allahabad University, Regional Engineering College) Coordination Monitoring and evaluation Awareness creation about the project activities Community participation for better project implementation Coordination Monitoring and evaluation Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. Public participation and coordination Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below; Increase in access to sewer connection (number of households linked to the sewer network) Decrease in discharge of untreated sewage into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river) Proper sites for industries, building etc. Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society Increase in public toilet Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value) 131

151 7.3 Cost information of EMP Table 7.4 gives a brief idea about the probable cost implications of the environmental management plans. These costs are to be considered as estimated on a lump-sum basis, since the detailed cost estimates depend on site condition and construction/operation practices. Table 7.4: Cost information of EMP Phase Design and Develop ment Component of EMP Design of efficient STP Sludge disposal design in STP Provision for accidental leakages / bursts in STP/SPS Mitigation measure Selection of appropriate technology Appropriate technology/ sludge management Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in STP/SPS site area Cost included in the DPR (Yes/no/not clear) Yes (not specific but included as a part of associated construction activity) Yes (not specific but included as a part of associated construction activity) Yes (not specific but included as a part of associated construction activity) Cost in Rupees (or Details if provided in DPR) DPR for STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-III, Page no. A- XI-19 to 4 DPR for STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-III, Page no. A- XI-19 to 4 DPR for STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-III, Page no. A- XI-19 to 4 Remarks SBR technology has been chosen in the proposed DPR The proposed DPR includes these activities The proposed DPR includes these activities 132

152 Location of STP Provision of trees as noise barriers and to reduce odour nuisance if any Yes (provision of plantation and development of STP campus) DPR of STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Volume I, Section 6, Page no.3. The proposed STP is placed away from main residential area and its enclosed nature prevents odour and noise pollution. Tree plantation: Suggested to grow trees with large canopy and which are suitable to grow in the study area. Trees like Neem, Sal, Arjun, Jamun, Nahera, Pongamia, Harar, Drek, Bahera, Ailanthus are suitable for the present project area. Construct ion Location of SPS Excavation, Cutting and filling operations Damage public utilities Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to surrounding area Review of existing infrastructure, shoring trenches, reinstatement/ resurfacing Proper reviewing of existing drawing s of utilities, informing concern authorities and reinstatement of public utilities Yes Yes Yes DPR for STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-III, Option 1:Page no. A- XI-1to 4 and Option 2: Page no. A-XI-9 to13 DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-IV Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume -V Page no. 123, 202, 339 DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume.-IV, page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 The proposed SPS will be indoor which will prevent noise and enclosed nature and appropriate cleaning and maintenance will prevent odour nuisance The proposed DPR includes these activities The proposed DPR includes these activities Dust generation Water sprinkling on excavated material to suppress dust and provision of No Water tanker: Rs. 15,51,000 Top cover for dumper Water sprinkling: As per time schedule 24 months 141km. Per day, as estimated 200 m will be covered 2000 L water will be consumed every 200m using 133

153 top cover when transported through vehicles truck: Rs. 30,000 sprinkler, average 2 times a day. Labour cost = Rs. 150/day Rs 400/tanker + Rs. 150 /labourer = Rs. 550 Per meter cost = Rs.550/200m = Rs Total cost for 141km = Rs.2.75 x 141,000 = Rs. 3,87,750 As discussed with SPMG, keeping a 4-day margin for construction and re-instatement per site: = 4 x 3,87,750= Rs.15,51,000/- Noise and vibrations Usage of sound barriers or sheets. No. Setting up barricades: Rs. 4,16,000 Setting up noise barriers (installing GI sheets): Rs. 3,36,400 Top cover: Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may be required for each vehicle. Assume that 10 such vehicles are required in transporting excess soil to dumping location (considering construction schedule and max excavated earth disposal). Therefore: 10 trucks x required top cover 30 Sqm x Cost of Tarpaulin 100/ Sqm = Rs. 30,000 As per the schedule, the construction of 141km has to be executed in 24 months which implies that approximately 5 days are required for completing 1km or 200 m/day. Setting up barricade frame: 1 wooden rod (bamboo or babool) length = 10ft = 3m Total rods (vertical) required = 250/3 = 83.3 ~ 90. Total rods (horizontal) required (2 layers) = 250/3 x 2 = 83.3 x 2 ~ 90 x 2 = 180. Total one side = = 270 rods Total opposite side Total = = 270 Rate for 1 wooden rod = Rs.300 per rod. 134

154 Total cost for frame = R.300 * 540 rods = 1,62,000 ~ rounded to Rs. 2,00,000. Labour Cost: 2 labourers per day = 2 x 150 = Rs.300 Total = Rs.300 x 24 x 30 = Rs. 2,16,000 Using Galvanized Iron (GI) sheets as noise barriers in sensitive zones: Based on discussions with SPMG, noise barriers will be setup only in sensitive regions hence, only 2kms (estimated) of noise barrier would be required. 2km@250m/day would require 8 days. Approximately 250 m of barricade is set up on each side of construction site = 250m x 2 = 500m per site. Each GI sheet has dimensions of 10ft x 4ft = 3m x 1.2m. Laying each sheet horizontally, 2 sheets would cover a height of 1.2m + 1.2m = 2.4m and a length of 3m. Number of GI sheets required for 250m stretch (left side) = 250/3 x 2 = 167 sheets Number of GI sheets required for 250m stretch (right side) = 250/3 x 2 = 167 sheets Total = 334 sheets Hence 334 sheets x Cost of GI sheet Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs per Kg) + labour cost for 8 days (two labourers at avg. rate of Rs.150 per day). 135

155 = 334 x (150x2x8) = Rs. 3,36,400 *The costs provided above are for a 250m stretch and provided for barricades and GI sheets (noise barriers) separately. Erecting Barricades or Noise barriers should be done based on the site specific requirements. *It is also assumed that excavation, construction and backfilling activity will take place simultaneously at each stretch. Temporary flooding or, water logging Increased traffic inconvenience Safety hazards to workers and residents Alternate traffic rerouting, Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas Yes DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-IV, page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 Putting fences or other barricades to demarcate the area Yes DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-I,Table 6.24 & Volume-IV, Page no. 1, 84, 221 & Volume-V, Page no. 123, 202, 339 and there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad The proposed DPR includes these activities The proposed DPR includes these activities The proposed DPR includes these activities 136

156 Labour camps (if adopted) Health hazards and nuisance due to absence of facility for sanitation or solid waste management Sewerage District C, Volume-II, Section 8: Safety and Health Aspects, covered under Page no. 1 to11. Sanitation No Cost of construction of pit and toilet building approximately Rs. 24,00,000 Cleaning of all pits: 2,70,000 Total number of labourers is estimated assuming 35% of total project working for average 20 months (24 months for sewerage and 16 months for STP). The labour camps can be divided into 3 camps, for appropriate management and maintenance work. A toilet with septic tank is been suggested for sanitation facility at labour camps. Water Supply No Approximately Rs. 8,80,000 Pit: Assuming single pit of 45cum would cover 600 people. Construction of one pit would cost approximately Rs. 1,20,000/-. Construction of toilet building (consisting of 15 toilets) would cost approximately Rs. 80,000/- Pit cleaning: The filled pit has to be cleaned after 9 months by either disposing off at refusal site or STP by concerned Municipal agency. Cleaning of one pit would be approximately Rs 22,500/- The suggested sanitation facility will be utilized/ operated depending on the availability water supply facility, which is also important for other domestic purpose. Water can be sourced from existing municipal water supply system and can be supplied through provision of stand post in the camp. The cost of water supply= cost of construction of water supply system* water supply charges (Rs. 2.5/ kl in Allahabad) Dust bins No Approximately Rs. Solid waste generation: Generally about 200 grams of 137

157 Operation Water pollution Treatment and disposal of sludge Regular monitoring and repair Ensure proper functioning of STP for digestion of sludge Aesthetic appearance by green cover Yes Yes 2,00,000 solid waste is generated per 5 persons every day. Hence two cluster dustbin (one for biodegradable waste and one for non-biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may handle solid waste generated. Third party assessment cost approximately Rs. 1,00,000 DPR for STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-III, Page no. A- XI-19 to 4 DPR for STP at Salori in Sewerage District C Allahabad, Volume-III, Page no. A- XI-19 to 4, Provision of plantation and campus development in Volume- I, Section 6, Page no.3. There is a provision of Laboratory cum SCADA system in DPR for STP. Third party water quality verification can be done every 3 months for validating the efficiency and appropriate operation of STP. Two samples (inlet and outlet) x Rs for testing x 5 years (as part of O & M activity) = Rs. 80,000 ~ rounded to Rs.1,00,000 The proposed DPR includes these activities. The estimated cost of the environmental management plans that are not included in the DPR amount to Rs.62,00,000/- 138

158 Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues 8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until the year According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 1,98,473 in 2010 to 3,23,679 by In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase from MLD to MLD. Increased sewerage infrastructure will prevent outflow of waste water to the Ganga. Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved environmental conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to improved public health conditions and will likely reduce the average medical expenses of the residents in the project areas. According to DPR this area is completely un-sewered and waste water finds its way into the river through open drains. These areas suffer from powerful odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be mitigated with the sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and health is anticipated from this project. Increase in household connections: 100% sewer connection has been proposed for District C. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% has been proposed to be completed by Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Allahabad. As the water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD much higher than the safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/l. Downstream from Allahabad (post Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BOD reduces to below the safe bathing limit Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of NRCD as per orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime 139

159 Plate 8.1 Direct discharge of sewage to river; Salorinala, Amitabh Bachan Culvert Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site. The support for this statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad odor, insects, etc.). Plate 8.2 Open drains at Sadiabad 140

160 Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to reduce the overall investment cost. Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during Kumbh Mela better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded by UP State Pollution Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform concentration, and it has been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against the river pollution and boycott the ritual bathing 38. This could be sorted out with better river water quality. Ganga Plate 8.3 Cultural sentiments associated with river 8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to ensure that these benefits are realized are given below: Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained that they do not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses do not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household

161 connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would increase to 75% from 10% of 2010 ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel. Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists (especially visiting during Kumbh Mela ) are able to benefit from the increased sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have better environment and social ramifications. Targeting economically weaker communities for construction jobs related to sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for relevant jobs. Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing, pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area. Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned above around 185 slums spread across the city. District C also has number of slums, near Prayag railway crossing, Salori sabzi mandi, etc. All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to provide such services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for the overall sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of low cost sanitation technologies without sewerage connection. 142

162 Figure 8.1 Slum location in District C Plate 8.4 Slums in District C near Salori STP 143