Borås. Nice enviromment! Waste to Energy and Materials. Sweden. Wastes and Energy are global problems! We consume: ~ 4,000,000,000 ton/year oil

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1 Waste to Energy and Materials Prof. Mohammad Taherzadeh University of Borås Sweden and Energy are global problems! We consume: ~ 4,000,000,000 ton/year oil We produce: 2,000,000,000,, tons/year municipal solid wastes + Agricultical wastes + Industrial wastes + Forestry wastes +.. Municipal waste treatment in EU (2007) Sweden %Municipal waste landfilled EU27 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom 9 miljon people 450,000 km 2 (Nigeria: 923,000 Km 2 ) Forest 53% Lakes & rivers 9% European Union Nordic weather Swedish Language ~30 Universities Ref: Eustat newsrelease 31/2009 Borås Nice enviromment! 105,000 inhabitants 1

2 Enjoy the life in the summer! or winter! even the animals! University of Borås Budget: 545 million SEK (~ 57 million Euro) Staff: 650 Students: t Professors: 52 Schools: 6 PhD Students: 124 Rector: Prof. Lena Nordholm Website: School of Textiles School of Health Care Sciences School of Business and Informatics Library School for Education and Behavioural Studies School of Library and Information Sciences Central Administration 2

3 Fields of Education Strategic Research Areas Library Business, Human Resource Management and Administration IT, Informatics Teacher Training Fashion and Textiles Nursing Technology and Engineering Library and Information Sciences Trade and Service Sciences Integrated Health Care Sciences Teacher Training and Educational Professional Training Resource Recovery Textile and Fashion Educations at Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Industrial Engineering BSc Biotechnology BSc Energy Engineering MSc Resource Recovery - Industrial Biotech. MSc Resource Recovery - Sustainable Eng. BSc Civil Engineering BSc Electronics/Computer Engineering BSc Heat and Electric Power Engineering MSc Biomedical Engineering BSc Product Design BSc Business Engineering with different specializations BSc Logistics Engineering BSc Business Organisation and Leadership MSc Logistics MSc Quality Engineering Waste Refining and Resource Recovery! Conversion to Energy El. Chill Heat and by-products (Municipal, agricultural, forest, industries) Chemical processes Gasoline Chemicals Sustainable Society Biological processes Diesel Biogas Biopolymers Metals Glasses Material Recycling Plastics papers Research Collaborative partners in: Waste Refinery (Sweden) ( 2 universities (Borås & Chalmers) 3 research institutes ~20 companies City of Borås Swedish National energy agency Regional authorities Represent Sweden in IEA task waste to energy International collaborative partners on: Waste Recovery University of Borås (research and education) The City of Borås (political instrument) Borås Energy & Environment (the municipal company which covert waste to energy) Swedish Technical Research Institute (planning, certificating and research) Several private companies 3

4 Planning started 30 years ago! From wastes to Resources in Borås? Development of waste treatment in Borås ( ) 1. Investigation and planning Start of source sorting in 3,000 households years planning Full scale sorting with optical sorting system Anaerobic digestion and composting Interim storage of hazardous waste First collecting vehicle run with gas Waste plan Public gas station opened New digestor ready New incineration plant ready First bus ran on biogas All 39 buses inside the city run on biogas A new gas station for private cars Planning for a new energy complex 2010 The results (today): Landfilling ~0 % Recycling 27 % Biologic treatment 30 % Incineration 43 % How we did and how we do! 4

5 Environmental policy Environment policy The Municipality of Borås shall strive to be a green community by means of proactive environmental measures with a good balance between ecological, economic and social values. In their actions, municipal employees and elected representatives shall show great consideration for ecological impact so as to avoid the accumulation of unsolved environmental problems for future generations. Overal goals Protect the environment for the coming generations Resource savings Resource recovery First step: Using landfill gas Movie: Landfill gas technology Energy from Landfill gas in Nordic countries Legal Drivers to stop landfills 1991 Municipal waste treatment plan 1994 Producer responsibility 1998 The local investment program (LIP) 2000 Landfilling tax (~ 27 EUR/tonne) 2002 Landfill ban on combustible waste 2005 Landfill ban extended to include all organic waste 2006 Landfill tax increased for the 3rd time (~ 47 EUR/tonne) Ref: SGC 2006 Incineration tax (~ 8-47 EUR/tonne) 2009 New legislation on landfill (SFS 2001:512 ) 5

6 Number of landfills in Sweden (continue to landfill inert materials) Ref: Afvall Sverige No landfill, so what to do? Treatment of Collected household waste in Sweden, Incineration Waste to Energy and Materials Recycling Conversion to Energy rests Biological processes Material Recycling Landfill Hazardous Biogas/composting Biofertilizer Biogas Electricity papers Metals Chill Glasses Heat Plastics etc. Sustainable Society Deposits for recycling Recycling of non-valuable materials! Collection of packages and papers Paper packages Newspaper Metal packages Hard plastic packages Batteries Glass (no colour) Glass (coloured) 6

7 Disassembling of Equipments Fragmentation of metal scrap Input material: 1/3 cars 1/3 domestic scrap 1/3 scrap from industry Fragmentation Output fragmentation plant: S=Sieve H=Hammer Mill C=Cyclone C H Cu Cu=Copper sorting M=Magnet M S E E E=Eddy Current Ferrous NF non ferrous, as aluminium, copper, stainless steal etc. Fines The smallest fraction 12% from the light waste (0-15 mm) 2% SLF Light waste +15 mm 8% 8% Ferrous 70% Other Non ferrous Shredder light fractions Fines Fe Cu NF* Al SLF SLF > Fines <15 SLF = Shredder Light Fractions Schematic drawing of recovery of non ferrous NF-plant Recovery of TV glasses N F Sieve M Washing Light waste EC Landfill Fines ρ=2.0 Tritec Wet table Wet table Hand sorting Landfill Waste Cu Landfill Waste Cu Landfill Waste Al Mg ρ=3.3 EC Tritec Metal mix Cu, brass, Zn, Pb etc. Hand sorting Al Landfill Waste 7

8 Hazardous wastes What about the rest? Process of Silver recovery Treatment of acids/bases In Borås: Source-separation in black and white bags Toward Heat for households Toward Biogas For cars and buses Waste to Energy and Materials Conversion to Energy rests Biological processes Material Recycling Biofertilizer Biogas Electricity papers Metals Chill Glasses Heat Plastics etc. Sustainable Society Biological wastes treatment ~70% Digestor Biogas (Methane) Digestions Biogas Research on improving digestion process! Hard-to-digest Pretreatment Non digestable wastes, e.g. polyesters Direct composting? No, thanks, too low prices! (It is Wasting the materials ) ~30% Biofertilizers 8

9 Possible applications of Biogas Heating Production of electricity Production of other materials il (e.g methanol) Car fuel (natural gas) Microturbines for electricity production Waste to Energy and Materials Conversion to Energy rests Biological processes Material Recycling Biofertilizer Biogas Electricity papers Metals Chill Glasses Heat Plastics etc. Sustainable Society Swedish Waste Incineration Clean flue gas Electricity Incineration in Borås: Electricity and District heat! Flue-gas cleaner Flue gas Incinerator Turbine High pressure Steam Low pressure Steam Heat Exchanger Hot water District heat Process water Cold water Waste to electricity and heat in Borås Movie: Waste treatment in Borås 300 tons/day waste materials are burned, 2 Incinerators, 10 MW electricity is produced 40 MW District heat is produced A few MW district chill for hospitals and shopping centers It is located in the center of the city! No harmful gas or smoke! 9

10 Current thermal treatment in Sweden Average Energy content of the waste: 3,441 MWh/ton 29 waste incinerator, burning ~3.82 million tons/year wastes Energy content of the waste: 13.1 TWh (equal to 8.3 million barrels of oil) Electricity produced: 1.1 TWh (for about 200,000 houses) Heat produced: 9.9 TWh (for 700,000 houses) A few MW chilling systems for the summer time Some other products from the wastes Ref: Avfall Sverige Global biofuel market Another possible route! Etanol market = ca 4% of gasoline market (1,300 Mm3) Dry materials Gasification Syngas Catalysis BioDiesel CO 2H 2 BioDielsel Source: F.O. Licht, Christoph Berg, 2006 market today and its competitors for raw materials Sugars Food Fuel Grains Lignocelluloses Ethylene Pulp&papers/Boards Plastics Value of raw materials vs. process units? Sugars Starch Cellulose Res sidual separation Pr retreatment??? Hydrolysis/ /Saccharification Fermen ntation Distillation/ /dehydration Eth hanol 10

11 Sugar-based product family tree Process units Waste Drier >99% Filtration Yeast Distillation Stillage Mash Fermentation Digester Biogas Enzymes Hydrolysis Synthetic fibers Fiber recycling Wastewater We use also a fungi, instead of baker s yeast! We get ethanol + ca g fungi cell mass / kg waste! Digestion Pretreatment Digestion Pretreatment Biogas Hydrolysis Biogas Hydrolysis Fungi Biomass Baker s yeast Zygomycetes fungi Baker s yeast Zygomycetes fungi Fish feed What else to do with the fungal biomass? Digestion Pretreatment Biogas Hydrolysis Fungi Biomass Treatment International collaboration Baker s yeast Zygomycetes fungi Extracted proteins Cell wall Fish feed Pretreatment Superabsorbents 11

12 We can help Nigeria to convert waste to Energy! Educate on the problem and solutions (Sweden and here): Students, children, public awareness Give visions to decision-makers (meetings and visit to Sweden) Help on environmental review: Study current situation Put realistic goals and milestones, Implenet the individual projects: Start with the pilots and small scales to make good example Finding financing Finding companies to execute the project (local and international, e.g. Sweden) Foreign Ministry & embassy Political support Central government & embassy Our packet vs. your packet SP Other partners?? Sweden City council University University NGOs Borås Energi & M Private companies Municipalities Your city/country Financial support Financial support Conclusion Thank you! We don t waste our waste, but convrt it to energy and material We have a 30-years experience with a lot of research, educations, planning and implementation You can learn from us or get help and make this way for your society much faster A collaboration between the universities, companies, polititions and society is important to reach the goal! Question? 12