General Environmental Indicators: South & Central America April 2007

Transcription

1 General Environmental Indicators: South & Central America April 2007

2 Deforestation 1200 Change in forested land by region Latin America & the Caribbean North America 800 millions hectares total forest 1990 total forest 2000 change forested land Total land Latin America millions hectares

3 Land degradation in South America None Light Medium Strong Extreme 87% 1% 6% 6%

4 Fresh Water Regional distribution of internal renewable water resources Latin America & Caribbean Mexico Brazil mm km³ Annual precipitation

5 Regional distribution of internal renewable water resources (continued) Latin America & Caribbean Mexico Brazil 0 km³ m³ per inhabitant Internal renewable water resources

6 Numbers of threatened vertebrates: Latin America and the Caribbean Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes 80 Critically endangered Endangered Vulnerable

7 Total water availability in 2000 (1000m³ per capita/year) 1.0 to 2.0 very low >2.0 to 5.0 low >5.0 to 10.0 middle >10.0 to 20.0 high >20.0 very high No data

8 Biodiversity Globally threatened vertebrate species by region

9 Map of Biodiversity Hotspots

10 Biodiversity in Latin America and the Caribbean (number of flora and vertebrate fauna species)

11 Climate change

12 Annual precipitation trends SE South America: 23% Chile: 40% IPCC (2001)

13 Trans Boundary Water Resources Management Proposed and under Execution Projects Technical Cooperation Water Recourses in Brazil* US$ Putumayo River Basin (Block B) * US$350 San Juan River Basin* US$ Amazonia Brasileña (PRODEAM)* US$9.900 Parnaíba Valley US$1.100 San Francisco River Basin* US$ Bermejo River Basin* US$ Bermejo River Basin Phase II US$ Upper Paraguay Basin Information System US$750 Acuífero Guaraní* US$350 Upper Paraguay River Basin* US$ * Under execution

14 Changes in river discharges Río de la Plata basin Paraguay River - Puerto Bermejo Uruguay River- Paso de los Libres annual discharge (m 3 /s) annual discharge(m 3 /s) Paraná River - Corrientes 700 Salado River - RP annual discharge (m 3 /s) annual discharge(m 3 /s)

15 Minimum volume Temperature of North Atlantic Ocean V o l u m e s Ocean Surface Temperature (OST) O S T A t l a n t i c

16 Air Pollution: CO2 emissions (tons carbon per capita/year) Average industrial carbon emission in Latin America & the Caribbean in 1998 was 0.73 tons/year, compared to the global average of 1.06 tons

17 Air Pollution: NO2 Emissions (metric tons) North America Latin America

18 Air Pollution: Sox emissions (thousand metric tons) Central America and the Caribbean South America

19 Chemicals Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) Country has operating PRTR that provides the public with access to data on releases of specific substances to air, water and land individual facilities Country has taken steps toward establishing PRTR Country has demonstrated interest in PRTR No activity

20 Chemicals Principal pollutants and industries that produce them Textile Sodium hypochlorite Solids in suspension Sulfuric anhydride Organic material Textile mud Iron Industry Metal dust Salty dregs Nitrogen oxide Sulfur dioxide Particles in suspension Metal ashes Lead Barium Pharmaceutical Industry Benzene organic composed Cyanides Disinfectants Scents

21 Principal pollutants and industries that produce them (continued) Agronutritional Beverages Oils and soap Oil Conservatives Organic material Fats Ammoniac Carbonic anhydride Heavy metals Carbonic anhydride Fat acids Oil emulsions Phosphorus Nitrogen

22 DDT use in malaria prevention programs in some Latin American countries

23 Natural Disasters In comparison with the 1960s, economic losses during the 1990s increased by a factor of almost nine. Economic costs of global great natural disasters (US$billion), The costliest disaster was hurricane Katrina (2005) which cost US$ 125 Billions.

24 Reported disasters, by year in the American hemisphere World disasters report 2006 by The International Federation Of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

25 Environmental Health The Disability Adjustment Life Year (DALY) 33% Unsafe water and sanitation Indoor smoke for solid fuels Lead exposure 46% 5% 5% 11% Urban air pollution Climate change Is a statistical measure of the human cost of sickness in terms of number of healthy years lost due to illness and disability

26 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY's) for Latin America and the Caribbean Communicable Diseases, Malnutrition & Reproductive Health Non-Communicable Diseases Injuries

27 Diseases with Largest Environmental Contributions Environmental Fraction Non-environmental Diarrhea Lower respiratory infections Other unintentional injuries Malaria Road traffic injuries COPD Perinatal conditions Ischaemic heart diseases Childhood cluster Lead-caused MMR Drownings HIV/AIDS 0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% % of Global Disease Burden in DALYs

28 Diseases with largest environmental contributions Environmental Fraction Non-environmental Malnutrition Cerebrovascular disease Asthma Tuberculosis Suicide Depression Poisonings Falls Hearing loss Violence Lymphatic filariasis Lung cancer 0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% % of Global Disease Burden in DALYs

29 Interaction between Health and Environment Intermediate Determinants Health Outcomes Structural Determinants Social Employment, Education, Violence, Demographic change Economic Income Level,Distribution, Poverty and Globalization Political Democratization, Governance, Transparency, Accountability, Legislation and Human rights Environmental Resource depletion, Climate change, Vulnerability and Pollution Technological Information Access and Innovation and Development Human Biology Genetic Make-up, Natural Immunity Health System Financing, Human and Material Resources, Coverage, Organization, Provision Poor Living Conditions Environmental Risks and Hazards Life Changes Style & Behavioral Life Expectancy Morbidity Mortality